中国关于砷的研究进展

综述了近年来有关中国的砷污染状况、相关的分析监测技术及砷化合物毒性的研究进展.在中国部分地区,长期砷暴露导致了严重的区域性的砷中毒,主要的暴露途径是饮用水、食物和煤炭的燃烧.样品前处理、砷的富集和形态分析技术的丰富和发展,为环境科学、毒理学和流行病学的研究提供了可靠的技术支持.生物检测是一种直接有效的污染物健康风险评估...     

Health risk assessment of groundwater arsenic pollution in southern Taiwan

Residents of the Pingtung Plain, Taiwan, use groundwater for drinking. However, monitoring results showed that a considerable portion of groundwater has an As concentration higher than the safe drinking water regulation of 10 μg/L. Considering residents of the Pingtung Plain continue to use groundwater for drinking, this study attempted to evaluate the exposure and health risk from drinking groundwater. The health risk from drinking groundwater was evaluated based on the hazard quotient (HQ) and target risk (TR) established by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The results showed that the 95th percentile of HQ exceeded 1 and TR was above the safe value of threshold value of 10^?6. To illustrate significant variability of the drinking water consumption rate and body weight of each individual, health risk assessments were also performed using a spectrum of daily water intake rate and body weight to reasonably and conservatively assess the exposure and health risk for the specific subgroups of population of the Pingtung Plain. The assessment results showed that 0.01–7.50 % of the population’s HQ levels are higher than 1 and as much as 77.7–93.3 % of the population being in high cancer risk category and having a TR value >10^?6. The TR estimation results implied that groundwater use for drinking purpose places people at risk of As exposure. The government must make great efforts to provide safe drinking water for residents of the Pingtung Plain.     

Medical geochemistry research in Spišsko-Gemerské rudohorie Mts., Slovakia

This study presents an assessment of the potential impact of geological contamination of the environment on the health of the population in Spišsko-Gemerské rudohorie Mts. (SGR Mts.). The concentration levels of potentially toxic elements (mainly As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb, and Zn) were determined in soils, groundwater, surface water, and stream sediments as well as in the food chain (locally grown vegetables). A medical study included some 30 health indicators for all 98 municipalities of the study area. The As and Sb contents in human fluids and tissues were analyzed in one municipality identified to be at the highest risk. Based on element content, environmental and health risks were calculated for respective municipalities. Out of 98 municipalities 14 were characterized with extremely high environmental risk and 10 were characterized with very high carcinogenic risk from arsenic (groundwater). Extensive statistical analysis of geochemical data (element contents in soils, groundwater, surface water, and stream sediments) and health indicators was performed. Significant correlations between element contents in the geological environment and health indicators, mainly cancer and cardiovascular diseases, were identified. Biological monitoring has confirmed the transfer of elements from the geological environment to human fluids and tissues as well as to the local food chain.     

Distribution and Risk Assessment of Fluoride in Drinking Water in the West Plain Region of Jilin Province, China

The west plain region of Jilin province of northeast China is one of the typical endemic fluorosis areas caused by drinking water for many years. Investigations of hydrogeological and ecoenvironmental conditions as well as endemic fluorosis were conducted in 1998. Results show that the ground water, especially, the water in the unconfined aquifer is the main source of drinking water for local residents. The fluoride concentration in groundwater in the unconfined aquifers is higher than that in the confined aquifer in the west plain of Jilin province. The fluoride concentration in the unconfined aquifer can be used to classify the plain into fluoride deficient area, optimum area and excess area, which trend from west to east. High fluoride (>1.0 mg L(-1)) in drinking water resulted in dental and skeletal fluorosis in local residents (children and pregnant women). There exists a positive correlation between fluoride concentration in the drinking water and the morbidities of endemic fluorosis disease (r1 = 0.781, r2 = 0.872). Health risks associated with fluoride concentration in drinking water are assessed. It has been determined that fluoride concentration in excess of 1.0 mg L(-1) exposes residents to high health risks based on risk identification. The study area is classified into five health risk classes as shown in Figure 4. The risk indexes of this area more than 1.0 are accounted for 68% of the total west plain region.     

