库尔勒市绿地系统综合效益分析

城市绿地系统是城市中一种特殊的生态系统。随着社会的发展，城市绿地系统的生态效益、社会效益和经济效益，对于改善和恢复城市地区的生态环境质量，美化社会环境，进而促进整个城市经济发展，起着越来越重要的作用。以库尔勒市为例，阐述了城市绿地的生态、经济、社会效益，针对库尔勒市绿地建设提出了几点方案。     

城市绿地系统的生态建设

城市绿地系统的生态建设, 指运用生态学原理对城市绿地系 统进行的规划、建设与管理。整个 ２０世纪,人类为改善城市环境作 出了卓绝努力。但是,国内外城 市建设在总体上仍跟不上人类与 自然关系失衡的步伐。城市绿地 系统作为城市复合生态系统的还 原组织,在我国正面临着三大挑 战。首先,在绿地经济方面,绿地 系统受城市建设用地的制约,土 地市场的冲击,人工干扰的高度 胁迫。城市绿地建设受经济代价 的困扰,绿化过分依赖人工维护 又进一步加重了财政压力,如我 国某城市的草坪灌溉费每年达 ５０００万元。第二,在绿地生态方面,…     

我国城市绿地景观缓解城市热环境效应的研究进展

快速城市化过程导致城市热环境问题加剧,而城市绿地景观具有净化空气、吸附粉尘、减弱噪音以及调节温度等多种功能,不仅能改善城市热环境问题,还能提高城市宜居性,丰富城市景观。文章通过总结近20年来国内关于城市绿地景观与热环境效应的研究成果,分别从我国城市绿地景观缓解城市热环境效应的研究现状、方法及进展等方面进行详细阐述并指出其不足之处,突出不同尺度绿地景观与热环境效应分析,为缓解热环境效应带来的环境压力、城市绿地景观规划建设提供科学依据和系统框架。     

秦皇岛市海港区城市游憩绿地发展对策研究

从秦皇岛市海港区城市游憩绿地存在的空间分布不均匀、设计不完善、疏于管理、服务设施不足等问题出发，提出了从宏观调控、游憩绿地设计、管理、法制、可持续发展和建设投入角度发展海港区城市游憩绿地的对策，从而提高城市人居环境质量，充分发挥城市游憩绿地系统在整个城市绿地系统中的重要地位。     

聊城市城市绿地系统的景观设计

城市绿地是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,不仅具有重要的生态功能,还与城市空气污染物、城市环境质量和人类健康密切相关。在探讨聊城城市绿地系统现状及存在问题的基础上,以景观生态学理论为指导,依托城市特色,提出了构建聊城市城市绿地系统的基本思路和绿地系统建设的方案与内容。     

低碳城市理念下的郑州市绿地系统优化研究

低碳城市是一种实现低碳经济、进行低碳生产与消费、形成低碳生活、建设良性与可持续发展的能源生态体系的城市模式。通过调控城市绿地系统、优化城市开放空间，有利于低碳城市理念下的生态城市建设，实现城市的可持续发展。首先对低碳城市建设与城市绿地系统优化的关系进行了分析；其次对郑州城市绿地系统建设存在的主要问题进行了探讨，借助AreGIS9．3软件分析了郑州市绿地服务区的影响范围；最后基于城市绿地系统优化原则提出四方面的优化建议——注重城市的生态设计；优化绿地系统的空间布局；实现“点”、“线”、“面”的有机结合；实施适度的绿地容量限制；发展立体绿化与推广绿色建筑材料的使用。     

城市绿地与城市环境质量——兼论长春市绿地建设中存在的问题

城市绿地是现代化城市建设和城市生态系统的重要组成部分,我们在进行城市建设过程中必须予以充分重视。一、城市绿地是改善城市生态环境的重要手段。随着城市走向现代化,城市环境的污染日益加剧,人们生存环境的质量日益恶化。严格控制污染物的排放固然是一个办法,但实际上有些排放源是不可能完全控制的,而且费用极高。而城市绿地却在这方面具有十分独到的作用。因此有人把城市绿地比作城市的肺或肝脏,既具有呼吸     

城市绿化规划研究初探--以长沙市雨花区为例

城市绿化规划是城市生态规划的基本内容。本文以长沙市雨花区为例，运用景观生态学原理，分析了城市绿地系统建设存在的问题，提出了城市生态绿地系统规划的基本内容和生态对策，可为一些城市的生态建设提供参考依据。     

