表流人工湿地中芦苇对重金属的吸收和累积

为了研究人工湿地植物中重金属的累积和分布,对中试规模湿地植物(芦苇)中6种重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn进行取样和分析。结果表明:湿地芦苇中Zn、Cu和Cr的质量分数沿着湿地入口的前3个采样点显示出下降趋势,即在离进水较近的约30 m区域内,芦苇对重金属的吸收最明显。芦苇各部位中Cu的分布显示为根>茎>叶;其他5种重金属的分布为根>叶>茎,则根中重金属质量分数远大于茎和叶。芦苇根易于富集Cd和Cu,对Cr的富集能力较弱;芦苇中除Cr以外,其他5种重金属由根向叶的迁移能力大于由根向茎的转移能力,且Cu和Zn从芦苇根向地上部位的迁移能力较强。     

翅碱蓬体内重金属在不同生长期的分布与迁移

研究了盐沼植物翅碱蓬体内Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd总量在不同生长期的变化.结果表明,幼苗期和生长期表现为Zn＞Cu＞Pb＞Cd,花期和果期表现为Zn＞Pb＞Cu＞Cd.Cu和Pb含量均为果期＞幼苗期＞花期＞生长期,且果期和幼苗期分别达到最高值和次高值;Zn为花期＞生长期＞果期＞幼苗期,且花期和生长期分别达最高值和次高值;Cd为果期幼苗期＞花期＞生长期.重金属在植物体内分布和迁移效率分析表明,除Pb在花期分布表现为根＞叶＞茎外,Cu和Pb分布在整个生理周期均表现为根＞茎＞叶,且大部分在地下;Zn幼苗期为根＞茎＞叶和果期为茎＞根＞叶外,其他时期均为叶＞茎＞根,且大部分迁移至地上;而Cd各个时期均表现为根＞茎＞叶.     

重金属在松花江沉积物中的竞争吸附行为及pH的影响

研究了复合污染的重金属体系(多元体系)中松花江沉积物吸附Hg2+,Cu2+,Pb2+,Zn2+和Cd2+的热力学和动力学特征,以及pH对重金属吸附量的影响. 结果表明:Langmuir吸附等温线可以很好地描述多元体系中沉积物吸附重金属的热力学过程,沉积物吸附5种重金属离子能力的顺序为Hg2+>Cu2+>Pb2+>>Zn2+> Cd2+. 在相同的条件下,与单一体系相比,多元体系中Pb2+,Zn2+和Cd2+吸附量减小的程度远远大于Hg2+和Cu2+,Pb2+,Zn2+和Cd2+的吸附量分别减少了31.9%,32.1%和68.1%. 一级动力学方程和Langmuir动力学方程可以较好地描述沉积物吸附Hg2+,Cu2+,Pb2+,Zn2+和Cd2+的动力学过程. 沉积物对5种重金属的吸附速率为Cd2+>Zn2+>Pb2+>Cu2+>Hg2+. 沉积物对Cu2+,Pb2+,Zn2+和Cd2+的吸附能力随pH的降低而减小,pH的降低造成锰氧化物的溶解,可能在一定程度上影响沉积物对重金属的吸附能力.      

滇池内湖滨带沉积物中重金属形态分析

采用BCR3步分级提取法测定了滇池内湖滨带沉积物中4种重金属(Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn)不同形态的含量,初步评估了这4种重金属的生物有效性.结果表明,Cd和Zn主要以可提取态存在(即弱酸溶解态、可还原态和可氧化态),而Pb和Cu均以残渣态为主要存在形式.通过计算可提取态含量所占总量百分量大小,可知各金属的生物有效性大小排序为:Zn(53.06%)>Cd(50.84%)>Cu(34.62%)> Pb(28.65%).沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)与各金属不同形态间的相关性分析表明,可氧化态重金属与有机碳结合的趋势远大于弱酸溶解态和可还原态.表层沉积物中可提取态重金属的空间分布特征明显表现为草海>外海,除Cu外,大部分样点的可提取态Pb、Cd和Zn含量均随采样深度增加而减少.     

