测定粉煤灰中微量有害元素分析方法的数据处理

本文通过十个协同实验室对三种不同含量的粉煤灰中的铜、镍、铬、锰、铅、锌、砷、镉等有害元素用相同的分析方法进行测定，通过对分析数据的统计处理，计算出粉煤灰中微量有害元素分析方法的室内允许差、室内允许差以及分析方法的重复性与再现性。     

高温煤气脱硫剂研究进展

系统地介绍了国外高温煤气脱硫剂的研究开发现状,指出我国重点研究开发铁系、锰系、锌系、铜系和钙系脱硫剂。     

火电厂灰渣水溶性试验

火电厂灰渣水溶性试验以煤为燃料的电厂排出的灰渣主要由粉煤灰、烟道灰和锅炉渣３部分组成。其化学成分复杂，除含有大量的硅、铁、铝、钙、镁、碳外，还含有铜、铅、镉、汞、砷、铬、镍、锰、铍、钴、钡、锶等少量及微量元素。灰渣的堆放不仅占用大量土地，且其中的有害...     

施粉煤灰农田和作物的锰,镁,锌,镍,钒和锂含量变化及影响评价

锰和镁是地壳中的常量元素，也是动植物和人体保持生命活动的必需元素，锌，镍，钒则是动植物不可缺少的微量元素，这些元素若含量过高则也会产生危害。施用粉煤灰未使土壤中这些元素的含量发生明显变化，所产植物中也未有异常富集。施灰田作物根部的锂含量较高，但其茎和果实的锂含量很低，不影响安全食用。     

废旧锌锰电池及其回收过程中汞载体的研究

针对目前一些回收废旧锌锰电池工艺在汞回收处理上存在的问题,集中对废旧锌锰电池中汞的载体以及回收处理废旧锌锰电池过程中汞载体的变化进行了研究,为废旧锌锰电池回收处理中汞的完全回收提供了依据.     

利用废锌锰干电池制备纳米氧化锌粉体

废弃的锌锰干电池含有大量的有用元素，尤其是既做电池的负极又兼做容器的锌皮，在电池的电能消耗完后，仍有大量剩余。据相关资料介绍，每节干电池放电完毕后，仍有70％～75％的锌未参加反应，因此，有大量未反应的电解锌(纯度99．9％)残存于干电池中。我们以废锌锰干电池的锌皮为主要     

用废干电池制备锰锌铁氧体的方法

该发明提供了一种用废干电池制备锰锌铁氧体的方法：用挤压法使干电池破碎，装入蒸汞炉中热蒸，去除有害杂质汞及有机物后用硫酸浸出，99％以上的汞可以从废料中挥发并被蒸汞炉中的吸收液吸收；浸出液用水解法、置换法及流化法除杂，浸除后的废渣进行安全填埋，除杂后的清液用碳酸盐中和，中和后得到的沉淀经干燥焙烧，即可制得锰锌铁氧体粉体。该法简便易行、费用省、效益高，可有效回收废干电池中各种有价元素，     

用钨渣提钪废液制备高纯硫酸锰

研究了以钨渣提钪后的含锰废液、软锰矿和菱锰矿为原料制备高纯硫酸锰的工艺方法.探讨了反应温度、菱锰矿用量及其反应时间对锰浸出效果的影响.在硫酸锰溶液中,加入碳酸锰中和水解除去铁、铝,加入硫化锰除去重金属,加入水合二氧化锰吸附除去硅,加入氟化锰除去钙、镁、稀土元素,最后加热浓缩析出硫酸锰结晶,干燥后获得高纯硫酸锰.     