城市绿地系统的生态功能及建设中存在的问题与对策

本文通过研究城市绿地系统的生态功能，剖析城市绿地建设过程中存在的主要问题，提出了加强城市绿地建设的对策。     

模糊集对分析在城市绿地景观生态综合评价中的应用

运用模糊集对分析法，建立了城市绿地景观生态综合评价数学模型。应用实例表明，该模型可以为城市绿地系统景观评价生态提供客观，合理的决策方法。     

Applicability of sustainable urban drainage systems: an evaluation by multi-criteria analysis

Urban flooding has become more serious and worldwide in recent years, especially in the big cities of developing countries. This study uses a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) approach to evaluate the applicability of sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS), a flood control measure, in the central part of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The output of the personal computer storm water management model along with interviews with 140 households was used to assess the efficacy and acceptability of four SUDS alternatives: rainwater harvesting, green roof, urban green space and pervious pavement. On technical performance, green roof was the best alternative, followed by pervious pavement, urban green space and rainwater harvesting. Results of the social survey, however, diverged largely from the results of the technical assessments. In particular, people generally prefer public SUDS such as urban green space and pervious pavements to household solutions. With respect to the MCA, we applied four different procedures: Borda count, pair-wise voting, range of value and analytic hierarchy process. Despite some differences, the integrated results from MCA largely agree that urban green space is the most favourable type of SUDS, followed by green roof, pervious pavement and rainwater harvesting.     

Economic valuation of urban forest benefits in Finland

Urban development projects may cause loss of amenity values of green areas, which should be taken into consideration in planning. Therefore, quantitative information on residents' valuation concerning urban forests is needed for assessing urban land use. The purpose of this investigation was to study the valuation of urban forests in two different urban environments Joensuu and Salo, Finland. The aims were to study the attitudes towards and benefits related to the use of urban forests and, in particular, to measure the valuations in monetary terms using contingent valuation, i.e. measure the residents' willingness-to-pay for larger wooded recreation areas and for small forested parks. Urban forests were seen in both towns as clearly producing positive benefits rather than causing negative effects. The negative features of forests were related to the management of the areas rather than their existence. The main values were related to nature and social functions of forests. In contrast, timber production achieved a distinctively low priority in both study towns. The results stress the importance of defining urban forest policies for municipalities in Finland. More than two-thirds of the respondents were willing to pay for the use of recreation areas. Good location and active management raised the average WTP. Moreover, approximately half of the respondents were willing to pay for preventing construction in urban forests. The results also show that the monetary value of amenity benefits in recreation areas is much higher than the present maintenance costs. The examples concerning the advantageousness of construction on green areas suggest that a limit could be found where the infill of housing areas is not worthwhile from the point of view of society, if the losses of green space benefits are taken into account.     

城市生态休闲绿地建设研究

城市生态休闲绿地不同于城市绿地,主要包括其中的城市公园绿地和其他绿地。结合市民平时主要在居住地附近散步、节假日喜欢到郊区游憩的休闲活动特点,把生态休闲绿地分为日常短时休闲绿地和节假日长时休闲绿地。在城市生态休闲绿地建设中,应重点建设日常短时休闲绿地,配套开发节假日长时休闲绿地,完善城市公共绿地的休闲设施,增强城市公共绿地的大众性,提高专有绿地的开放性。     

Green Space Changes and Planning in the Capital Region of China

Green space plays an important role in complex urban ecosystems and provides significant ecosystem services with environmental, aesthetic, recreational and economic benefits. Beijing is the capital city of China and has a large population of about 15.81 million. Construction of green spaces is an important part of sustainable development in Beijing. To attain the sustainable development of Beijing as a capital city, an international city, a historical cultural city, and a living amenity city, this article attempts to develop a comprehensive plan of green space development both at the municipal and regional levels. At the municipal level of Beijing, based on the study of green space changes, and taking physical geographic conditions and historical context into account, we propose to establish green barriers in the mountainous area, and plan a comprehensive green space pattern composed of one city, two rings, three networks, eight water areas, nine fields, and several patches in the plain area. At the regional level of the Capital Circle Region, integrating the characteristics and causes of main environmental issues, we design a macroscopic pattern—“barriers by mountains in the northwest,” “seaward open spaces in the southeast,” “grassland-forest-field-coast zones,” and “green-blue symphony”—for ecological restoration and green space construction. Finally, we discuss the principles necessary to implement green space planning considering adaptation to local conditions, composite function exploitation, interregional equity and integrated planning.     