海洲香薷种群微量金属元素的累积分布特征

分析了大冶铜绿山铜矿区海洲香薷种群几种微量金属元素的吸收累积和分布特征、生殖分配( RA)特征及植物与土壤元素的关系 ,并就该植物对铜等金属元素的耐受性进行了初步探讨。结果显示 ,该植物生长的土壤重金属元素含量很高 ,其中 Cu的含量 (平均 5 843μg/ g)是背景值的 2 0 0多倍。 Cu、Mn、Zn、Cd、Pb几种微量金属元素的含量 ,以 Cu最高 ,Cd最低。几种元素的大小顺序表现为 :Cu>Mn>Zn>Pb>Cd。不同元素在植物不同构件的含量为 :Cu,根 >花 >叶 >茎 ;Mn,叶 >根 >花 >茎 ;Zn,叶 >花 >茎 >根 ;Cd,叶 >花 >根 >茎 ;Pb,根 >叶 >茎 >花。这几种元素的 RA范围为 10 %～ 40 % ,平均为 2 4.97% ;生物量 RA为 2 6.5 %。植物铜元素与土壤显著正相关。海洲香薷对铜等金属具有很强的耐受性。     

重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd在小麦中的富集特征

采用无土栽培法 ,以小麦为受试作物 ,通过对不同时期各器官重金属含量的变化 ,研究了重金属Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd在小麦中的富集与迁移特征。研究结果表明 ,在不同生长阶段小麦不同部位中重金属的含量有很大差异 ,总的来说 ,幼苗期重金属分布为 :根>茎>叶 ;成熟期分布为 :根>茎>叶>颖壳>籽实 ,而Zn在颖壳中会有较大富集。其中 ,根中重金属的富集系数的顺序为Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn;茎富集能力是Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb ;叶片富集能力是Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn;颖壳富集能力是Zn>Cu>Cd>Pb ;籽实的富集能力是Cu>Zn>Cd>Pb     

污泥堆肥对重金属稳定化过程的影响研究

将重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni)溶液添加到污水处理厂脱水污泥中进行堆肥,考察了污泥的堆肥过程对重金属稳定化的影响。分析发现:进入污泥后各重金属中可交换态+碳酸盐结合态的总占比顺序为Cd(72.31%)>Ni(65.83%)>Zn(33.67%)>Cu(19.49%)>Pb(7.40%)。说明Pb、Cu及Zn与污泥化学物质反应较快,而Cd及Ni的反应速率相对较慢。在整个过程中Pb形态达到稳定状态最快,Cu和Ni的形态稳定速度次之,Zn形态变化稍慢,Cd变化最慢。该结论可为污泥堆肥应用于土壤重金属污染治理的研究提供参考。     

上海市饮用水源地周边环境中的重金属

对上海市饮用水源地周边环境介质(农田土壤、道路灰尘和蔬菜)中重金属的累积特征进行了研究,分析了重金属的空间结构特征及主要污染来源,揭示了周边环境中重金属对水环境的影响,并对重金属的生态风险状况进行了评估.研究表明:①饮用水源地周边各环境介质中重金属已出现不同程度的累积,道路灰尘重金属Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr和As的平均含量分别为0.80、0.23、148.45、127.52、380.57、63.17、250.38和10.37mg·kg-1;农田土壤含量相对较低,分别为0.16、0.33、30.14、30.66、103.79、24.04、65.75和6.31mg·kg-1;蔬菜中8种重金属的平均含量分别为0.010(Cd)、0.016(Hg)、0.36(Pb)、12.80(Cu)、61.69(Zn)、2.04(Ni)、2.41(Cr)和0.0391mg·kg-1;②通过半方差分析和多元分析,推断人类活动的输入是农田土壤重金属积累的最主要原因,而交通污染则是道路灰尘重金属的主要来源;③蔬菜对土壤重金属的富集系数表现为:Zn(0.589)>Cu(0.412)>0.102(Ni)>Cd(0.059)>Cr(0.061)>Hg(0.061)>Pb(0.012))As(0.007),蔬菜中Cd和Zn主要源于根系对土壤重金属的吸收,其它重金属元素可能主要源于气孔对大气污染物的吸收;④周边土壤是水源地沉积物的重要物源,但沉积物与周边环境介质重金属含量不存在显著性相关;⑤重金属生态风险模糊综合评估结果,农田土壤表现为无警-预警,道路灰尘为预警-轻警,蔬菜为预警-轻警,3种环境介质综合评估结果为预警-轻警.     

