还原氧化、PAC-SBR生化法处理硝基苯废水的应用

用铁炭微电解－亚铁还原氧化法对含有以间二硝基苯，间硝基苯胺等物质为主的工艺废水进行预处理后，COD、硝基苯，苯胺的去除率分别为70．9％，88．5％，50．5％，经过预处理的工艺废水再按一定的比例与轻污染废水混合，经兼氧生化，PAC－SBR处理后，可使废水的COD去除率达到92％，BOD5去除率达到98％，硝基苯类去除率达到97％，苯胺类去除率达到98％，挥发酚去除率达到99．6％，色度可从5．8万－10万倍减少至8倍。     

染料生产废水的电解工艺处理方法

采用电解工艺处理染料生产废水，一方面降低废水的CODcr浓度，另一方面提高了废水的可生化性。当进水pH为11、CODcr为7000－12000mg／L时，出水可达国家排放标准。该工艺具有投资少，运用费用低，处理效果稳定等特点，适合中、小型染料生产厂的综合废水处理。     

混合化工废水集中预处理提高可生化性的研究

采用铁还原－中和絮凝沉淀作为某经济开发区混合化工废水的集中预处理工艺，该混合废水具有酸度大，色度深、有机有毒物质难降解含量高等特点。试验结果表明：经过该工艺预处理后，混合废水的可生化性明显提高，同时，色度去除率可达９０％以上，ＣＯＤ可去除５０％左右，是上述混合化工废水的经济，有效的预处理技术。     

染料废水处理的有效工艺

为解决染料废水的治理问题，在工艺试验研究的基础上，成功的采用了“预处理－电化学还原－混凝沉淀－厌氧－＝接触氧化”工艺，并设计出一套处理能力为８０ｍ＾２／ｄ的工艺，经运行检测各项指标均达到国家二级排放标准，其中ＣＯＤｃｒ、色度、硝基苯、苯胺类的去除率分别为９９．２％、９９．９９％、９９．９％、９９．３５。经过运行证帝该工艺性能稳定、操作简单、投资省、运转成本低易行管理。     

利用超细γ-Al2O3/CuO催化剂催化降解染料废水的研究

采用超细γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３为载体，担载ＣｕＯ，制备去除难生化降解有机废水ＣＯＤ用的高效催化剂（γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＣｕＯ），以水溶性偶氮染料活性艳红Ｘ－３Ｂ为处理对象，研究了操作参数对Ｘ－３Ｂ去除率的影响，以此形成有效的染料废水降解工艺，并用于指导实际废水的处理。利用制备的多相催化剂处理ＣＯＤ为５７００ｍｇ／ｌ、色度为３１００位的实际染料废水，ＣＯＤ和色度去除率分别约为７７％和９９％。     

生物营养活性炭技术处理染料化工废水

采用物化－生化－物化工艺处理染料化工废水。在生化工段成功地运用了生物活性炭技术，克服了染料化工废水因可供微生物生长的养料少，含盐浓度高而影响生化处理效果的弊端，使处理后出水水质达到国家规律的排放标准。     

湿式过氧化氢氧化处理高浓度染料废水的工艺研究

采用湿式过氧化氢氧化－铁屑过滤－混凝技术处理高浓度偶氮染料废水，用难生化降解的甲基橙进行模拟试验。实验结果表明，该工艺COD和色度的去除率分别高达85％和99％。湿式过氧化氢氧化处理过程受温度、硫酸投量、Fe^2 投量、H2O2投量的影响，反应温度对COD和色度的去除率影响较大，COD去除率的增加与H2O2投量成正比，色度的去除率随COD的增高而增大。     

品红染料工业废水治理工艺的试验研究

品红染料废水具有高ＣＯＤｃｒ、高色度、有机物成份复杂等特点。根据清污分流原则。对品红中和水及结晶水进行分别处理。经混凝、氧化、电解、还原等大量工艺试验，确定治理工艺方案为：中和水用混凝－电解氧化的方法，结晶水用直接电解的方法，取得了较满意的效果，各水质指标达到规定要求。     

微电解工艺在染料废水治理中的应用

染料工业废水采用微电解工艺治理能有效地去除废水色度及降低ＣＯＤ，提高废水的可生化性。简要分析微电解工艺的机理，并介绍该工艺治理染料废水的工艺流程。     

接触氧化法处理印刷胶片废水存在问题与改进研究

接触氧化法处理印刷胶片生产废水，实际处理效率只有设计效率的５０％左右。通过可生化性验证、生化实验对比研究，采用水解酸化－接触氧化－气浮工艺处理该废水可实现达标排放     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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