邻苯二甲酸酯类对水生食物链的影响研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)增塑剂被普遍用于塑料制品中,在大气、水等环境中广泛存在,其潜在危害受到关注。水环境中的PAEs,从藻类等初级生产者吸收,到浮游动物、游泳动物等通过鳃和皮肤直接接触或捕食摄取,在水生生物之间转化和传递。笔者总结了PAEs在水生食物链中不同营养级生物体的含量,分析了PAEs在食物链中富集和转化的影响因素(辛醇-水分配系数Kow、代谢转化、生长阶段等)。目前的研究表明PAEs可能在食物链中传递,最终在较高营养级生物体中富集。同时总结了5种PAEs(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酯丁苄酯、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯和邻苯二甲酸二甲酯)对水生生物的毒性效应的研究进展,已有研究表明PAEs对藻类的细胞器和抗氧化体系,对鱼类的生殖系统、内分泌系统和抗氧化体系都有一定程度损伤。PAEs在食物链中传递和富集现象的存在会对高营养级水生生物产生潜在危害。针对目前PAEs在食物链中传递的研究数量较少、结构简单等问题,对未来研究方向做了简要分析和展望。     

邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DEHP)污染及其毒性研究进展

邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DEHP)作为重要的增塑剂被广泛应用于涂料、食品包装、医疗器材、儿童玩具等产品中。研究表明DEHP在水、土壤、空气等各个环境要素以及食物、饮用水中已被普遍检出,并对环境产生潜在的危害。本文通过分析国内外DEHP的环境暴露和毒性效应的研究成果,总结了DEHP在室外大气、室内空气、土壤、地表水、地下水、食品和饮用水中的污染现状,并对DEHP的替代产品进行总结;此外,本文深入探讨了DEHP对水生生物和陆生生物的生态毒性效应,以及对生殖发育、肝脏、呼吸系统和神经系统等的健康毒性效应。最后,结合DEHP在环境暴露调查和毒性效应研究方面的不足,指出需要进一步加强我国DEHP的环境暴露调查,制定相关环境基准值与标准限值,开展慢性生态毒性效应和人体健康毒性效应等方面的研究。     

页岩气开采水力压裂返排水中化学污染物的组成特征

伴随全球页岩气规模化开发,相关的区域环境问题引起了学界和公众的持续关注.页岩气开采与区域水资源息息相关,水力压裂不仅消耗大量水资源,而且产生返排废水,成分复杂,含数以千计的化学物质.因此,有关返排水中有机单体的相关研究越来越受关注.本文系统总结了近年来的相关文献和成果,重点论述了压裂返排水中有机污染物的来源、种类、浓度...     

Chronic exposure of arsenic via drinking water and its adverse health impacts on humans

Worldwide chronic arsenic (As) toxicity has become a human health threat. Arsenic exposure to humans mainly occurs from the ingestion of As contaminated water and food. This communication presents a review of current research conducted on the adverse health effects on humans exposed to As-contaminated water. Chronic exposure of As via drinking water causes various types of skin lesions such as melanosis, leucomelanosis, and keratosis. Other manifestations include neurological effects, obstetric problems, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, diseases of the respiratory system and of blood vessels including cardiovascular, and cancers typically involving the skin, lung, and bladder. The skin seems to be quite susceptible to the effects of As. Arsenic-induced skin lesions seem to be the most common and initial symptoms of arsenicosis. More systematic studies are needed to determine the link between As exposure and its related cancer and noncancer end points.     

Medical geology in tropical countries with special reference to Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka provides an ideal opportunity for the study of the effect of geology on human health. The vast majority of the people of Sri Lanka still live in rural areas within areas termed geochemical provinces. Very broadly, one could say that a geochemical province has characteristic chemical composition in soil, water stream sediments and rocks, enabling their delineation from others. The chemical composition is presumed to be have an impact on the health of the inhabitants of the particular geochemical province, particularly because of the fact that their food and water are obtained mostly from the terrain itself. This leads to the concept of “diseases of geochemical origin”. Among these are dental fluorosis, iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) and selenium-based diseases. The Dry Zone of Sri Lanka has several areas rich in groundwater fluoride, the ingestion of which leads to dental fluorosis. Iodine deficiency diseases are more common in the Wet Zone, though their aetiologies are more complicated. Interestingly, it has also been observed that significant proportions of the female population of Sri Lanka are selenium-deficient, which could well be related to the geological environment. Chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in some areas of the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka, where there is a relationship of CRF with the mineral content of drinking water. This subject matter falls under the auspices of Medical Geology, a scientific discipline still in its infancy, and much more concerted studies are needed to attract the attention of medical research.     