新疆地表水体重金属生态风险评估

系统分析新疆主要地表水体中重金属暴露特征,并基于可利用的毒性数据,采用安全阈值法（MOS₁₀）评价了水体中6种典型重金属对水生生物的生态风险.结果表明：新疆地表水重金属暴露浓度平均顺序为Ni > Zn > Cu > Cr > Cd >Pb,均值都未超过世界卫生组织（WHO）饮用水健康标准.重金属生态风险评价结果表明,短期暴露下,6种重金属的MOS₁₀均大于1,Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb、Ni和Zn暴露浓度超过影响10%的水生生物的概率分别为9.95%、9.40%、9.40%、1.72%、6.08%和0,说明6种重金属对水生生物的短期生态风险较小;长期暴露下,Zn的MOS₁₀大于1,Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb和Ni的MOS₁₀均小于1,Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb、Ni和Zn暴露浓度超过影响10%的水生生物的概率分别为15.40%、12.01%、24.80%、15.70%、98.25%和0,说明Zn的生态风险较低,Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb和Ni对水生生物具有长期潜在的生态风险,且6种重金属对水生生物的生态风险大小依次为Ni > Cu > Pb > Cr > Cd > Zn.     

Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd的超富集植物研究进展

我国矿产资源丰富,矿区重金属污染十分严重,Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd四种重金属的污染在我国极其严重。利用超富集植物修复矿区重金属污染土壤,较传统方法而言是一种可靠经济安全的技术。综述了Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd四种重金属超富集植物,分析了可用于的我国重金属超富集植物的分布情况和生活环境,为土壤重金属污染的生态恢复提供参考。     

中国资源的进出口与产出率：演化、挑战及对策

资源可持续利用是实现中国可持续发展和生态文明的重要保障,然而过去30多年经济的快速发展带来了严重的资源短缺和环境污染。为了揭示1949年以来尤其是改革开放以来中国资源利用与经济发展之间的关系,论文系统梳理中国资源供给状况,总结中国资源进出口及资源产出率演化特点、面临的挑战及相应的对策。研究发现：中国近年来进口以金属矿产、石油、部分固体废弃产品构成的自然矿产和城市矿产资源为主,主要出口以工业产品、水海产品等为代表的资源类型,进出口的结构类型随年份变化不大,但进口量呈现快速增长的态势;中国资源产出率逐步增长,达到1.6元/kg,但仍与发达国家有较大差距。为了应对面临的挑战,未来中国应着力提升在全球价值链的地位,同时国内应大力发展循环经济,提高资源产出率。     

Prevalence and Molecular Genotyping of Noroviruses in Market Oysters,Mussels, and Cockles in Bangkok,Thailand

Noroviruses are the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis associated with bivalve shellfish consumption. This study aimed to detect and characterize noroviruses in three bivalve shellfish species: oysters (Saccostrea forskali), cockles (Anadara nodifera), and mussels (Perna viridis). The virus concentration procedure (adsorption-twice elution-extraction) and a molecular method were employed to identify noroviruses in shellfish. RT-nested PCR was able to detect known norovirus GII.4 of 8.8 × 10^?2 genome copies/g of digestive tissues from oyster and cockle concentrates, whereas in mussel concentrates, the positive result was seen at 8.8 × 10² copies/g of digestive tissues. From August 2011 to July 2012, a total of 300 shellfish samples, including each of 100 samples from oysters, cockles, and mussels were collected and tested for noroviruses. Norovirus RNA was detected in 12.3 % of shellfish samples. Of the noroviruses, 7.7 % were of the genogroup (G) I, 2.6 % GII, and 2.0 % were mixed GI and GII. The detection rate of norovirus GI was 2.1 times higher than GII. With regards to the different shellfish species, 17 % of the oyster samples were positive, while 14.0 and 6.0 % were positive for noroviruses found in mussels and cockles, respectively. Norovirus contamination in the shellfish occurred throughout the year with the highest peak in September. Seventeen norovirus-positive PCR products were characterized upon a partial sequence analysis of the capsid gene. Based on phylogenetic analysis, five different genotypes of norovirus GI (GI.2, GI.3, GI.4, GI.5, and GI.9) and four different genotypes of GII (GII.1, GII.2, GII.3, and GII.4) were identified. These findings indicate the prevalence and distribution of noroviruses in three shellfish species. The high prevalence of noroviruses in oysters contributes to the optimization of monitoring plans to improve the preventive strategies of acute gastroenteritis.     

