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汞的形态对于其对生物的毒性具有非常重要的影响.本文利用气相色谱仪与ICP-MS进行联用,对海产品中的汞形态进行精确分离和定量,并给出了优化后的接口条件、色谱条件等仪器参数. 相似文献
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建立了微波和湿法两种消解方式的不同条件下土壤/沉积物中V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Se、As、Sr、Mn、Pb、Cd、Ba和Fe共14种金属元素的ICP-MS准确测定方法.比较了微波消解不同称样量及湿法不同消解体系、温度对不同金属元素的消解效果.以103Rh和195Pt作为ICP-MS测定时的内标元素,针对不同测定元素选择合适的监测质量数及碰撞/反应模式.结果表明,微波消解称样量为0.10 g、消解体系为硝酸-盐酸-氢氟酸时,除Mn、Sr、Ba、Fe等半金属外大部分金属元素消解效果良好;湿法消解采用硝酸-盐酸-高氯酸-氢氟酸(5∶1∶1∶5)体系、消解最高温度为180℃时消解效果最佳,14种金属元素测定结果均在标准值范围内,但需防止少数易挥发元素如As、Se、Pb等在蒸酸过程中挥发损失.分别采用上述两种消解体系对湖底沉积物和两种国际比对土壤样品进行了前处理,并以ICP-MS进行了准确测定,14种金属元素的RSD均在0.10%-3.32%范围之间,国际比对中As、Cd、Pb、Mn的测定结果与初步公布结果一致.该方法重复性好、准确度高,适用于常规土壤/沉积物样品的准确测定. 相似文献
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按三类典型工业聚合氯化铝的生产条件制得铝浓度为2.50mol·l-1,盐基度为0%—92%的A,C,D系列样品,同时采用慢速滴碱法制得铝浓度为0.150mol·l-1—0.336mol·l-1,盐基度为0%—92%的B系列聚合氯化铝.Ferron试验结果表明:相同盐基度不同系列样品的Alb值大小变化规律为:盐基度等于20%时,CDAB;盐基度等于30%时,ADBC;盐基度大于30%时,BADC;四个系列样品的Ala均随盐基度的升高而减小,Alc则随盐基度的升高而增加.27A1-NMR测试结果表明:四个系列所有样品的Al单均随盐基度的升高而减小;相同盐基度的不同系列样品Al13值大小顺序为BACD;A,C,D系列样品的Al其他均随盐基度的升高而增加,B系列样品的Al其他则先随盐基度的升高而增加,达到最大值后开始降低,然后再开始上升,最大值为B4样品的44.40%.A,C,D三个工业系列样品中的Alb和Al13的绝对值均不大,在所研究的盐基度范围内Alb和Al13均不是其中的优势形态.B系列样品在盐基度大于60%时,Alb和Al13成为其中的优势形态. 相似文献
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A good understanding of the quantitative uptake of actinide elements from foodstuffs, across the mucosal cell membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, into man is of great importance in setting intake limits and in assessing radiation doses to critical organs. In the past, such knowledge has been gained from the extrapolation of animal models to man. Whilst this strategy has proved useful in a number of cases, it is, unfortunately, phenomenological and the results prone to perturbation from factors such as the fasting state of the animal and the initial chemical form of the actinide. The application of computer simulation models which can calculate the chemical speciation of an element in a variety of foodstuffs under conditions pertinent to the gastrointestinal tract offers a non‐invasive and general method for predicting the uptake of exogenous elements, like the actinides. This paper reviews the current state of chemical speciation analysis with respect to bioavailability highlighting areas requiring further consideration, presenting results amplifying the issues raised and showing that computer simulation has a rôle to play in predicting quantitative uptake of the actinides. 相似文献
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外生菌根真菌对油松幼苗根际土壤重金属赋存的影响 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
油松幼苗接种菌根盆栽试验表明,外生菌根真菌对油松根际土壤重金属铜、镉的赋存形态产生显著影响.与普通根际相比,菌根际土壤中交换态铜、镉含量显著下降,而有机结合态含量则显著增加.菌根际土壤重金属形态呈现出由疏松结合态向紧密结合态转化的趋势.接种菌根显著降低根际重金属的生物有效性,缓解重金属对寄主植物的毒害作用. 相似文献