Highlights of some environmental problems of geomedical significance in Nigeria

This paper attempts to discuss the links between the geochemical composition of rocks and minerals and the geographical distribution of diseases in human beings in Nigeria. We know that the natural composition of elements in our environment (in the bedrock, soils, water, and vegetation) may be the major cause of enrichment or depletion in these elements and may become a direct risk to human health. Similarly, anthropogenic activities such as mining and mineral processes, industrial waste disposal, agriculture, etc., could distort the natural geochemical equilibrium of the environment. Thus, the enrichment or depletion of geochemical elements in the environment are controlled either by natural and/or anthropogenic processes. The increased ingestion of toxic trace elements such as As, Cd, Hg, Pb, and F, whether directly or indirectly, adversely affects human health. Of these, Cd has most dangerous long-term effect on human health. Environmental exposure to As and Hg is a causal factor in human carcinogenesis and numerous cancer health disorders. Available information on iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) in Nigeria indicates goiter prevalence rates of between 15% and 59% in several affected areas. There have been reported cases of dental fluorosis resulting from intake of water with fluoride content >1.5 ppm. Dental caries among children shows an overall prevalence rate of 39.9%. Within the Younger Granite province in central Nigeria, cases of cancer and miscarriages in pregnant women have been linked to natural radiation These examples and a number of others from the existing literature underscore the pressing need for the development of collaborative research to increase our understanding of the relationship between the geographical distribution of human and animal diseases in Nigeria and environmental factors. We submit that such knowledge is essential for the control and management of these diseases.     

渭河流域关中段地表水重金属的污染特征与健康风险评价

由于重金属的毒理性及其对水生生态系统的重要影响,水生环境的重金属污染已成为全世界关注的问题.渭河是黄河的第一大支流,近年来随着沿岸社会经济的发展,渭河的水质受到严重的威胁,但是对渭河流域地表水重金属的污染状况缺乏全面评估.以渭河流域关中段为研究区域,采集了该流域35个地表水样品,检测了12种重金属元素(Cr、Mn、Fe...     

Chronic kidney diseases of uncertain etiology (CKDue) in Sri Lanka: geographic distribution and environmental implications

The increase in the number of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients from the north central region of Sri Lanka has become a environmental health issue of national concern. Unlike in other countries where long-standing diabetes and hypertension are the leading causes of renal diseases, the majority of CKD patients from this part of Sri Lanka do not show any identifiable cause. As the disease is restricted to a remarkably specific geographical terrain, particularly in the north central dry zone of the country, multidisciplinary in-depth research studies are required to identify possible etiologies and risk factors. During this study, population screening in the prevalent region and outside the region, analysis of geoenvironmental and biochemical samples were carried out. Population screening that was carried out using a multistage sampling technique indicated that the point prevalence of CKD with uncertain etiology is about 2–3% among those above 18 years of age. Drinking water collected from high-prevalent and non-endemic regions was analyzed for their trace and ultratrace element contents, including the nephrotoxic heavy metals Cd and U using ICP-MS. The results indicate that the affected regions contain moderate to high levels of fluoride. The Cd contents in drinking water, rice from affected regions and urine from symptomatic and non-symptomatic patients were much lower indicating that Cd is not a contributing factor for CKD with uncertain etiology in Sri Lanka. Although no single geochemical parameter could be clearly and directly related to the CKD etiology on the basis of the elements determined during this study, it is very likely that the unique hydrogeochemistry of the drinking water is closely associated with the incidence of the disease.     