新疆城市园林绿地生态系统建设应符合自然"绿脉"的发展方向

对新疆城市园林绿地系统的发展现状和存在的问题做了分析探讨,在充分分析论证了园林绿地系统形成过程中自然“绿脉”在调节城市生态环境的显著作用后,指出只有根据新疆本地特点,注重可持续发展的环境保护和向自然再投资,因地制宜的科学合理规划并形成一定规模的城市园林绿地生态系统,才是走新疆城市园林绿地生态系统建设可持续发展的正确道路.     

杭州快速路、主次干道植物群落降噪功能比较研究

城市绿地是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,在改善城市生态系统方面有重要作用。现今交通是城市环境中的主要噪声来源,城市道路绿地是交通噪声治理的有效方式之一。本文选取杭州市西湖区不同等级的三条道路(紫金港路、天目山路和丰潭路)作为研究对象,利用手持噪声测量仪测量实时噪声对不同道路等级和距离的绿地降噪效果进行分析。研究发现,杭州市三条道路存在以下问题:(1)噪声距离道路越远越低,且噪声平均衰减率表明绿地降噪效果为主干道次干道快速路;(2)配置模式为乔木+灌木+地被的绿地植物群落的降噪效果最佳,且乔木和灌木交错的种植形式在降噪效果上优于灌木在前、乔木在后的排列式种植;(3)当道路绿地宽达到15m时,植物群落降噪效果会有大幅度提升,且快速路与次干道在距离为15m处,植物群落降噪能力最佳。     

在乌鲁木齐城市绿地资源的基础上创建生态城市

以乌鲁木齐市绿地资源为对象,从城市绿地的空间布局、类型、结构及其生态功能入手, 结合乌鲁木齐市绿地的发展现状,提出其绿地资源的合理规划方案及建议,为乌鲁木齐市建设生态城市提供其决策依据.     

Life-cycle cost-benefit analysis of extensive vegetated roof systems

The built environment has been a significant cause of environmental degradation in the previously undeveloped landscape. As public and private interest in restoring the environmental integrity of urban areas continues to increase, new construction practices are being developed that explicitly value beneficial environmental characteristics. The use of vegetation on a rooftop--commonly called a green roof--as an alternative to traditional roofing materials is an increasingly utilized example of such practices. The vegetation and growing media perform a number of functions that improve environmental performance, including: absorption of rainfall, reduction of roof temperatures, improvement in ambient air quality, and provision of urban habitat. A better accounting of the green roof's total costs and benefits to society and to the private sector will aid in the design of policy instruments and educational materials that affect individual decisions about green roof construction. This study uses data collected from an experimental green roof plot to develop a benefit cost analysis (BCA) for the life cycle of extensive (thin layer) green roof systems in an urban watershed. The results from this analysis are compared with a traditional roofing scenario. The net present value (NPV) of this type of green roof currently ranges from 10% to 14% more expensive than its conventional counterpart. A reduction of 20% in green roof construction cost would make the social NPV of the practice less than traditional roof NPV. Considering the positive social benefits and relatively novel nature of the practice, incentives encouraging the use of this practice in highly urbanized watersheds are strongly recommended.     

Gathering “wild” food in the city: rethinking the role of foraging in urban ecosystem planning and management

Recent “green” planning initiatives envision food production, including urban agriculture and livestock production, as desirable elements of sustainable cities. We use an integrated urban political ecology and human–plant geographies framework to explore how foraging for “wild” foods in cities, a subversive practice that challenges prevailing views about the roles of humans in urban green spaces, has potential to also support sustainability goals. Drawing on research from Baltimore, New York City, Philadelphia, and Seattle, we show that foraging is a vibrant and ongoing practice among diverse urban residents in the USA. At the same time, as reflected in regulations, planning practices, and attitudes of conservation practitioners, it is conceptualised as out of place in urban landscapes and an activity to be discouraged. We discuss how paying attention to urban foraging spaces and practices can strengthen green space planning and summarise opportunities for and challenges associated with including foragers and their concerns.