Simultaneous anaerobic- aerobic biodegradation of halogenated phenolic compound under oxygen-limited conditions

The successful application of co-immobilized aerobic-anaerobic biomass under limited aeration in wastewater treatment systems would eliminate the problems associated with the intermediates mono-chlorophenol（MCP） and di-chlorophenol（DCP） accumulations. With low initial pentachlorophenol（PCP） concentration, all PCP could be completely removed under oxygen-limited strict anaerobic conditions, and the removal efficiencies with different initial headspace oxygen percentage（IHOP） were not obviously different from each other. While at high initial PCP concentration, under strictly anaerobic conditions PCP and their intermediates were clearly higher than that under other conditions, and produced obvious accumulation, the highest PCP reduction was achieved by the system receiving 30 IHOP, oxygen-limited system also exhibited lower residual TOC concentration and lower concentration of metabolic intermediates MCP and DCP. These results suggested that under strictly anaerobic condition the reductive dechlorination of low chlorinated compounds became rate limiting in the reductive dechlorination pathway, less chlorinated compounds be more amenable to aerobic degradation, and the aerobes of outer layers could function under limited oxygen. The co-immobilized aerobic-anaerobic biomass for methanogenesis under limited-aeration for chlorophenol degradation might be an attractive and efficient alternative for the sequential anaerobic/aerobic system to achieve mineralization of a broad range of recalcitrance highly chlorinated organics and low final TOC concentrations.     

污泥龄对低氧丝状菌活性污泥微膨胀系统的影响

为了研究污泥龄(SRT)对低氧丝状菌活性污泥微膨胀系统的影响,采用序批式间歇反应器(SBR)进行试验,分别按照厌氧/好氧和单级好氧的方式运行,考察了不同SRT下丝状菌污泥微膨胀系统的沉降性、脱氮除磷过程以及污泥特性的变化.结果表明,在好氧水力停留时间充分的条件下,低氧环境不但不会影响丝状菌微膨胀污泥的硝化进程,而且还有助于同步硝化反硝化(SND)、单级好氧除磷的发生.厌氧/好氧运行时,SRT与活性污泥的比硝化速率、比释磷速率和比吸磷速率成反比,与SND率和污泥的含磷量成正比.单级好氧运行时,减小SRT对硝化过程影响不大,但是有助于改善除磷效果.活性污泥的比耗氧速率(SOUR)、胞外聚合物(EPS)中多糖与蛋白质含量的比值、以及粘度都与SRT成反比.适当地减小SRT可以改善丝状菌微膨胀污泥的沉降性.厌氧/好氧运行时,厌氧段微氧环境易引发过度丝状菌污泥膨胀;单级好氧运行时,SRT过低会造成污泥黏性骤增而引发黏性污泥膨胀.     

Mechanism on minimization of excess sludge in oxic-settlinganaerobic (OSA) process

The oxic-settling-anaerobic (OSA) process is a promising wastewater treatment technique for efficiently reducing sludge production and improving the stability of process operation. In this paper, the possible factors of sludge reduction such as sludge decay, uncoupled metabolism, and anaerobic oxidation with low sludge production were discussed in the OSA process. It has been confirmed that sludge decay is the decisive cause in the OSA process, accounting for 66.7% of sludge production reduction. Sludge decay includes hydrolysis and acidogenesis of dead microorganisms and particle organic carbon adsorbed in sludge floc and endogenous metabolism. By batch experiments, it has been proven that there is energetic uncoupling in the OSA system since microorganisms were exposed to alternative anaerobic and aerobic environment. It accounts for about 7.5% of sludge production reduction. Soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) released from the anaerobic sludge tank in the OSA process was used as the substrate for cryptic growth. The substrate was used for anoxic denitrifying, anaerobic phosphorus release, sulfate reduction, and methane production. These anaerobic reactions in the sludge anaerobic tank have lower sludge production than in the aerobic oxidation when equivalent SCOD is consumed, which may lead to approximately 23% of sludge reduction in the OSA process. It has been concluded that multiple causes resulted in the minimization of excess sludge in the OSA system. The microbial community structure and diversity of sludge samples from the CAS (conventional activated sludge) and OSA systems were investigated by 16 SrDNA PCR-DG-DGGE (polymerase chain reaction-double gradient-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis). DGGE profile and cluster analysis showed more abundant species in the OSA system contrasting to microbial communities in the CAS system.     

