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1.
Thorsten Zellmann Alexandra S. B?uerle und Dietmar Jahnke 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》2000,12(2):113-120
Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen praktischer Untersuchungen der Autoren zu Umweltmanagementsystemen in der Landwirtschaft, und hier insbesondere
der Umweltprüfung, zeigen sich die Besonderheiten der Agrarwirtschaft im Implementierungsproze?. Einige Bereiche k?nnen relativ
einfach umgesetzt werden, andere Aspekte bedürfen einer differenzierteren Methodik als bei anderen Wirtschaftsbereichen. W?hrend
sich das Managementaudit durch die übersichtliche Organisationsstruktur landwirtschaftlicher Betriebe meist als unkritisch
erweist, werden beim Wirkungsund Rechtsaudit einige bereichsspezifische Probleme erkannt. Das Wirkungsaudit zeigt dem Anwender
nach der Einführung einer neuen, speziell auf die Landwirtschaft angepa?ten Methodik der Stoffstrombilanzierung praxisorientierte
Handlungspotentiale. Die Ergebnisse k?nnen je nach Bedarf auf Betriebs-, Betriebszweigoder Kostentr?gerebene ausgewiesen relevant,
da sie einhohes ?kologischen Gef?hrdungspotential besitzen und bei den praktischen Erhebungen h?ufig Gegenstand von Beanstandungen
waren. Diese betreffen vor allem die Lagerung von umweltrelevanten Stoffen (Pflanzenschutzmittel, Diesel, Jauche, Gülle, Festmist
oder Sickers?fte) sowie die etwaigen Notwendigkeit und Beschaffenheit eines Waschplatzes. Die Konfliktbereiche werden beschrieben
und darauf aufbauend Optionen zur Verbesserung aufgezeigt.
Online-Publikationsdatum: 20.12.1999 相似文献
2.
Thorsten Zellmann Alexandra S. B?uerle Reiner Doluschitz Dietmar Jahnke und Detlef Marell 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》1999,11(3):181-186
Zusammenfassung Die Erfassung der Ist-Situation im Rahmen der Umweltprüfung bildet die Grundlage für effiziente Schritte im Rahmen der Implementierung
von Umweltmanagementsystemen (UMS). Diese Basis-analyse stützt sich auf die Elemente Wirkungsaudit, Management-audit und Rechtsaudit.
Durch die optimale Ausgestaltung einer Umweltprüfung wird bei der Implementierung eines UMS auch in der Landwirtschaft die
Basis für einen maximalen Nutzen des Anwenders geschaffen. Dieser Nutzen ist etwa für den Betrieb in seinen Innenbeziehungen,
die Transparenz der Betriebsabl?ufe, ?konomische Gesichtspunkte, wie z.B. Einsparpotentiale, Informationsgewinnung sowie Effizienzgesichtspunkte
durch die Dokumentation der Ablauforganisation. Darüber hinaus nutzt ein UMS bei externen Anforderungen, wie z.B. beim Umgang
mit der ?ffentlichkeit, Marktpartnern, der Stellung gegenüber Beh?rden, Deregulierung oder Haftungsminimierung.
相似文献
3.
Havenhand JN 《Ambio》2012,41(6):637-644
Increasing partial pressure of atmospheric CO2 is causing ocean pH to fall—a process known as ‘ocean acidification’. Scenario modeling suggests that ocean acidification in the Baltic Sea may cause a ≤3 times increase in acidity (reduction of 0.2–0.4 pH units) by the year 2100. The responses of most Baltic Sea organisms to ocean acidification are poorly understood. Available data suggest that most species and ecologically important groups in the Baltic Sea food web (phytoplankton, zooplankton, macrozoobenthos, cod and sprat) will be robust to the expected changes in pH. These conclusions come from (mostly) single-species and single-factor studies. Determining the emergent effects of ocean acidification on the ecosystem from such studies is problematic, yet very few studies have used multiple stressors and/or multiple trophic levels. There is an urgent need for more data from Baltic Sea populations, particularly from environmentally diverse regions and from controlled mesocosm experiments. In the absence of such information it is difficult to envision the likely effects of future ocean acidification on Baltic Sea species and ecosystems. 相似文献
4.
