含缺陷压力容器的评定现状及几个关键问题的浅析

含缺陷压力容器的安全评价问题,既是一个安全范畴的问题,同时又是一个对缺陷处理的工程问题。本文针对含缺陷的压力容器,综述了目前含缺陷压力容器的评定现状、评定程序及相关标准,并对常见缺陷的种类、尺寸、处理办法中的关键问题做了讨论。这对评价和提高含缺陷压力容器的安全可靠性提供了参考。     

含缺陷在用压力管道的安全性分析

采用有限元分析软件-ANsYs软件,建立了7组不同情况下含平面缺陷的弯管有限元模型,对管道上裂缝进行了应力计算和分析,并采用GB／T19624—2004《在用含缺陷压力容器安全评定》标准对含裂缝缺陷的压力管道进行了简化评定。结果表明7组评定点均处于安全区域,故裂纹缺陷不影响管线正常运行。     

含平面埋藏缺陷的精制加氢反应器安全评定分析

为了对在用含缺陷压力容器进行安全评定,利用有限元仿真和通用失效评定判据,对含平面埋藏缺陷的压力容器进行合于使用评价。某航煤加氢精制反应器在定期检验过程中发现一处平面埋藏缺陷,通过有限元分析软件ANSYS对该反应器进行考虑保温层作用的整体结构的稳态热分析、反应器主体结构热应力和机械应力分析,确定常规评定所需要的设计工况一次应力和二次应力及其分量,结合在用含缺陷压力容器安全评定程序评定该缺陷。结果表明:采用提出的考虑保温层作用的结构热稳态、热应力和机械应力分析方法,能够较准确地确定设备的应力状态,尤其是缺陷部位的局部应力水平;就所论反应器待评估缺陷而言,其由断裂比值和载荷比值所构成的评定点位于通用失效评定图的安全区内,经过评定可知该缺陷是安全的。     

储气库含裂纹缺陷井筒寿命可靠性预测方法研究

为了探究地下储气库井筒管柱裂纹缺陷对井筒寿命的影响，采用随机裂纹扩展融合概率密度演化法(Probability Density Evolution Method, PDEM)模型对含裂纹缺陷井筒进行寿命可靠性预测。通过修正后的裂纹特征向量，采用总变差减小(Total Variation Diminishing, TVD)差分格式求解出特征值概率密度函数，可得到其疲劳寿命可靠性，研究不同裂纹长度和井筒内压下，井筒管柱裂纹处最大应力和应力强度因子K的变化规律，并对其模型预测进行性能分析。结果表明：概率密度演化法得到的井筒裂纹尺寸曲线与Monte Carlo法的结果吻合性良好，且概率密度演化法计算简单、精度高，模型预测误差率在11%以内；最大应力及应力强度因子K随着井筒压力、裂纹长度的增加而增大，当最大应力超过材料屈服强度350 MPa后，则增长趋势逐渐减缓直至趋于平稳。     

接管高应变区缺陷的安全评定概率方法研究

随着计算机技术飞速发展,Ｍｏｎｔｅ Ｃａｒｌｏ 法在压力容器可靠性分析中得到广泛应用。但对于小概率情形,利用直接抽样的Ｍｏｎｔｅ Ｃａｒｌｏ 法进行失效概率计算,费用较高。为此,笔者提出了几种新的失效概率近似计算方法,并以压力容器接管为例,对其断裂失效概率进行了计算,同时还和直接抽样的Ｍｏｎｔｅ Ｃａｒｌｏ 法的计算数值进行了比较。结果表明,新的失效概率近似计算方法具有精度高、节省机时的优点。     

TFM实时成像技术在缺陷检测中的应用

在压力容器的超声检测中,为解决传统相控阵（PA）二维成像存在缺陷图像畸变,难以准确定性等问题,采用1种基于全聚焦法（TFM）的实时超声成像技术,使用一维线阵和二维面阵分别对孔等典型实际缺陷进行扫查,获得缺陷的二维和三维图像,从定量角度对比分析2者的准确度。结果表明:该方法获得的三维图像测量误差在8%以内,具有更高的精确度和检出率,对于孔类缺陷的还原度更高,这对于缺陷检测与评估以及和特种设备的安全生产具有重要意义。     