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A five-step sequential extraction technique was used to determine the chemical association of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd), with major sedimentary phases (exchangeable, surface oxide and carbonate, Fe and Mn oxides, organic and residual metal ions), in samples from floodplain and recent flood sediments of the River Aire, West Yorkshire. Analysis indicates that metals Pb and Zn are primarily associated with the Fe and Mn oxides, Cu with the organic fraction and Cd with exchangeable and surface oxide and carbonate metal ions. Knowledge of the chemical speciation of heavy metals in river sediment, despite the procedure's inherent limitations, facilitates an understanding of their bioavailability, storage and remobilisation in floodplain and river channel environments. 相似文献
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青岛城市公园灰尘重金属的形态分布及健康风险评价 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
对青岛市南、市北、四方和李沧四区的公园灰尘样品的重金属全量和形态分布进行分析,并对公园灰尘重金属的污染状况进行了健康风险评价。结果表明:青岛城市公园土壤和灰尘均在不同程度上受到Cu、Zn、Pb、cd的污染,李沧区4种重金属含量均在四区最高。市南区公园灰尘中的Cu、Pb、cd的含量最低,市北区的Zn含量最低;Cu主要以有... 相似文献
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宝鸡城市街尘、土壤及河流沉积物重金属形态迁移特征 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在宝鸡城市街尘、土壤及河流沉积物基本理化性质和重金属元素含量分析的基础上,重点研究了重金属元素在街尘、土壤及河流沉积物中的赋存形态和迁移特征.结果表明:在街尘中Cu主要以可氧化态和残余态形式存在,Pb主要以可还原态和可氧化态形式存在,Zn和Cd主要以乙酸可提取态形式存在,Mn、Fe、Co、Ni和Cr主要以残余态形式存在... 相似文献
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混酸微波辅助萃取ICP-MS测定不同性质土壤中的重金属元素 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
比较了硝酸(HNO3)、硝酸-盐酸(HNO3∶HCl=3∶1)、硝酸-盐酸-双氧水(HNO3∶HCl∶H2O2=3∶1∶1)和硝酸-盐酸-高氯酸(HNO3∶HCl∶HCl O4=3∶1∶1)等4种消解液对土壤中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、砷(As)、铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)和锌(Zn)等7种重金属元素的萃取效率.结果表明,硝酸-盐酸-高氯酸混合液的萃取效果最好,硝酸-盐酸混合液次之.通过对6种土壤标准物质的分析发现,除了Cr之外,其他重金属元素在土壤中的混酸微波可提取态含量与总含量接近.土壤中的Cr有一部分是以铬铁矿的形式存在,在环境中相对较为稳定,采用混酸微波可提取态的Cr来评估其对环境的危害能够获得更加准确的结果.重金属与土壤的结合强弱与成土母质相关,冲积母质的土壤中Pb、Zn和Cu的结合较强,萃取相对较难,Cd、Ni和As与土壤的结合强弱则与成土母质关系不大.采用最优的消解液萃取矿区河流底泥和土壤中的重金属,ICP-MS分析结果表明,底泥中重金属含量较高,应为尾砂冲积而成,矿区周边的土壤也受到不同程度重金属的污染. 相似文献
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Julien Lusilao-Makiese Emmanuel Tessier David Amouroux Hlanganani Tutu Luke Chimuka 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(9):1688-1706
Total mercury (HgTOT) concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS) for South African Highveld coals. The distribution of Hg in coals was investigated using a four-stage sequential leaching protocol and isotope dilution/gas chromatography coupled to ICP MS (ID-GC-ICP MS). The results show that HgTOT ranged from 144 to 303?µg?kg?1 with a mean of 199?±?26?µg?kg?1, while HgTOT leached from coals using different solvents ranged between 103 and 310?µg?kg?1 (mean: 218?±?60?