5.
Aquatic macrophytes play an important role in the structural and functional aspects of aquatic ecosystems by altering water
movement regimes, providing shelter to fish and aquatic invertebrates, serving as a food source, and altering water quality
by regulating oxygen balance, nutrient cycles, and accumulating heavy metals. The ability to hyperaccumulate heavy metals
makes them interesting research candidates, especially for the treatment of industrial effluents and sewage waste water. The
use of aquatic macrophytes, such as Azolla with hyper accumulating ability is known to be an environmentally friendly option to restore polluted aquatic resources.
The present review highlights the phytoaccumulation potential of macrophytes with emphasis on utilization of Azolla as a promising candidate for phytoremediation. The impact of uptake of heavy metals on morphology and metabolic processes
of Azolla has also been discussed for a better understanding and utilization of this symbiotic association in the field of phytoremediation. 相似文献
6.
Many of the world’s rural populations are dependent on the local provision of economically and medicinally important plant resources. However, increasing land-use intensity is depleting these resources, reducing human welfare, and thereby constraining development. Here we investigate a low cost strategy to manage the availability of valuable plant resources, facilitated by the use of isolated Ficus trees as restoration nuclei. We surveyed the plants growing under 207 isolated trees in Assam, India, and categorized them according to their local human-uses. We found that Ficus trees were associated with double the density of important high-grade timber, firewood, human food, livestock fodder, and medicinal plants compared to non-Ficus trees. Management practices were also important in determining the density of valuable plants, with grazing pressure and land-use intensity significantly affecting densities in most categories. Community management practices that conserve isolated Ficus trees, and restrict livestock grazing and high-intensity land-use in their vicinity, can promote plant growth and the provision of important local resources.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0645-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献7.
Lars ?stlund Greger H?rnberg Thomas H. DeLuca Lars Liedgren Peder Wikstr?m Olle Zackrisson Torbj?rn Josefsson 《Ambio》2015,44(6):508-520
Anthropogenic deforestation has shaped ecosystems worldwide. In subarctic ecosystems, primarily inhabited by native peoples, deforestation is generally considered to be mainly associated with the industrial period. Here we examined mechanisms underlying deforestation a thousand years ago in a high-mountain valley with settlement artifacts located in subarctic Scandinavia. Using the Heureka Forestry Decision Support System, we modeled pre-settlement conditions and effects of tree cutting on forest cover. To examine lack of regeneration and present nutrient status, we analyzed soil nitrogen. We found that tree cutting could have deforested the valley within some hundred years. Overexploitation left the soil depleted beyond the capacity of re-establishment of trees. We suggest that pre-historical deforestation has occurred also in subarctic ecosystems and that ecosystem boundaries were especially vulnerable to this process. This study improves our understanding of mechanisms behind human-induced ecosystem transformations and tree-line changes, and of the concept of wilderness in the Scandinavian mountain range.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0634-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献8.
The decline in sea cucumber fisheries that serve the Asian dried seafood market has prompted an increase in global sea cucumber
aquaculture. The tropical sandfish (Holothuria scabra) has, in this context, been reared and produced with mixed success. In the Western Indian Ocean, villagers often participate
in the export fishery for sea cucumbers as a source of income. However, with a growing concern of depleted stocks introduction
of hatcheries to farm sandfish as a community livelihood and to replenish wild stocks is being promoted. This review identifies
and discusses a number of aspects that constitute constraints or implications with regard to development of sandfish farming
in the region. The conclusion is that for sandfish farming to live up to its expectations the possible impacts need to be
further studied, and that improved evaluation of ongoing projects is required. In the interim, a precautionary approach toward
new enterprise activities is suggested. 相似文献
9.