Chemical characteristics, oxidative potential, and sources of PM2.5 in wintertime in Lahore and Peshawar, Pakistan

The chemical characteristics, oxidative potential, and sources of PM_2.5 were analyzed at the urban sites of Lahore and Peshawar, Pakistan in February 2019. Carbonaceous species, water soluble ions, and metal elements were measured to investigate the chemical composition and sources of PM_2.5. The dithiothreitol (DTT) consumption rate was measured to evaluate the oxidative potential of PM_2.5. Both cities showed a high exposure risk of PM_2.5 regarding its oxidative potential (DTT_v). Carbonaceous and some of the elemental species of PM_2.5 correlated well with DTT_v in both Lahore and Peshawar. Besides, the DTT_v of PM_2.5 in Lahore showed significant positive correlation with most of the measured water soluble ions, however, ions were DTT-inactive in Peshawar. Due to the higher proportions of carbonaceous species and metal elements, Peshawar showed higher mass-normalized DTT activity of PM_2.5 compared to Lahore although the average PM_2.5 concentration in Peshawar was lower. The high concentrations of toxic metals also posed serious non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to the residents of both cities. Principle component analysis coupled with multiple linear regression was applied to investigate different source contributions to PM_2.5 and its oxidative potential. Mixed sources of traffic and road dust resuspension and coal combustion, direct vehicle emission, and biomass burning and formation of secondary aerosol were identified as the major sources of PM_2.5 in both cities. The findings of this study provide important data for evaluation of the potential health risks of PM_2.5 and for formulation of efficient control strategies in major cities of Pakistan.     

意大利的金枪鱼、箭鱼、鸬鹚以及家燕等体内的多氯萘、多氯联苯、多氯二苯-p-二恶英、多氯二苯并呋喃以及p,p''''-DDE

我们曾对从意大利收集的金枪鱼、箭鱼、普通鸬鹚以及家燕体内的p,p'-DDE、多氯联苯同类物(PCBs)、多氯二苯-p-二恶英(PCDDs)、多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)以及多氯萘(PCNs)浓度进行过测量.     

Accumulation, transportation, and distribution of tetracycline and cadmium in rice

Co-exposure to heavy metal and antibiotic pollution might result in complexation and synergistic interactions, affecting rice growth and further exacerbating pollutant enrichment. Therefore, our study sought to clarify the influence of different Tetracycline (TC) and Cadmium(Cd) concentration ratios (both alone and combined) on rice growth, pollutant accumulation, and transportation during the tillering stage in hydroponic system. Surprisingly, our findings indicated that the interaction between TC and Cd could alleviate the toxic effects of TC/Cd on aerial rice structures and decrease pollutant burdens during root elongation. In contrast, TC and Cd synergistically promoted the accumulation of TC/Cd in rice roots. However, their interaction increased the accumulation of TC in roots while decreasing the accumulation of Cd when the toxicant doses increased. The strong affinity of rice to Cd promoted its upward transport from the roots, whereas the toxic effects of TC reduced TC transport. Therefore, the combined toxicity of the two pollutants inhibited their upward transport. Additionally, a low concentration of TC promoted the accumulation of Cd in rice mainly in the root tip. Furthermore, a certain dose of TC promoted the upward migration of Cd from the root tip. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry demonstrated that Cd mainly accumulated in the epidermis and stele of the root, whereas Fe mainly accumulated in the epidermis, which inhibited the absorption and accumulation of Cd by the rice roots through the generation of a Fe plaque. Our findings thus provide insights into the effects of TC and Cd co-exposure on rice growth.     

珊瑚钨锡矿硅质尾矿中Cd、As、Zn、F富集迁移及环境污染

硅质尾矿在释放中性矿山废水(NMD)时所伴生的多元素复合污染问题值得重视。本文以桂东北珊瑚矿尾矿作为研究对象,通过分析该尾矿的组构、元素富集及迁移特性,筛选出主要污染元素,并探讨尾矿胶结层对元素富集迁移的影响。结果表明:(1)该尾矿中Cd、As、Zn及F富集程度较高、可交换态含量(易迁移释放量)较大,是主要的污染元素,而Cu、Pb、Tl产生污染的可能性较小;(2)胶结层对重金属具有再富集作用,但其对可交换态Cd、As(Tl)再富集明显,而对可交换态Cu、Pb、Zn再富集则不明显。胶结层中次生伊利石、石膏等胶结物趋向于吸附富集活性可交换态Cd、As。这表明该尾矿可能迁移释放出含Cd、As浓度较高的NMD。研究表明,硅质尾矿风化释出NMD的同时,可能伴生Cd、As、Zn等重金属以及F的复合污染。     

Occurrence of Norovirus,Rotavirus, Hepatitis a Virus,and Enterovirus in Berries in Argentina

Food and Environmental Virology - Berries have been implicated as the probable vehicle of infection in multiple outbreaks of norovirus and hepatitis A virus (HAV). These foods often receive minimal...     