Characteristics of Environmental Geochemistry in the Arseniasis Area of the Inner Mongolia of China

In China, endemic arseniasis attributable to the geological-geochemistry environment is mainly found in the plain of the Great Bend of the Yellow River and the Hu-Bao plain in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, in the Datong basin of Shanxi Province, the floodplain of the northern side of the Tian Mountain of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and in the southwest coastal plain of Taiwan. These areas share many similar characteristics including widespread occurrences, a large population being affected, and the magnitude of risk involved. The population living in these areas is estimated to be around 5.5 × 10⁵, of which of 2.5 × 10⁵ are resident in Inner Mongolia. Based on our systematic research and comparison of various areas, we found the different types of arseniasis are often associated with different regions. The neural arseniasis is distributed in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Shanxi Province, caused by inorganic arsenic in drinking water while the cycling-obstacle arseniasis is mainly found in Inner Mongolia and Taiwan, associated with organic arsenic in water. The distribution of arsenic affected villages in Inner Mongolia exhibits orientation and focus on low-lying land in the subsiding centre of the Great Bend basin, which was enriched with humus in the lake and limnetic deposits. Much CH₄ gas can be detected in the water of shallow and deep wells in these villages. Some of the wells with higher concentrations of CH₄ can even be ignited. This is a typical reductive geochemical environment. We tested the total amount of arsenic (As), As³⁺, and methyl arsenate in all types of water sources. It is found that the number of arseniasis cases is not clearly related to the total amount of arsenic (As) in the water. However, it is related to the ratio of As³⁺ plus methyl arsenic to the total amount of arsenic (As). The higher the ratio, the higher the number of people affected and the more serious the illness. The statistical results also indicate that good drinking water accounts for 60% of the drinking water source while the arsenic contaminated water makes up about 25% of the drinking water in the study area. This research reveals that the local geochemical environment is responsible for the spreading of the endemic arseniasis in the area and thus suggests a new direction of how to prevent such disease.     

Inferring the fluoride hydrogeochemistry and effect of consuming fluoride-contaminated drinking water on human health in some endemic areas of Birbhum district,West Bengal

This research work is carried out to evaluate fluoride (F) hydrogeochemistry and its effect on the population of two endemic villages of Birbhum district, West Bengal. Fluoride concentration in drinking water varies from 0.33 to 18.08 mg/L. Hydrogeochemical evolution suggests that ion-exchange mechanism is the major controlling factor for releasing F in the groundwater. Most of the groundwater samples are undersaturated with respect to calcite and fluorite. Health survey shows that out of 235 people, 142 people suffer from dental fluorosis. According to fluoride impact severity, almost 80 and 94 % people in an age group of 11–20 and 41–50 suffer from dental and skeletal fluorosis, respectively. Statistically drinking water F has a positive correlation with dental and skeletal fluorosis. Bone mineral density test reveals that 33 and 45 % of the studied population suffer from osteopenic and osteoporosis disease. IQ test also signifies that F has a bearing on the intelligence development of the study area school children. The existence of significant linear relationship (R ² = 0.77) between drinking water F and urinary F suggests that consumption of F-contaminated drinking water has a major control over urinary F (0.39–20.1 mg/L) excretion.     

Utility of check dams in dilution of fluoride concentration in ground water and the resultant analysis of blood serum and urine of villagers,Anantapur District,Andhra Pradesh,India

High levels of fluoride (beyond 1.5 ppm) in ground water as source of drinking water are common in many parts of Andhra Pradesh, India, causing fluorosis. The study carried out in endemic Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh, has indicated that the fluoride-rich ground water present in the wells located down stream and close to the surface water bodies is getting diluted by the low-fluoride surface water. Encouraged by this result, check dams were constructed upstream of the identified marginally high fluoride bearing ground water zones in Anantapur District to reduce fluoride levels as an alternate solution for safe drinking water.In this paper, an attempt is made to study the utility and effect of these check dams in dilution of fluoride concentration in drinking water and its resultant impact on the health aspects of certain villagers of Anantapur District through the analysis of their blood serum and urine. Ground water samples from three fluoride-affected villages, blood and urine of males and females from the same villages were collected and analyzed for fluoride using ion selective electrode method. The results indicated that the fluoride levels in blood serum and urine of males in the age group of 5–11 years are found to be the highest. The concentration of fluoride in ground water is directly proportional to the concentration of fluoride in blood serum and urine. The concentration of fluoride in ground water with depth of the aquifer is a function of lithology, amount and duration of rainfall, rate of infiltration, level of ground water exploitation in the area etc. The construction of check dams upstream of the identified marginally high fluoride waters will not only cause additional recharge of ground water but also reduces the fluoride concentration eventually improving the health of the villagers.     