Peter Viebahn Michael Matthies Werner Berens und Bodo Rieger 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》1999,11(5):303-307
Zusammenfassung Grundlage für die erste Stoff- und Energieflu?analyse der Universit?t Osnabrück und die Erstellung der ?kobilanz war eine
umfangreiche und damit zeitaufwendige Datensammlung, — aufbereitung und — weiterverarbeitung. Um die Bilanzierung für die
Folgejahre zu vereinfachen und die ermittelten Daten für ein ?ko-Controlling nutzen zu k?nnen, wurde ein Konzept für ein Umweltinformationssystem
(UIS) der Universit?t erarbeitet. Es setzt sich zusammen aus der operativen Ebene mit den dezentralen Daten(banken) der Verwaltung,
einer zentralen Datenbankebene, in der die ?kobilanz erstellt und Umweltkennzahlen berechnet werden, und einer Auswertungs-
und Pr?sentationsebene als Schnittstelle zwischen Daten und ihren Nutzern. Das UIS wird mittelfristig als Teil des Management-Informationssystem
implementiert, das die Universit?t als erste Hochschule Deutschlands zur Zeit entwickelt.
相似文献
10.
Flagships are one conservation education tool. We present a proposed flagship species fleet for environmental education in central Chile. Our methods followed recent flagship guidelines. We present our selection process and a detailed justification for the fleet of flagship species that we selected. Our results are a list of eight flagship species forming a flagship fleet, including two small- and medium-sized mammals, the degu (Octodon degus) and the culpeo fox (Lycalopex culpeaus), two birds, the turca (Pteroptochos megapoidius) and the burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia), the Chilean iguana (Calopistes palluma), the tarantula (Grammostola mollicoma), and two trees, the litre (Lithrea caustica) and the espino (Acacia caven). We then describe how these flagships can be deployed most effectively, describing their audience, effective narrative frames, and modes of presentation. We conclude that general selection rules paired with social science background data allow for an efficient selection process. 相似文献
11.
The prevalence of epidermal conditions in a small population of coastal bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Monterey Bay was evaluated between 2006 and 2008. Five different skin condition categories were considered, including
Pox-Like Lesions, Discoloration, Orange Film, Polygon Lesions, and Miscellaneous Markings. Of 147 adults and 42 calves photographically
examined, at least 90 and 71%, respectively, were affected by at least one or multiple conditions. Pox-Like Lesions were the
most prevalent, affecting 80% of the population, including adults and calves. This condition warrants the most urgent investigation
being possibly indicative of the widespread presence of poxvirus or a similar pathogen in the population. In view of the high
number of individuals affected, standard monitoring of the health status of Monterey Bay bottlenose dolphins is considered
imperative. Discoloration was strongly associated with Pox-Like lesions. Orange Films were likely an epifaunal infestation
caused by diatoms, which have been documented in other cetacean species. Polygon Lesions, a newly described category, could
be the result of infestation by barnacles of the genus Cryptolepas. Miscellaneous Markings were variable in appearance and may not have the same causative factor. Although none of the proposed
etiologies can be confirmed without appropriate clinical tests, recognizing common visible characteristics of the conditions
could aid in preliminary comparisons across populations and individuals. 相似文献
12.
We studied the effect of various factors on body size variation of the Eurasian lynx in Norway, using data from 374 lynx collected
between 1960 and 1976 and whose locality of capture, year of birth, sex, and age were known. Body size of lynx in Norway was
mainly affected by sex and age. Female skull size (and by implication body size) was also positively affected by the availability
of its main prey (roe deer) and by latitude, and negatively by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Male size was not affected
by any of the environmental factors examined. We interpret the effects of NAO and latitude on body size through their effect
on the local climate and particularly snow conditions. We suggest that females are more sensitive to environmental factors
than males. 相似文献
13.
Matthieu Guillemain Johan Elmberg Michel Gauthier-Clerc Grégoire Massez Richard Hearn Jocelyn Champagnon Géraldine Simon 《Ambio》2010,39(2):170-180
Animal populations are exposed to large-scale anthropogenic impact from e.g. climate change, habitat alteration and supplemental
stocking. All of these may affect body condition in wintering dabbling ducks, which in turn may affect an individual’s survival
and reproductive success. The aim of this study was to assess whether there have been morphometric changes in Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and Teal (Anas crecca) over the last 30 years at a major wintering site. Body mass and condition increased from the 1950s–1960s to the 2000s in
both species. The increase in body mass amounted to as much as 11.7%, with no corresponding change in body size. Improved
body condition was maintained from early to mid-winter, but then converged with historical values for late winter. Our interpretation
is that increasingly benign ambient winter conditions permit ducks to maintain better energetic “safety margins” throughout
winter, and that converging spring departure values may be related to evolutionary flight energetic optima. The observed changes
are consistent with large-scale climate amelioration and local/regional habitat improvement (both anthropogenic). 相似文献
14.