影响低温容器夹层真空度间接测量结果的相关因素分析

分析了影响采用间接流量法测量低温压力容器夹层真空度准确性的相关因素，提出了准确测量的建议措施，可供制造、检验、修理单位在对低温压力容器夹层维护和检测时参考。     

在役球形储罐埋藏缺陷的监测方式探讨

在役球形储罐的定期检验中,焊缝非裂纹类埋藏缺陷超出相应标准时,需要按TSG 21-2016《固定式压力容器安全技术监察规程》相关要求进行安全状况等级评定,但常规无损检测方式无法满足评级要求.因此,本文提出了球罐非裂纹类埋藏缺陷的TOFD在线监测方式,不仅满足TSG21-2016的评级要求,也可对含缺陷的球罐进行在线监测...     

压力容器在用磁记忆检测

在用压力容器的应力集中部位，在温度、压力和介质作用下会产生裂纹等危险性缺陷。采用金属磁记忆检测技术，能准确快速发现在用压力容器应力集中部位，实现在役压力容器损伤的早期诊断，为保证压力容器安全运行作贡献．     

基于断裂力学的受压容器安全评定方法

以断裂力学为基础,对在役含缺陷受压容器的评定方法与评定步骤进行了介绍,规范了缺陷简化及等效裂纹尺寸,并进行缺陷的脆断评定。它能对在役压力容器的现在和未来状况进行评估和预测,判断其是否能够继续使用及安全度如何,并能在安全的前提下使压力容器的潜能得到充分发挥,从而在最大程度上减少危害与损失。     

2000m~3丙烯球罐壳体水压试验的可靠性分析

随着大型化、高参数化球罐的广泛使用,可靠性设计方法在球罐设计中起着日益重要的作用。应用有限元分析软件ANSYS的概率设计功能,将压力载荷、球壳壁厚、壳体直径、屈服极限作为随机输入变量,对球罐壳体水压试验进行可靠性分析,获得了壳体的可靠度、壳体应力分布对各随机变量的灵敏度等参数,为大型球罐的设计提供理论依据。     

基于SPH-FEM耦合法的含缺陷输气管道爆炸冲击响应研究

针对大口径埋地输气管道发生物理爆炸对并行含体积缺陷邻管的冲击行为，利用LS-DYNA和LS-PREPOST有限元软件建立基于光滑粒子流体动力学-有限单元法的管-土-炸药耦合模型，分析不同缺陷深度、不同缺陷表面积、不同缺陷位置和不同爆心距下邻管的动力响应；基于爆腔预估公式和峰值振速经验公式，验证了所建耦合模型的可靠性，并通过设计算例开展多工况分析。研究结果表明:迎爆面上的缺陷处为动力响应的热点区域，最大响应特征值（应力、位移与振速）位于缺陷中心处，随缺陷深度的增加或管间距的减小特征值增速由平缓到急剧；相比缺陷位置和表面尺寸对管道的扰动程度，缺陷深度和爆心距对管道的动力响应影响较大；在本研究的条件下，建议埋地并行输气管道的安全间距不应小于5.16 m，且腐蚀深度不大于管道壁厚的0.633 6倍。研究结果可为埋地输气管道极端灾害下的风险评估提供技术支撑，为并行管道可能的抗爆隔爆设计提供模拟数据支持。     

Effects of thickness profile and inner/outer of localized thin area defects on the remaining strength of pressure equipment

When encountering pressure equipment with a structural defect such as a local thinning defect (LTA), a critical question often arises regarding the safety of continued operation. This is primarily determined by the strength at the LTA zone, as it represents the weakest point of the structure. The remaining strength factor (RSF) is proposed as an indicator to evaluate the remaining strength and life of pressure equipment when a severe LTA is identified. The API 579/ASME FFS standard offers a series of practical engineering approaches for field engineers to follow, which have achieved great success. However, it has been found that the simpler Level 1 and Level 2 approaches sometimes fail to differentiate between LTAs on the inner or outer surface of the pressure equipment, yielding identical numerical processes and results. Moreover, the use of critical thickness profiles to replace the actual thickness profile in analysis can lead to overly optimistic estimation of the RSF, posing a potential danger when the RSF is close to the allowable limit. Key issues investigated in this study include: (a) discrepancies caused by the use of simplified critical thickness profiles or parabolic profiles, as API 579 suggested, on the RSF; (b) differences in RSFs when the same LTA is on the inner and outer wall; and (c) comparisons of membrane stress and bending stress, as well as their influences on the RSF at the cross-section of the vessel wall. It can be concluded with certainty that all simplified geometries (CTP and PTP) tend to underestimate the RSF and should be used with caution. Additionally, the actual remaining strength of the outer LTA was found to be slightly lower than that of the inner LTA of identical size. Therefore, when remaining life and derating for prolonged operation are of interest, finite element analysis on pressure equipment with the LTA is recommended.     