地方性砷中毒地区环境砷暴露健康风险研究进展

自然因素引起的环境高砷暴露及其健康效应,尤其是饮水型地方性砷中毒是砷污染健康风险评估的基础。总结地方性砷中毒在环境砷暴露的风险识别、暴露途径和暴露与健康效应关系研究中的作用基础上,指出了地方性砷中毒研究中仅强调了饮水污染,关注的暴露途径比较单一,因此,人体多途径联合砷暴露的健康风险评估过程存在较大的不确定性。我国是唯一存在饮水和燃煤2种自然环境高砷暴露的国家,是研究2种类型砷暴露异同的天然场地,然而目前环境高砷的暴露及其健康效应的研究均为独立研究,对燃煤型地方性砷中毒在呼吸链砷暴露风险评估中的作用重视不够。因此,通过开展两种环境砷暴露及其健康效应的综合比较研究,建立呼吸链暴露评估和暴露-健康效应模型,可以为人体多途径联合砷暴露的健康风险研究提供新的依据。     

新烟碱类农药的污染现状及转化行为研究进展

新烟碱类(neonicotinoids)农药自在20世纪80年代中期引入以来,便发展成为世界上使用最广泛的一类杀虫剂。近年来,该类化合物在环境中被不断检出,并通过饮用水和食物等方式进入食物链,给人类健康带来极大的安全隐患。文章综述了新烟碱类杀虫剂在空气、土壤、水相、生物体和人体中的暴露浓度,以及这类农药在环境中的转化行为。目前针对新烟碱类杀虫剂的环境暴露研究仍十分有限,需要更全面调查其在多环境介质中的暴露状况以综合评价其生态风险。关于新烟碱类化合物的毒理学研究主要集中在急性毒性试验,而对于其他形式的毒性效应有待进一步研究。最后对新烟碱农药未来的研究重点和方向提出了展望。     

辽河流域高氟地区氟对人体健康的影响

研究了辽河流域高氟地区土壤、作物、饮用水中氟含量,并应用目前美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对辽河流域高氟地区饮用水中氟所引起的健康风险进行初步评价。研究表明：研究区饮用水中氟质量浓度为0．70—4．51mg·L^-1;白菜根土中氟质量分数为182—484mg·kg^-1,萝卜根土质量分数为182～352mg·kg^-1,玉米根土中氟质量分数为209～1254mg·kg^-1;白菜可食部分氟质量分数为0．51～2．96mg·kg^-1,萝卜可食部分氟质量分数为0．34～0．50mg·kg^-1,玉米果实部分氟质量分数为0．88～1．04mg·kg^-1。通过饮用水、食物途径所致健康风险中,食人途径、饮用水途径非致癌物年健康风险分别为1．920×10^-9·a^-1,1．960×10^-8·a^-1,均低于国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）推荐的通过饮水途径最大可接受风险水平（5×10^-5·a^-1）。     

广东省若干典型地方病环境地球化学病因分析

广东省是我国地方病高发省份。鼻咽癌发病率位居全国之首,肝癌发病率也大大高于全国平均水平,仅次于江苏和广西两省;地氟病也有着较广泛分布。前人尤其是流行病学工作者对广东省地方病开展了许多的医学研究,取得了一定的成果,但从环境地球化学的角度进行探讨相对不足,随着研究的深入,科学家发现地方病的发生与当地环境地球化学因素存在密切的关系,文章主要针对广东省存在的典型地方病与环境地球化学背景的关系进行探讨和研究,以期从环境地球化学角度为广东省地方病的防治工作提出新的思路。