We examined long-term data on water chemistry of Lake Rachelsee (Germany) following the changes in acidic depositions in central Europe since 1980s. Despite gradual chemical recovery of Rachelsee, its biological recovery was delayed. In 1999, lake recovery was abruptly reversed by a coincident forest die-back, which resulted in elevated terrestrial export of nitrate and ionic aluminum lasting ~5 years. This re-acidification episode provided unique opportunity to study plankton recovery in the rapidly recovering lake water after the abrupt decline in nitrate leaching from the catchment. There were sudden changes both in lake water chemistry and in plankton biomass structure, such as decreased bacterial filaments, increased phytoplankton biomass, and rotifer abundance. The shift from dominance of heterotrophic to autotrophic organisms suggested their substantial release from severe phosphorus stress. Such a rapid change in plankton structure in a lake recovering from acidity has, to the best of our knowledge, not been previously documented. 相似文献
15.
Bettinetti R Quadroni S Crosa G Harper D Dickie J Kyalo M Mavuti K Galassi S 《Ambio》2011,40(4):341-350
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is still used in Africa for the indoor control of malaria and it may represent a potential
hazard for wildlife. The littoral sediments of two alkaline-saline lakes, Natron (Tanzania) and Bogoria (Kenya), in the Eastern
Rift Valley, supporting large populations of lesser flamingos (Phoeniconaias minor), were analysed for DDT residues. Physical–chemical analyses (temperature, conductivity, pH and dissolved oxygen) were also
performed on the water of the two lakes and in the tributaries of Lake Natron, to evaluate the influence of the environmental
variables on pollutant occurrence. At Lake Natron, around 1 km from the sediment collection sites, tree leaves of Acacia tortilis were also collected. The main metabolite found in all sediment samples was pp’DDE, whilst equal concentrations of pp’DDT
and pp’DDE were measured in acacia leaves. The levels of DDTs measured in the sediments were within 5.9–30.9 ng g−1 d.w., reaching the maximum value in a tributary of Lake Natron. On the whole, the contamination of Lake Natron and Lake Bogoria
basins seems to be quite moderate. Nevertheless, the pp’DDE/pp’DDT ratio equals 1 in the Acacia tortilis leaves, which makes one suppose that the input of the parent compound was rather recent and could have been from aerial transport
or dust from relatively close-by old pesticides storage sites. 相似文献
16.
Climate Warming and the Recent Treeline Shift in the European Alps: The Role of Geomorphological Factors in High-Altitude Sites 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Global warming and the stronger regional temperature trends recently recorded over the European Alps have triggered several
biological and physical dynamics in high-altitude environments. We defined the present treeline altitude in three valleys
of a region in the western Italian Alps and reconstructed the past treeline position for the last three centuries in a nearly
undisturbed site by means of a dendrochronological approach. We found that the treeline altitude in this region is mainly
controlled by human impacts and geomorphological factors. The reconstruction of the altitudinal dynamics at the study site
reveals that the treeline shifted upwards of 115 m over the period 1901–2000, reaching the altitude of 2505 m in 2000 and
2515 m in 2008. The recent treeline shift and the acceleration of tree colonization rates in the alpine belt can be mainly
ascribed to the climatic input. However, we point out the increasing role of geomorphological factors in controlling the future
treeline position and colonization patterns in high mountains. 相似文献
17.