不同温度下高温好氧消化工艺的溶氧特性

为探索ATAD(自热式高温好氧消化)污泥系统中ρ(DO)及其对污泥稳定化的影响,分别考察了在不同消化温度下不同成分污泥(初沉泥、二沉泥和混合泥)的E_h(氧化还原电位)、污泥溶胞效果和污泥稳定化效果. 结果表明:在消化的24 d中,尽管曝气充足,但消化前期E_h仍处于0 mV以下,并且随着消化时间的延长,E_h逐渐升至0 mV以上,说明ATAD工艺系统并不是全程好氧状态,消化前期处于兼氧或厌氧状态,后期才呈好氧状态. 65 ℃下容易使细胞破裂发生分解,污泥上清液中ρ(SCOD)(SCOD为可溶性化学需氧量)和ρ(TP)维持较高值,至消化结束时,ρ(SCOD)仍高达13 708 mg/L,ρ(TP)为126.4 mg/L,ρ(PO₄3+-P)为106 mg/L. 尽管消化前期E_h较低,但在15 d时VSS去除率仍超过38%,满足US EPA(美国国家环境保护局)A级污泥VSS去除率的标准. 消化初期的兼氧和厌氧状态没有减缓污泥达到稳定化,因此在合适范围内减少曝气量有利于ATAD工艺的工程化应用.      

低碳源条件下BSBR工艺磷酸盐强化吸收影响因素分析

相较于传统强化生物除磷工艺通过测流实现污泥磷酸盐的富集和回收,生物膜法可对废水中的磷酸盐进行高效同步去除和富集,具有应用潜力。针对生物膜法厌氧释磷需要高碳源刺激的问题,通过优化工艺条件强化生物膜好氧吸磷能力提高生物膜蓄磷量,进而减少厌氧释磷时的碳源消耗。采用生物膜法序批式反应器(BSBR),考察了在低碳源投加下,蓄磷量与磷富集罐磷浓度的响应关系,采用正交试验探究溶解氧、搅拌速度以及好氧时间对磷酸盐强化吸收的影响。结果表明:当温度为(25±2)℃、厌氧外加碳源为(180±20) mg/L时,富集罐磷浓度随着生物膜蓄磷量的增加而增加,最高可达到90.62 mg/L。相同蓄磷量下,溶解氧浓度从2 mg/L增加至8 mg/L,磷酸盐最大吸收速率可从2.60 mg/(L·h)上升到8.70 mg/(L·h)。正交实验结果表明:各因素对磷酸盐强化吸收的影响顺序为溶解氧>好氧时间>搅拌速度。当溶解氧浓度为6 mg/L,搅拌速度为200 r/min,好氧时间为5 h时,除磷效率最高可达99.98%。     

进水C/N对富集聚磷菌的SNDPR系统脱氮除磷的影响

为了解富集聚磷菌(PAOs)的同步硝化反硝化除磷(SNDPR)系统的脱氮除磷特性,采用延时厌氧(180min)/低氧(溶解氧0.5~1.0mg/L)运行的SBR反应器,以实际生活污水为处理对象, 通过投加固态乙酸钠调节进水C/N值(约为11,8,4,3),考察其对系统脱氮除磷特性及同步硝化反硝化(SND)脱氮率的影响.结果表明:C/N对系统的除磷性能没有影响,出水PO43--P浓度均稳定在0.3mg/L左右,这是由于系统内聚磷菌(PAOs)含量高,且在低氧段可同时发生好氧吸磷与反硝化吸磷.随着C/N的增大,出水NH4+-N浓度升高,C/N下降时,出水NO3--N浓度升高.此外,随着C/N的减小,厌氧段反硝化所消耗的COD占进水COD的比例增大,SND可利用的内碳源-PHAs储存量减少,但PHV的利用率增加;当C/N为4~8时,SND现象最明显,SND脱氮率达50.8%,而其它C/N条件下,SND脱氮率都有相应程度的减弱.C/N为8时,系统出水综合指标最好,TN去除率高达80.8%.     