施粉煤灰农田和作物的铜,钼,硒,钴和铍含量变化及影响评价

铜、钼、硒是钴是动植物和人体必需的微量元素，参与许多重要的生理新陈代谢过程，绝大多数植物对这些元素的忍受性也较强。粉煤灰中的这四种元素含量均较对照的高，但受土壤ｐＨ值和有机质含量等的影响，施灰田作物中这四种元素未有异常富集。     

铁-锰-碳微电解法处理对苯二酚废水

在传统铁-碳微电解填料(简称铁-碳填料)中加入锰粉进行改性,制备了规整化铁-锰-碳改性微电解填料(简称铁-锰-碳填料),并采用该填料处理质量浓度为1 000 mg/L的模拟对苯二酚废水。实验结果表明:在铁-锰-碳填料投加量25.0 g/L、反应时间4.0 h、锰粉质量分数9%、初始废水pH为3的最佳工艺条件下,对苯二酚去除率达95.55%;与铁-碳填料相比,铁-锰-碳填料可大幅提高对苯二酚的去除率,且对废水pH的适应范围较宽;采用铁-锰-碳填料处理对苯二酚废水的过程中,废水pH大体呈现先上升后下降的趋势;由降解中间产物可推断对苯二酚首先被氧化为对苯醌,然后逐渐降解为有机酸。     

Chemical changes in different types of coal ash during prolonged,large scale,contact with seawater

In this study, we followed the chemical changes occurring in coal ash exposed to prolonged (300 days), large scale, contact with running seawater. Four major components (Al, Ca, Mg, Fe) and seven minor and trace elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb, Hg) were measured in four coal ash types: fly and bottom ash freshly obtained from coal-fired power plant, and old ash (crushed and blocks) recovered from the sea after 3-5 years contact with seawater. Changes occurred in the chemical composition of the coal ash along the experiment: Fe increased in fresh ash, Al increased in old ash and Ca increased in all ash types except old ash blocks. Cu and Hg decreased in fresh fly ash while Cr increased, Cd decreased in all ash types except bottom ash, and Mn decreased in bottom ash. Most of the changes occurred in the fresh fly ash, and not in the old ash, indicating equilibrium after prior exposure to seawater. In addition, more changes occurred in fresh fly ash than in bottom ash, emphasizing the differences between the two ash types. While the changes in the concentrations of the major elements may be an indication of the integrity of the ash matrix, the only elements of environmental significance released to the environment were Hg and Cd. However, calculated seawater concentrations were much lower than seawater quality criteria and therefore the coal ash was considered suitable for marine applications concerning seawater quality.     

Chemical properties of heavy metals in typical hospital waste incinerator ashes in China

Incineration has become the main mechanism for hospital waste (HW) disposal in China after the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003. However, little information is available on the chemical properties of the resulting ashes. In the present study, 22HW ash samples, including 14 samples of bottom ash and eight samples of fly ash, were collected from four typical HW incineration plants located across China. Chemical analysis indicated that the HW ashes contained large amounts of metal salts of Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na with a concentration range of 1.8-315gkg(-1). Furthermore, the ashes contained high concentrations of heavy metals such as Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Ti, Sb, Sn, Sr, Zn with a vast range of 1.1-121,411mgkg(-1), with higher concentrations found in the fly ash samples. Sequential extraction results showed that Ba, Cr, Ni and Sn are present in the residual fraction, while Cd existed in the exchangeable and carbonate fractions. As, Mn, Zn existed in the Fe-Mn oxide fraction, Pb was present in the Fe-Mn oxide and residual fractions, and Cu was present in the organic matter fraction. Furthermore, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) results indicated that leached amounts of Cd, Cu and Pb from almost all fly ash samples exceeded the USEPA regulated levels. A comparison between the HW ashes and municipal solid waste (MSW) ash showed that both HW bottom ash and fly ash contained higher concentrations of Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ti, and Zn. This research provides critical information for appropriate HW incineration ash management plans.     

添加CaO对燃煤重金属元素富集效果的影响

选取CaO作为吸附剂,探究了不同燃烧温度下添加CaO对重金属元素在燃煤灰渣中富集效果的影响规律。实验结果表明:添加CaO对重金属元素Cr未起到富集作用,而对Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb 7种重金属元素的富集效果显著;随燃烧温度的升高,CaO对各赋存形态的Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,As的富集效果先变好而后变差,对各赋存形态的Cd和Pb的富集效果越来越好;CaO添加比(预处理后的CaO颗粒与预处理后的原煤的质量比)越大,CaO对Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb的富集效果越好,燃烧温度为850℃时的最佳CaO添加比为4%。     

Effects of chemical composition of fly ash on efficiency of metal separation in ash-melting of municipal solid waste