Determination of the critical length of the crack-like flaws and its effect on safety

Methodologies of API 579 have been widely accepted as the de-facto standard guideline for fitness for service assessment on crack-like flaws in pressure equipment. For different purposes and needs, the evaluation is divided into three levels, from critical length estimation in level 1, use of the failure analysis diagram (FAD) in level 2, to performing finite element stress analysis in level 3, that is from simplified to accurate. It is generally considered safe as long as the crack is smaller than the critical crack, but not all of them are actually the case. Therefore, it is very important to study the physical meaning behind the critical crack and understand the conservativeness of it.In this study, numerous examples of critical cracks determined according to API 579 Level 1 were put into Level 2 analysis for comparison. Each case is mapped onto the FAD of level 2 analysis to see its position and distance from the borderline between safe and danger zones. A huge amount of examples covering the majority of possible scenarios, including the geometry, thickness, inner diameter, pressure and half-length of the flaw, depth of the crack, crack tip and crack bottom, as a whole, there are 960 cases to be analyzed.Results show that cracks on the circumferential direction of the cylindrical and spherical vessels are distributed tightly in a small area far from the borderline on the FAD diagram. In these cases, the vessel is actually not as dangerous as the critical crack implies, since most of the points lie quite far from the danger zone. As for the longitudinal cracks of a cylindrical vessel, the results are scattered around, and three data points are located outside the allowable zone. The peculiar results are partly due to a discrepancy of interpolating procedure as the influence coefficient is being computed. Through this study, it is also found that the cumbersome process of estimating the critical crack length can be greatly simplified for longitudinal cracks in a cylindrical vessel.     

薄壁圆柱壳初始爆破强度的可靠度分析

充分考虑固体火箭发动机壳体的结构特点,建立用中径公式预测其初始爆破强度的方法,对固体火箭发动机壳体爆破强度的可靠度进行了探索。研究表明:①固体火箭发动机壳体实际初始爆破强度与中径公式的名义值之比是符合正态分布的随机变量;②借助于钢制薄壁内压容器的爆破试验数据,在置信度为99%时,得到了该随机变量的分布参数;③应用强度-载荷干涉模型,推导得到了固体火箭发动机壳体爆破强度的可靠度指标计算公式;④固体火箭发动机壳体的可靠度在一定范围内变动。     

基于FITNET FFS模型的腐蚀管道失效概率敏感性分析

为了获取影响腐蚀管道失效概率的关键因素及敏感性规律，基于FITNET FFS模型，采用可靠性理论对国内某腐蚀管道的失效概率进行计算和分析。通过全寿命方法计算了腐蚀增长速率，从而得到了与时间相关的腐蚀管道损伤概率模型，并采用蒙特卡罗模拟算法进行求解，得出了不同年限下腐蚀管道的失效概率；采用变异系数法对各影响因素进行参数敏感性分析。研究结果表明:管道直径、壁厚及径向腐蚀速率的分散性对管道失效概率具有双向扰动作用，其机理在于随机变量的分散性和腐蚀速率同时影响失效概率的波动，开始阶段随机变量分散性起主导作用，两者在管道失效概率达到50%会趋于一个平衡状态，之后腐蚀速率起主要支配作用；另外，管材的抗拉强度对腐蚀管道失效概率的影响较屈服强度的影响更大，可靠性分析时采用只考虑屈服强度的强度模型将存在一定的局限性，建议同时考虑管材抗拉强度的影响。     