生物吸附作用对漂白废水中AOX去除作用的研究

研究了CEH三段漂白废水二级生物处理中好氧及厌氧生物污泥对AOX吸附作用。结果表明,污泥生物吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温式,好氧污泥对AOX的吸附量大于厌氧污泥,污泥对废水中低分子量AOX的吸附量大于高分子量AOX。污泥的解吸实验则表明污泥的生物吸附是一不可逆过程;活性和受抑制的2种污泥的吸附量没有明显差别,其好氧、厌氧污泥的AOX单位碳原子的吸附能仅为0.37和0.38 kJ/mol,表明生物吸附仅是与生物代谢无关的而与分子间爱德华力有关的物理吸附。      

Oxygen tolerance capacity of upflow anaerobic solid-state (UASS) with anaerobic filter (AF) system

In order to investigate the oxygen tolerance capacity of upflow anaerobic solid-state(UASS)with anaerobic filter(AF) system, the effect of microaeration on thermophilic anaerobic digestion of maize straw was investigated under batch conditions and in the UASS with AF system. Aeration intensities of 0–431 m L O2/gvswere conducted as pretreatment under batch conditions. Aeration pretreatment obviously enhanced anaerobic digestion and an aeration intensity of 431 m L O2/gvsincreased the methane yield by 82.2%. Aeration intensities of 0–355 m L O2/gvswere conducted in the process liquor circulation of the UASS with AF system. Dissolved oxygen(DO) of UASS and AF reactors kept around 1.39 ±0.27 and 0.99 ± 0.38 mg/L, respectively. p H was relatively stable around 7.11 ± 0.04. Volatile fatty acids and soluble chemical oxygen demand concentration in UASS reactor were higher than those in AF reactor. Methane yield of the whole system was almost stable at 85 ± 7 m L/gvs as aeration intensity increased step by step. The UASS with AF system showed good oxygen tolerance capacity.     

好氧-沉淀-厌氧工艺剩余污泥减量性能和机理研究

探讨了污泥衰减、能量解偶联、低污泥产率厌氧反应对OSA工艺污泥减量作用的影响.结果表明,污泥衰减是由微生物死亡及吸附于污泥表面的颗粒有机物水解酸化和微生物内源代谢2部分组成.间歇试验污泥厌氧过程中,上清液SCOD、NH 4-N、TP浓度均随厌氧时间逐渐升高,OSA污泥厌氧16 h后溶解性蛋白质高达33.09 mg/L,上升幅度高于多糖浓度的变化,证实了污泥水解现象.OSA污泥内源SOUR可达8 mg/(g·h),是CAS污泥内源SOUR的1.7倍以上,说明OSA系统中较高的内源代谢促使污泥减量.污泥衰减是OSA工艺污泥减量的决定性原因,可占OSA污泥减量效果的66.7%左右.间歇实验证实了OSA系统由于厌氧一好氧耦合环境,存在能量解偶联现象,但由于这种作用引发的污泥减量仅占7.5%左右.OSA工艺污泥厌氧池释放的SCOD作为缺氧反硝化、厌氧释磷、硫酸盐还原及产甲烷的二次基质,由于这些厌氧反应污泥产率低于好氧代谢,使得系统污泥产率下降,约有23.5%的污泥减量是源于这种因素.OSA污泥减量是由多方面因素综合作用的结果.     