In the process of metal separation by ash-melting, Fe and Cu in the incineration residue remain in the melting furnace as molten metal, whereas Pb and Zn in the residue are volatilized. This study investigated the effects of the chemical composition of incineration fly ash on the metal-separation efficiency of the ash-melting process. Incineration fly ash with different chemical compositions was melted with bottom ash in a lab-scale reactor, and the efficiency with which Pb and Zn were volatilized preventing the volatilization of Fe and Cu was evaluated. In addition, the behavior of these metals was simulated by thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. Depending on the exhaust gas treatment system used in the incinerator, the relationships among Na, K, and Cl concentrations in the incineration fly ash differed, which affected the efficiency of the metal separation. The amounts of Fe and Cu volatilized decreased by the decrease in the molar ratio of Cl to Na and K in the ash, promoting metal separation. The thermodynamic simulation predicted that the chlorination volatilization of Fe and Cu was prevented by the decrease in the molar ratio, as mentioned before. By melting incineration fly ash with the low molar ratio in a non-oxidative atmosphere, most of the Pb and Zn in the ash were volatilized leaving behind Fe and Cu.     

Leachability of municipal solid waste ashes in simulated landfill conditions

In Japan the volume of municipal solid waste is reduced by incineration, with fly ash and bottom ash disposed in controlled landfills. The leachability of anions and heavy metal cations, Zn, Cu and Pb, from MSW fly ash and bottom ash at different pHs was examined using batch- and column-leaching tests. The MSW ashes had a high capacity for neutralizing acids. Behaviour during leaching depended on the pH of the solution. For the volumes applied, the leachabilities of MSW fly ash were very similar at pHs from 3 to 6. Due to its amphoteric nature, Pb is leachable at pHs of approximately 10 or more, with leachate concentrations of about 3 and 3-10mg/L for the fly ash and bottom ash, respectively, much higher than for Zn and Cu. Pb concentrations for most leaching solutions were 1 and 3mg/L for the fly ash and bottom ash, respectively. Zn, and Cu leached at low concentrations for solutions of pH 3-6. Na and K ions leached at high concentrations of approximately 5000 mg/L in the first batch leaching test, decreasing to 10mg/L by the fourth leach. Ca and Mg ions leached more gradually than Na and K. Cl(-) and SO(4)(2+) ions were the major anions in the MSW ash. The high pH and cation leaching are expected to have negative impacts on the performance of clay liners.     

Characterization of trace elements in chicken and duck litter ash

For safe and sustainable management of poultry litter, it is important to evaluate and understand the chemical forms and concentrations of their constituent trace elements during treatment for disposal. This experiment was carried out to compare changes in metal (Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb and Ni) fractions in chicken and duck litter after incineration at temperatures ranging from 200 to 900 degrees C. The metals were stepwise fractionated into exchangeable, adsorbed, organically bound, carbonate precipitated and residual forms by extracting with 0.5M KNO3, de-ionized water, 0.5M NaOH, 0.05M Na2 EDTA and 4M HNO3, respectively. The content of total metal and other elements (i.e., Ca, Mg and K) were was also determined. Results showed an increasing trend in the total concentrations of metals with increasing temperature with higher amounts in chicken litter ash (CLA) than duck litter ash (DLA). Higher temperatures significantly reduced the levels of H2O-soluble Mn, Zn and Ni and enhanced those of Cu and Pb. The metal fractions extracted by EDTA and HNO3 increased directly with increasing temperature while the fraction extracted with KNO3 and NaOH decreased with ashing. For Cu, Mn, Pb and Ni, the amount extracted varied in the order EDTA>HNO3>NaOH>KNO3>H2O, but the absolute amounts differed between CLA and DLA. Peak concentrations of the total metals were achieved at the highest burning temperature. The amount of H2O soluble Ca and Mg decreased and K increased in both CLA and DLA with temperature. Total and exchangeable forms of cations increased with increasing temperature. Total Ca was highest in DLA, whereas total Mg and K were higher in CLA. This study indicated that incinerating poultry litter before soil application may have mixed effects on the vulnerable metal fractions by increasing or decreasing some fractions, depending on poultry type.     