µg?kg?1). Hg leaching rates of 53–78% were achieved in crushed coals. Hg0, Hg2+, and CH3Hg+ were identified in all coals. CH3Hg+ in studied coals ranged between 0.1 and 0.4 (mean: 0.2) µg?kg?1. GC ICP MS chromatograms also showed unknown Hg peaks which were identified as other organomercury species such as ethylmercury. Modes of occurrence of Hg in coals were variable with the organic-bound (37–40%) and the sulfide-bound (37–39%) being the dominant mercury forms. Increasing the HCl concentration in the used protocol increased the amount of Hg leached (16%) during this step. 相似文献
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The speciation of trace metals in surface sediment in Kisumu Carwash area of Winam Gulf, was studied and results compared with those found at Usoma beach which was found to be several orders of magnitude less polluted. High proportions of the metals were bioavailable (fractions 1–6) with BA% ranging from 21.7% (Al) to 94.5% (Pb) at Carwash and 19.6% (Al) to ~100% (for Cd and Pb) at Usoma beach. The readily mobilizable fraction (fractions 1–4) decreased in the order: Pb > Mn > Sn > Cu > Co > Zn > Mg > Cd > Mo > Ni > Cr > Fe > Al at Carwash and Mn > Mo > Sn > Pb > Cd > Mg > Cu > Zn > Co > Ni > Fe > Cr > Al at Usoma beach. The total Zn, Cd, Cr, and Cu sediment concentrations at Carwash were higher than the threshold effect concentrations (TECs), although their bioavailable concentrations were lower than these limits. Both the total and bioavailable concentrations of Pb in surface sediment at Kisumu Carwash area were higher than the TEC threshold limit indicating significant contamination from this heavy metal. Although there was a general good agreement on data obtained by sequential extraction as compared with those obtained by direct aqua-regia digestion, there were large discrepancies for some specific metal analytes which could be accounted for in terms of analytical variations and lack of uniformity in physical and chemical composition of the sediment samples analyzed. 相似文献
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铜陵矿区土壤中镉存在形态及生物有效性 总被引:16,自引:3,他引:16
采取Tessier连续提取法,研究铜陵矿区不同功能区表层土壤中镉的化学形态分布和生物有效性。结果表明,各种土壤中的镉含量全部高于地区背景值,主要来源与矿业活动有关,部分样品还有矿体的风化富集叠加,土壤镉污染指数PCd为1.15~79。镉含量依次为矿体风化土壤→废矿堆下垫土→市郊菜地土→矿区铜草土、路边土和稻田土→其它土壤。其形态分布,酸性土壤中以Fe-Mn氧化态和可交换态为主,其余三态相对较低;碱性土壤中有机态和残渣态比例较高,碳酸盐态和可交换态所占的比例低。土壤中生物可利用态镉的含量较高,占土壤总镉的60.20%-98.3%,生物不可利用态仅占1.7%-39.2%。 相似文献
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外加镍在土壤中的形态与再分配 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6
镍处理土壤经室内培养12周后,采用连续提取技术对试验土壤中镍的形态与再分配方式进行了研究。研究结果表明,外加的水溶性镍进入土壤后的主要存在形态与添加的剂量有关:低剂量时,以铁锰氧化态为主,这一形态在100mg·kg-1处理土壤中占比例最大,达到31.6%;高剂量时,以交换态为主,这一形态在1600mg·kg-1处理土壤中占比例最大,达到48.4%。随着镍添加剂量由0(对照)增加到1600mg·kg-1,再分配系数逐渐由1.00增大到30.65;金属结合强度系数则由0.90减小至0.25,也反映出进入土壤中镍的剂量较大时,镍是以不稳定的形态占优。试验结果也证实了土壤具有减小镍的环境危害的作用,但这种缓冲能力是有限的。随着时间的推移,镍的形态会继续发生变化,但这一转化过程是缓慢的。因此,一旦土壤发生重金属污染,其对土壤环境的影响将是长期的。 相似文献