Greening of the Arctic due to climate warming may provide herbivores with richer food supplies, resulting in higher herbivore densities. In turn, this may cause changes in vegetation composition and ecosystem function. In 1982-1984, we studied the ecology of non-breeding moulting geese in Jameson Land, low Arctic East Greenland. By then, geese consumed most of the graminoid production in available moss fens, and it appeared that the geese had filled up the available habitat. In 2008, we revisited the area and found that the number of moulting geese and the temperature sum for June-July had tripled, while the above-ground biomass in a moss fen ungrazed by geese had more than doubled. In a goose-grazed fen, the overall plant composition was unchanged, but the frequency of graminoids had decreased and the area with dead vegetation and open spots had increased. We suggest that climate warming has lead to increased productivity, allowing for higher numbers of moulting geese. However, the reduction of vegetation cover by grazing may have longer term negative consequences for the number of geese the habitat can sustain. 相似文献
18.
Melanie von der Wiesche und Dietrich Werner 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》1998,10(3):179-187
Zusammenfassung Nach wie vor findet der Faktor Zeit in den Umweltwissenschaften zu wenig Beachtung. Langfristige Beobachtungen und Me?reihen
in der ?kologischen Forschung, wie sie für die Bewertung und Prognosen von Umweltzust?nden und-entwicklunger, unabdingbar
w?ren, scheinen die Ausnahme zu sein. Besonders komplexe ?kosysteme, wie terrestrische oder marine Systeme, kennzeichnen sich
auch durch l?ngere natürliche Eigenzeiten, die deshalb bei ihrer Erforschung berücksichtigt werden mü?ten. In diesem Zusammenhang
soll verdeutlicht werden, welche Rolle zeitliche Parameter speziell in der terrestrischen ?kosystemforschung spielen. Zu diesem
Zweck wurde eine Datenbank konzipiert, die Hauptcharakteristika von ?kosystemaren Analysen aufnehmen kann. Forschungsberichte
verschiedener ?kosystemforschungszentren wurden zur Aufnahme in die Datenbank bearbeitet. Gezielte Abfragen auf den Datenpool
erm?glichen dann eine Auswertung hinsichtlich der zeitlichen Ausrichtung bestimmter Untersuchungen. Dabei stellte sich — neben
einer teilweisen Ungleichheit der Zeitskalen von Experiment und Realit?t — u.a. heraus, da? l?ngerfristige Untersuchungen
?u?erst selten durchgeführt werden. So vielf?ltig die Gründe für dieses Defizit auch sein m?gen, sie k?nnen nicht von der
Forderung nach st?rkerer Berücksichtigung von langzeitlichen Beobachtungen ablenken, will die ?kosystemforschung die an sie
gestellten Aufgaben erfüllen.
相似文献
19.
What do we really know about the impacts of one of the 100 worst invaders in Europe? A reality check
Philipp E. Hirsch Anouk N’Guyen Irene Adrian-Kalchhauser Patricia Burkhardt-Holm 《Ambio》2016,45(3):267-279
Invasive species are one of the greatest threats to biodiversity worldwide, and to successfully manage their introductions is a major challenge for society. Knowledge on the impacts of an invasive species is essential for motivating decision makers and optimally allocating management resources. We use a prominent invasive fish species, the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) to objectively quantify the state of scientific knowledge on its impacts. Focusing on how native fish species are affected by round goby invasions, we analyzed 113 peer-reviewed papers and found that impacts are highly ecosystem and time scale dependent. We discovered round goby impacts to be profound, but surprisingly complex. Even if identical native species were affected, the impacts remained less comparable across ecosystems than expected. Acknowledging the breadth but also limitations in scientific knowledge on round goby impacts would greatly improve scientists’ ability to conduct further research and inform management measures.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0718-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献20.
Globally, greenhouse gas budgets are dominated by natural sources, and aquatic ecosystems are a prominent source of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere. Beaver (Castor canadensis and Castor fiber) populations have experienced human-driven change, and CH4 emissions associated with their habitat remain uncertain. This study reports the effect of near extinction and recovery of beavers globally on aquatic CH4 emissions and habitat. Resurgence of native beaver populations and their introduction in other regions accounts for emission of 0.18–0.80 Tg CH4 year−1 (year 2000). This flux is approximately 200 times larger than emissions from the same systems (ponds and flowing waters that became ponds) circa 1900. Beaver population recovery was estimated to have led to the creation of 9500–42 000 km2 of ponded water, and increased riparian interface length of >200 000 km. Continued range expansion and population growth in South America and Europe could further increase CH4 emissions.