Vitrification for reclaiming spent alkaline batteries

The object of this study is to stabilize spent alkaline batteries and to recover useful metals. A blend of dolomite, limestone, and cullet was added to act as a reductant and a glass matrix former in vitrification. Specimens were vitrified using an electrical heating furnace at 1400 °C and the output products included slag, ingot, flue gas, and fly ash. The major constituents of the slag were Ca, Mn, and Si, and the results of the toxicity leaching characteristics met the standards in Taiwan. The ingot was a good material for use in production of stainless steel, due to being mainly composed of Fe and Mn. For the fly ash, the high level of Zn makes it economical to recover. The distribution of metals indicated that most of Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Ni moved to the ingot, while Al, Ca, Mg, and Si stayed in the slag; Hg vaporized as gas phase into the flue gas; and Cd, Pb, and Zn were predominately in the fly ash. Recovery efficiency for Fe and Zn was >90% and the results show that vitrification is a promising technology for reclaiming spent alkaline batteries.     

An investigation on the potential of metal recovery from the municipal waste incinerator in Taiwan

This study aimed to identify distribution of metals and to estimate the amount of these metals that can be potentially recovered from incineration residues. First, the partitioning behavior of Cr, Cu, Fe, Cd, Al, Zn, and Pb in bottom ash and fly ash was investigated in one large municipal waste incinerator in Taiwan. In addition, the material flow analysis (MFA) method was used to estimate the material flux of metals within incinerator plant, and to calculate the amount of metal recovery. According to the findings of this study, six metals (Fe, Al, Cu, Zn, Cr, and Pb) concentrated in bottom ash mostly, while Cd existed primarily in fly ash. The weight percentages of Fe (4.49%), Al (5.24%), Cu (1.29%), Zn (2.21%), and Pb (0.58%) in incinerator ash are high, and even higher than the compositions of natural minerals. Finally, the amount of Cr, Cu, Fe, Cd, Al, Zn and Pb that can be potentially recovered from incineration residues will reach 2.69 x 10(2), 1.46 x 10(4), 4.91 x 10(4), 6.92 x 10(1), 5.10 x 10(4), 1.85 x 10(4) and 4.66 x 10(3) ton/yr, respectively.     

Variations of metal distribution in sewage sludge composting

In the study, the variations of heavy metal distributions (of Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn) during the sewage sludge composting process were investigated by sequential extraction procedures. The total content of Cu and Zn in the composted mixture increased after the composting process. Mn and Zn were mainly found in mobile fractions (exchangeable fraction (F1), carbonate fraction (F2), and Fe/Mn oxide fraction (F3)). Cu and Pb were strongly associated with the stable fractions (organic matter/sulfides fraction (F4) and residual fraction (F5)). These five metal fractions were used to calculate the metal mobility (bioavailability) in the sewage sludge and composted mixture. The mobility (bioavailability) of Mn, Pb, and Zn (but not Cu) increased during the composting process. The metal mobility in the composted mixture ranked in the following order: Mn>Zn>Pb>Cu.     

An overview of metals recovery from thermal power plant solid wastes

Thermal power plants (TPPs) that burn fossil fuels emit several pollutants linked to the environmental problems of acid rain, urban ozone, and the possibility of global climate change. As coal is burned in a power plant, its noncombustible mineral content is partitioned into bottom ash, which remains in the furnace, and fly ash, which rises with flue gases. Two other by-products of coal combustion air-pollution control technologies are flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastes and fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) wastes. This paper analyzed and summarized the generation, characteristics and application of TPP solid wastes and discussed the potential effects of such solid wastes on the environment. On this basis, a review of a number of methods for recovery of metals from TPP solid wastes was made. They usually contain a quantity of valuable metals and they are actually a secondary resource of metals. By applying mineral processing technologies and hydrometallurgical and biohydrometallurgical processes, it is possible to recover metals such as Al, Ga, Ge, Ca, Cd, Fe, Hg, Mg, Na, Ni, Pb, Ra, Th, V, Zn, etc., from TPP solid wastes. Recovery of metals from such wastes and its utilization are important not only for saving metal resources, but also for protecting the environment.