一株好氧反硝化菌的鉴定及反硝化特性研究

从湖北某纺织厂废水生化处理池中分离得到1株好氧反硝化细菌HS-N2,并对其反硝化能力进行了研究。结果表明,HS-N2在能有效去除培养基中的硝酸盐氮。在好氧条件下,30℃培养24h,能将10mmol/L硝酸盐氮去除95%以上;在兼性厌氧条件下,24h的脱氮率达到85%。研究了该菌株的好氧反硝化特性。结果表明:其反硝化最适温度和pH分别为30℃和7.0。设计特异性引物,扩增HS-N2菌株的16SrDNA并测序,运用Blast比对构建了进化树,发现该菌与肠炎沙门氏菌(Salmonella enteritidis)的同源性高达100%。结合形态观察和生理生化鉴定,初步鉴定该菌属于沙门氏菌属(Salmonella),命名为Salmonella sp.HS-N2。目前关于沙门氏菌属具有反硝化能力的菌株鲜有报道。     

生物膜全自养脱氮过程及强化机理研究进展

在限制溶氧的条件下,生物膜表层的好氧氨氧化菌将氨氧化为亚硝酸盐,并传递到生物膜内层缺氧区,厌氧氨氧化菌将氨和亚硝酸盐同步去除。根据生物膜内好氧氨氧化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌协作共生开发出的全自养脱氮工艺在生物转盘、SBR及填料床等反应器内实现,大大节省了碳源和曝气量。微量NO2对好氧氨氧化和厌氧氨氧化过程有明显强化作用,能显著提高基质降解速率、微生物生长速率和细胞密度。数学模型对废水处理工艺开发和运行具有重要意义,通过数学模型对微生物活性、分布以及脱氮过程的主要影响因素进行模拟研究,为全自养脱氮工艺的运行管理和优化控制打下基础。     

SPNED-PR系统内PAOs-GAOs的竞争关系及其氮磷去除特性

为研究同步短程硝化内源反硝化除磷（SPNED-PR）系统的脱氮除磷特性及系统内聚磷菌（PAOs）和聚糖菌（GAOs）在氮磷去除的贡献和竞争关系,本研究以实际低C/N比（4左右）生活污水为处理对象,考察了不同浓度的溶解氧（DO）（0.5~2.0mg/L）、NO₂^--N（4.7~39.9mg/L）和NO₃^--N（5.0~40.0mg/L）对延时厌氧（150min）/低氧（180min,溶解氧0.5~0.7mg/L）运行的SPNED-PR系统氮磷去除特性和底物转化特性的影响.结果表明,DO浓度均不影响PAOs和GAOs的好氧代谢活性,且两者之间几乎不存在DO竞争.不同NO₂^--N浓度条件下,GAOs较PAOs更具竞争优势,NO₂^--N主要是通过GAOs去除的（约占58%）;且GAOs所具有的高内源反硝化活性和亚硝耐受力,减弱了高NO₂^--N浓度（26.2~39.9mg/L）对PAOs反硝化吸磷的抑制,保证了系统的脱氮除磷性能.不同NO₃^--N浓度条件下,PAOs较GAOs处于竞争优势,其在NO₃^--N去除中的贡献比例达61.2%.此外,SPNED-PR系统的PUR_DO > PUR_nitrate > PUR_nitrite,PAOs对DO的优先利用保证了低氧条件下系统的高效除磷,且GAOs的内源短程反硝化特性保证了系统的高效脱氮.     