含热熔孔洞缺陷的埋地聚乙烯管道应力分析及寿命预测

为了研究聚乙烯（PE）管道热熔孔洞缺陷与寿命之间的关系,基于Ansys软件对埋地状态下的含有热熔孔洞缺陷的PE管道进行应力分析,得到了含热熔孔洞缺陷的PE管道在不同内压下的最大Mises应力、环向应力和径向应力的变化数据;依据应力分析数据,使用Matlab编写程序,根据Suleiman双曲本构模型对PE管道进行了寿命预测。研究结果表明:含有热熔孔洞缺陷的PE管道,其最大应力随管道内压的增大而增大,寿命随着管道内压和缺陷体积的增大而减少,含缺陷管道寿命和内压关系可使用双对数函数来进行描述;使用应力分析和寿命预测相结合的方法,可以得到不同缺陷的PE管道寿命-内压关系式。     

复杂气井套管力学分析与可靠度评价

为建立考虑地层和套管参数随机性的套管可靠度评价理论方法，以便得到复杂井况下套管传统设计安全系数与可靠指标之间的关系，提出了非均匀地应力和内压联合作用下，沿套管最大外挤力方向管壁任意位置发生屈服失效时外壁等效均匀外挤力的计算方法；建立了套管抗挤和抗内压三轴强度计算公式以及有效内压计算方法；根据套管载荷和强度影响因素统计参数以及评价过程中参数测试标准值，利用蒙特卡洛法（MC）建立了完整的套管可靠度计算和评价方法；通过实例对传统安全系数与可靠指标的对应关系进行了研究。研究结果表明:指定条件下，套管安全系数与可靠指标之间存在对应关系；利用建立的方法编制计算程序可以为传统设计法中安全系数代表的安全程度进行量化；可靠度评价方法能够为安全系数的选取提供指导。     

Experimental investigation of gas explosion in single vessel and connected vessels

Gas explosion in connected vessels usually leads to high pressure and high rate of pressure increase which the vessels and pipes can not tolerate. Severe human casualties and property losses may occur due to the variation characteristics of gas explosion pressure in connected vessels. To determine gas explosion strength, an experimental testing system for methane and air mixture explosion in a single vessel, in a single vessel connected a pipe and in connected vessels has been set up. The experiment apparatus consisted of two spherical vessels of 350 mm and 600 mm in diameter, three connecting pipes of 89 mm in diameter and 6 m in length. First, the results of gas explosion pressure in a single vessel and connected vessels were compared and analyzed. And then the development of gas explosion, its changing characteristics and relevant influencing factors were analyzed. When gas explosion occurs in a single vessel, the maximum explosion pressure and pressure growth rate with ignition at the center of a spherical vessel are higher than those with ignition on the inner-wall of the vessel. In conclusion, besides ignition source on the inner wall, the ignition source at the center of the vessels must be avoided to reduce the damage level. When the gas mixture is ignited in the large vessel, the maximum explosion pressure and explosion pressure rising rate in the small vessel raise. And the maximum explosion pressure and pressure rising rate in connected vessels are higher than those in the single containment vessel. So whenever possible, some isolation techniques, such as fast-acting valves, rotary valves, etc., might be applied to reduce explosion strength in the integrated system. However, when the gas mixture is ignited in the small vessel, the maximum explosion pressures in the large vessel and in the small vessel both decrease. Moreover, the explosion pressure is lower than that in the single vessel. When gas explosion happens in a single vessel connected to a pipe, the maximum explosion pressure occurs at the end of the pipe if the gas mixture is ignited in the spherical vessel. Therefore, installing a pipe into the system can reduce the maximum explosion pressure, but it also causes the explosion pressure growth rate to increase.     

复合板压力容器点腐蚀缺陷运行适应性评价

为准确反映含点腐蚀缺陷复合板压力容器的安全状态,在复合结构弹性力学分析的基础上,通过工程实例,采用运行适应性(FFS)评价方法对其进行安全评定与剩余寿命评估。结果表明:复合板压力容器安全评定时应考虑覆材的影响,依据提出的力学模型分别对覆材厚度计入和不计入强度设计2种情况进行应力校核,同时结合蚀孔的分布特征,对其特征尺寸进行统计学平均后计算剩余强度。在剩余寿命预测中,已考虑蚀孔直径和深度随时间变化对剩余强度的影响。通过计算最大工作压力(MAWP)参量,已对某一压力容器进行寿命评估。