社区灾害风险管理现状与展望

加强社区灾害风险管理是当前国际减灾的主要趋势之一。经验表明,社区灾害风险管理是治理和减少风险并确保可持续发展的有效手段。在分析国内外社区灾害风险管理成效基础上,指出我国社区灾害风险管理还存在总体发展不平衡、社会化参与程度不高、综合减灾协调机制不完善、防灾规划和应急预案针对性不强、防灾减灾宣传教育力度和减灾资源整合力度不够等问题。在全球化背景下,与日俱增的各种灾害风险对社区减灾提出了更高的要求,建议从以下几方面加强我国社区灾害管理工作:促进社区灾害管理立法,建立社会参与的长效激励机制,健全参与式社区减灾机制,加强社区防灾减灾综合能力建设,加强灾害资源化利用,并注重多方共同参与的社区灾害风险管理模式的研究。     

台风灾害社区韧性感知评估研究

居民感知是检验韧性社区建设的主观但直接的工具。文中在界定台风灾害社区韧性感知内涵的基础上,分析了台风灾害社区韧性感知的路径;进一步从社区韧性“能力—过程—目标”三维度内涵构建台风灾害社区韧性感知评估理论框架。该理论框架包含设施稳定感知、响应效率感知、居民参与感知、灾害程度感知、物质建设感知和组织建设感知6个维度,能全面反映台风灾害下居民对社区韧性的感知。然后,采用专家赋权法确定所识别的28个评价指标的权重,形成台风灾害社区韧性感知评价指标体系。最后,选取浙江温岭3个社区作为研究案例进行了实证研究,并基于感知的评价结果,对台风灾害社区韧性的提升提出针对性的建议。     

云南省德钦县藏族利用传统知识减少灾害风险研究

传统知识(Traditional Knowledge, TK)是生活在特定环境的人们在长期生产生活中习得并积累的实践经验，世代相传。该文首先系统综述了传统知识减少灾害风险(Disaster Risk Reduction, DRR)的国内外研究现状。基于2003—2022年对云南省德钦县藏族社区的调查，分析当地藏族居民与多方合作并运用传统知识建立减少灾害风险框架。研究采用定量分析、参与调查、半结构式访谈和文献研究等方法研究云南省德钦县藏族社区减少灾害风险行动及其成效，旨在为构建多元减灾体系提供可参考的中国案例。研究结果表明传统知识能有效帮助当地社区应对自然灾害，回应了《仙台框架》关于减少灾害风险的指导。     

面向社区的参与式灾害风险评估模型研究

以社区为基础的灾害风险评估是目前国际研究的热点问题.在对社区灾害风险评估的基本理论和特点分析的基础上,针对现有灾害风险评估模型的不足,构建了面向社区的参与式灾害风险评估模型(CBPDRAM),为提高我国社区灾害风险评估的科学性提供参考.     

灾害地图与灾害研究

灾害地图，作为一种专题地图，是地图方法在灾害研究中运用的基础。本文就灾害地图的组成、分类、编制、应用等问题作了探讨。     

试论灾害评估信息系统的研究进展

本文从灾害评估理论、评估指标体系、评估方法体系、减灾数据库和灾害评估信息系统集成等方面着手，在回顾前人研究成果的基础上，分析了灾害评估信息系统研究中存在的问题，并提出了灾害评估信息系统新的研究方向和领域。     

国内外灾害韧性研究的主题脉络与前沿趋势

文中采用传统文献阅读和文献计量分析方法,对CNKI和Web of Science数据库中关于灾害韧性研究的1 327篇文献进行系统回顾及科学知识图谱分析,力图展现国内外灾害韧性研究的主题脉络、前沿趋势,并尝试提出未来应给予重视的若干论题。结果表明：(1)国内外灾害韧性研究热度均处于不断攀升态势;期刊分布集中,而机构分布相对分散;国内外均未形成稳定的核心作者群;高共被引的文献侧重于社区灾害韧性评估。(2)国内重视城市尺度的灾害韧性研究,国外则更强调社区韧性的探索;国内外热点均包括地震、洪水、干旱、飓风、海啸等多元灾种韧性的研究。(3)灾害韧性研究存在对农村社区关注不足、国内城市韧性定量评估有待加强、全过程动态评估视角缺位、多灾种复合韧性研究薄弱等问题。研究结果定量、直观地刻画了国内外灾害韧性研究的当前科学进展及其不同侧重倾向,有望为该领域研究深入凝练关键科学问题、洞察预判未来发展动向提供积极的参考价值。     

灾害生态学问题研究

灾害生态学是从生态进化的角度上研究灾害问题，其目的在于通过对生态灾害的界定，生态灾害成因分析，来寻求防止或减轻生态灾害的有效途径．文章从灾害与生态进化的关系入手，阐述了研究灾害生态学问题的重要意义，提出了当前灾害生态学研究的主要问题，为灾害生态学的研究提供了一条新的思路。     

灾害经济前沿问题国外研究进展

随着人类活动的加剧,经济社会的快速发展,社会财富持续的积累和增加,自然灾害现象和影响也变得越发复杂,学术界对灾害经济问题的关注和研究不断加深。针对国外灾害经济理论研究成果和发展动态进行了梳理,首先从灾害对经济的影响出发,给出总体评价、长期与短期影响及区域差异;进而从灾害风险评估、企业、家庭和社区作用及灾害保险角度论述灾害风险识别与灾前风险防御;最后,重点论述了灾害损失评估及灾后经济恢复。总结了国外灾害经济研究的前沿成果及特点,这对我国现阶段灾害经济理论发展及实践应用具有重要的启发和借鉴意义。     