Social Rank, Stress, Fitness, and Life Expectancy in Wild Rabbits

 Wild rabbits of the two sexes have separate linear rank orders, which are established and maintained by intensive fights. The social rank of individuals strongly influence their fitness: males and females that gain a high social rank, at least at the outset of their second breeding season, have a much higher lifetime fitness than subordinate individuals. This is because of two separate factors: a much higher fecundity and annual reproductive success and a 50% longer reproductive life span. These results are in contrast to the view in evolutionary biology that current reproduction can be increased only at the expense of future survival and/or fecundity. These concepts entail higher physiological costs in high-ranking mammals, which is not supported by our data: In wild rabbits the physiological costs of social positions are caused predominantly by differential psychosocial stress responses that are much lower in high-ranking than in low-ranking individuals. Received: 23 February 1999 / Accepted: 17 March 1999     

不同玉米品种Cd、Pb、Zn和As积累与转运特性

通过田间试验,研究了22个玉米品种同时在未污染、轻度、中度和重度重金属Cd、Pb、Zn和As复合污染农田土壤条件下,玉米植株各部位对Cd、Pb、Zn和As的富集和转运特性,并对Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn这8种重金属元素进行了主成分分析和相关性分析,探讨了玉米植株吸收Cd、Pb、Zn和As含量与土壤中重金属元素形态含量的关系.结果表明：①玉米植株不同部位Cd和Zn含量分布规律为：穗上茎叶>穗下茎叶>根>籽粒,Pb分布规律为：根>穗下茎叶>穗上茎叶>籽粒,As分布规律为：根>穗上茎叶>穗下茎叶>籽粒,分布规律的不同与作物本身积累特性以及研究区土壤中Cd、Pb、Zn和As的环境活性高低密切相关.②22个玉米品种遗传背景的较大差异造成品种间Cd和Pb的积累具有显著差异（P<0.05）,表现为4种趋势：Cd和Pb复合高积累品种,单一Cd或Pb低积累品种（低Cd高Pb、低Pb高Cd）,Cd和Pb复合低积累品种.其中3个品种籽粒Cd含量超过国家食品安全标准,14个品种茎叶Cd含量超过国家饲料卫生标准;所有品种茎叶和籽粒Pb含量均未超标,但部分品种籽粒Pb含量接近限值具有超标风险;不同玉米品种茎叶和籽粒As含量均远低于标准限值,表现出稳定的低积累特性;不同玉米品种茎叶Zn含量随土壤Zn含量的升高而升高,但籽粒Zn含量维持在满足植株正常生长的阈值范围内.③研究区玉米植株中Cd、Pb、Zn和As具有一定的同源性,主要受土壤中Cd、Pb、Zn和As污染物含量超标的影响较为深刻,这说明矿山采选和尾矿堆存带来的人为来源,玉米植株中Cu元素受到一定人为污染来源的影响,但影响程度有限;玉米植株中Hg、Ni和Cr元素间具有一定的同源性,说明成土母质和风化产物累积的自然来源.④玉米植株各部位Cd、Pb、Zn和As元素含量,以及Cr和Ni元素含量均具有极显著正相关性（P<0.01）,Cd、Pb、Zn和As元素在植物体内的运输机制可能有共同之处,从玉米根部向地上部迁移方面表现出协同效应,Cr和Ni元素同样如此.而玉米茎叶中Hg与Cd、Pb、Zn和As元素,以及籽粒中Hg与Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Ni和Zn元素均表现出一定的拮抗作用.⑤采用对照优选法将同时满足：茎叶Cd、Pb和As含量未超过国家饲料卫生标准,籽粒Cd、Pb和As含量未超过国家食品安全标准,籽粒Cd、Pb和As聚类分析为低积累类群,植株茎叶和籽粒Cd、Pb和As富集和转运系数较低作为优选条件,筛选出C18（先玉335）可作为Cd、Pb和As复合低积累且籽粒Zn含量维持在正常水平的优选玉米品种,适宜在北方工矿企业周边重金属复合污染农田推广应用.