选择性抑制技术测定活性污泥细菌、真菌活性分布的适用性分析

以葡萄糖为唯一碳源,采用放线菌酮和硫酸链霉素作为真菌、细菌抗生素以抑制其活性,以基质诱导耗氧速率为考察指标,以好氧污泥、土壤污泥以及厌氧污泥为研究对象,对选择性抑制技术测定活性污泥中细菌、真菌分布的适用性进行了系统评估.随抗生素的投加,好氧污泥和土壤污泥的耗氧速率减小,厌氧污泥的耗氧速率反而增大,此方法对厌氧污泥不适用.当放线菌酮为1mg/g、硫酸链霉素为2mg/g时,抗生素对好氧污泥的抑制功效即D值为1,但并不能通过改变投药量使土壤污泥D值接近于1,说明所用抗生素对好氧污泥活性具有选择性抑制作用,而对土壤污泥活性抑制不具选择性.结果表明,选择性抑制技术能够用于测定好氧活性污泥中细菌和真菌的数量分布,但也存在着抗生素抑制作用失效、不完全抑制和实验结果精确度不高等问题,因此需要在抗生素选择、微生物活性指标选择等方面进行更深入的研究.     

A reactor system combining reductive dechlorination with cometabolic oxidation for complete degradation of tetrachloroentylene

A laboratory sequential anaerobic-aerobic bioreactor system, which consisted of an anaerobic fixed film reactor and two aerobic chemostats, was set up to degrade tetrachloroethylene (PCE) without accumulating highly toxic degradation intermediates. A soil enrichment culture, which could reductively dechlorinate 900/zM ( ca. 150 mg/L) of PCE stoichiometrically into cis-l, 2-dichloroethylene ( cis-DCE), was attached to ceramic media in the anaerobic fixed film reactor. A phenol degrading strain, Alcaligenes sp. 115, which can efficiently degrade cis-DCE by co-metabolic oxidation, was used as inocuhim for the aerobic chemostats consisted of a transformation reactor and a growth reactor.The anaerobic fixed film bioreactor showed more than 99 % of PCE transformation into cis-DCE in the range of influent PCE concentration from 5μM to 35μM at hydraulic retention time of 48h. On the other hand, efficient degradation of the resultant cis-DCE by strain R5 in the following aerobic system could not be achieved due to oxygen limitation. However, 54% of the maximum cis-DCE degradation was obtained when 10μmol of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 ) was supplemented to the transformation reactor as an additional oxygen source. Further studies are needed to achieve more efficient co-metabolic degradation of cis-DCE in the aerobic reactor.     

好/厌氧条件下反硝化细菌脱氮特性与功能基因

从西安市金盆水库沉积物中分离筛选出1株高效反硝化细菌,经形态学观察和16S r DNA测序鉴定为施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri),命名为KK99.探究了该菌株在好/厌氧条件下的脱氮特性以及nar G、nir S和nos Z功能基因的表达水平.结果表明,KK99菌株在好/厌氧条件下,均能进行反硝化作用,且在两种不同的条件下均具有高效的脱氮效率.经过24h的培养,其总氮(TN)去除率分别为85.08%和89.05%.胞内功能基因nos Z和nir S的表达量较高,nos Z在好氧条件下的反硝化发挥主要作用,nir S在厌氧条件下的反硝化发挥主要作用,nar G在两种条件下的表达均较低.同时该菌株还具有同步硝化反硝化性能,在好氧条件下,能同时去除硝酸盐氮和氨氮,24 h时,TN去除率为76%.施氏假单胞菌(P.stutzeri KK99)将为微污染水体富营养化控制和总氮削减工程应用提供菌源保障.     

市政污泥厌氧发酵渗沥液污染物释放与热效应

为了研究污泥厌氧发酵过程中渗沥液水质污染指标随温度和时间的变化规律,以及污泥的热效应变化,分别测定30,45,60℃下厌氧发酵不同时间后污泥渗沥液的p H值、DO、TN和TOC含量,分析厌氧发酵对渗沥液污染指标的影响,通过热重-差热试验绘制45℃下不同时间的TG-DTA曲线,研究厌氧发酵对污泥热效应的影响。结果表明:新鲜污泥渗沥液p H值为7.50,随着厌氧发酵的进行,30℃下p H值上升25.7%,DO、TN与TOC含量分别下降90.0%、90.4%、74.9%,且初期外界温度越高反应速率越快;由TG-DTA曲线可知:水分散失和有机物燃烧分解致使质量损失,并分别伴随吸热和放热现象。     

Effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrous oxide emission in a sandy loam soil

To understand the effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and N fertilizer on N2O emission in the North China Plain, a laboratory incubation at different temperatures and soil moistures were carried out using soils treated with organic manure （OM）, half organic manure plus half fertilizer N （HOM）, fertilizer NPK （NPK）, fertilizer NP （NP）, fertilizer NK （NK）, fertilizer PK （NK） and control （CK） since 1989. Cumulative N2O emission in OM soil during the 17 d incubation period was slightly higher than in NPK soil under optimum nitrification conditions （25℃ and 60% water-filled pore space, WFPS）, but more than twice under the optimum denitrification conditions （35℃ and 90% WFPS）. N2O produced by denitrification was 2.1-2.3 times greater than that by nitrification in OM and HOM soils, but only 1.5 times greater in NPK and NP soils. These results implied that the long-term amendment of organic manure could significantly increase the N2O emission via denitrification in OM soil as compared to NPK soil. This is quite different from field measurement between OM soil and NPK soil. Substantial inhibition of the formation of anaerobic environment for denitrification in field might result in no marked difference in N2O emission between OM and NPK soils. This is due in part to more rapid oxygen diffusion in coarse textured soils than consumption by aerobic microbes until WFPS was 75% and to low easily decomposed organic C of organic manure. This finding suggested that addition of organic manure in the tested sandy loam might be a good management option since it seldom caused a burst of N2O emission but sequestered atmospheric C and maintained efficiently applied N in soil.     

厌氧-好氧驯化活性污泥生物合成PHA的研究

厌氧-好氧处理有机污水的活性污泥中含有大量菌胶团菌,其形成与菌体胞内聚羟基烷酸酯(PHA)的积累有关,因此有可能利用污水中有机物和活性污泥中多种微生物合成PHA。笔者利用纺织工业废水厌氧-好氧驯化活性污泥,从中提取PHA。分别研究了厌氧过程和好氧过程中供氧量、碳源调节物浓度、培养时间等对菌胶团菌生长和胞内PHA积累的影响,测定了所得PHA的分子量、熔点和单体链节组成。      

Sludge reduction during brewery wastewater treatment by hydrolyzation-food chain reactor system

During brewery wastewater treatment by a hydrolyzation-food chain reactor (FCR) system, sludge was recycled to the anaerobic segment. With the function of hydrolyzation acidification in the anaerobic segment and the processes of aerobic oxidation and antagonism, predation, interaction and symbiosis among microbes in multilevel oxidation segment, residual sludge could be reduced effectively. The 6-month dynamic experiments show that the average chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal ratio was 92.6% and average sludge production of the aerobic segment was 8.14%, with the COD of the influent at 960–1720 mg/L and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12 h. Since the produced sludge could be recycled and hydrolyzed in the anaerobic segment, no excess sludge was produced during the steady running for this system.     

超声联合低温热水解促进剩余污泥破解和厌氧消化的研究

为了探索超声和低温热水解预处理技术对剩余污泥厌氧消化性能的影响,进行了单独超声、单独热水解和二者联合的实验研究.以温度和超声能量为控制参数,研究了不同预处理技术对污泥破解度DD（Disintegration degree of SCOD）和有机质溶出的影响.结果表明：联合预处理技术对DD和有机质浓度的增加效果比超声和热水解单独作用之和分别高4.04%、36.62mg/L. DD和实际输入能量之间存在较高的线性相关性（R²=0.977）,即在本研究条件下,输入能量越高,污泥破解效果越好.超声和热水解联合预处理后污泥厌氧消化产甲烷量较原泥增加了30.2%～55.4%.DD和厌氧消化性能之间存在二次非线性关系（R²=0.821）,且厌氧消化性能最高达到877.76LCH₄/kg VSS去除,该峰值出现在超声能量12000kJ/kg TS和热水解温度80℃联合作用条件下.