中国城市综合灾害风险管理现状与对策

世界性城市灾害的加剧已成为城市化进程中的一大障碍，它也是城市化过程的产物。如何协调城市化过程与城市综合灾害风险管理，已成为当今世界、特别是像中国这样的发展中国家可持续发展的一大难题。在综述了中国城市灾害及其风险管理现状的基础上，通过对其薄弱环节的综合分析，依据作者提出的综合灾害风险管理模式，就中国城市综合灾害风险管理对策提出了3条政策建议：即完善城市灾害风险管理的信息保障机制，特别是灾害预警体系、信息共享体系和信息公开机制；加强城市综合减灾能力的建设，特别是明确城市建设中减灾工程与非工程设施投入的固定比例，完善减灾教育宣传体系和综合灾害应急响应的科技平台体系；建立城市综合灾害风险管理范式，特别是高度重视城市规划中综合减灾规划的改进和完善，加快拓展城市企业灾害保险与再保险和发展适应城市灾害风险的“安全社区”范式。     

Disaster mitigation and preparedness: the case of NGOs in the Philippines

The Philippines is very vulnerable to natural disasters because of its natural setting, as well as its socio-economic, political and environmental context--especially its widespread poverty. The Philippines has a well-established institutional and legal framework for disaster management, including built-in mechanisms for participation of the people and NGOs in decision-making and programme implementation. The nature and extent of collaboration with government in disaster preparedness and mitigation issues varies greatly according to their roots, either in past confrontation and political struggles or traditional charity activities. The growing NGO involvement in disaster management has been influenced by this history. Some agencies work well with local government and there is an increasing trend for collaborative work in disaster mitigation and preparedness. Some NGOs, however, retain critical positions. These organisations tend to engage more in advocacy and legal support for communities facing increased risk because of development projects and environmental destruction. Entry points into disaster mitigation and preparedness vary as well. Development-oriented agencies are drawn into these issues when the community members with whom they work face disaster. Relief organisations, too, realise the need for community mobilisation, and are thus drawn towards development roles.     

Operational challenges to community participation in post‐disaster damage assessments: observations from Fiji

Community participation is becoming increasingly popular within the field of disaster management. International disaster policies, frameworks and charters embrace the notion that communities should play an active role in initiatives to identify vulnerabilities and risks and to mitigate those dangers, and, in the event of a disaster, that they should play a proactive part in response and recovery (see, for example, UNISDR, 1994; The Sphere Project, 2004; United Nations, 2005). A number of studies have investigated the participation of communities in disaster preparedness and mitigation efforts (see, for instance, Scott‐Villiers, 2000; Andharia, 2002; Godschalk, Brody and Burby, 2003), There is, however, limited reflection on the challenges to ensuring participation in the operational context of disaster response. This paper draws on a study of the policy and practice of participatory damage assessment in Fiji to identify and discuss the barriers to formal implementation of community participation in a post‐disaster context.     

试论防灾规划与灾害管理体制的建立

对建立防灾规划与灾害管理体制问题作了初步的探讨,提出通过建立以预防为主的防灾规划体制,以地方政府为防灾救灾主体的中央政府、地方政府、机关企事业团体三位一体的灾害管理体制,和以社区防灾组织、防灾志愿组织为主的全民参与的防灾救灾体制,最终形成一个国家、地方政府、机关团体和国民各自责任明确的综合有效的防灾规划与灾害管理体制,从而提高整个社会的灾害防御和应急处理能力,努力将灾害的损失降低到最小程度。     

From disaster to development: a systematic review of community‐driven humanitarian logistics

A plethora of untapped resources exist within disaster‐affected communities that can be used to address relief and development concerns. A systematic review of the literature relating to community participation in humanitarian logistics activities revealed that communities are able to form ad hoc networks that have the ability to meet a wide range of disaster management needs. These structures, characterised as Collaborative Aid Networks (CANs), have demonstrated efficient logistical capabilities exclusive of humanitarian organisations. This study proposes that CANs, as a result of their unique characteristics, present alternatives to established humanitarian approaches to logistics, while also mitigating the challenges commonly faced by traditional humanitarian organisations. Furthermore, CANs offer a more holistic, long‐term approach to disaster management, owing to their impact on development through their involvement in humanitarian logistics. This research provides the foundation for further theoretical analysis of effective and efficient disaster management, and details opportunities for policy and practice.     

Collaborative emergency management: better community organising, better public preparedness and response

Community coordination requires communication and planning of precautions to take when faced with a severe threat of disaster. The unique case of the four Florida hurricanes of 2004--Charley, Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne--is used here to assess community responses to repeated threats of hurricanes. The paper examines how effectiveness in coordinating community disaster response efforts affects future public preparedness. The findings suggest that pre-season planning, open communication between emergency managers and elected officials, and the use of technology all had a significant impact on community responses. The repeated threat scenario indicates that emergency managers must work vigilantly to keep residents informed of the seriousness of a situation. The study describes how emergency managers in Florida countered public complacency during four hurricanes in six weeks. The strategies identified as useful by public managers in the context of hurricanes are applicable to other natural and man-made disasters.     

General overview of the disaster management framework in Cameroon

Efficient and effective disaster management will prevent many hazardous events from becoming disasters. This paper constitutes the most comprehensive document on the natural disaster management framework of Cameroon. It reviews critically disaster management in Cameroon, examining the various legislative, institutional, and administrative frameworks that help to facilitate the process. Furthermore, it illuminates the vital role that disaster managers at the national, regional, and local level play to ease the process. Using empirical data, the study analyses the efficiency and effectiveness of the actions of disaster managers. Its findings reveal inadequate disaster management policies, poor coordination between disaster management institutions at the national level, the lack of trained disaster managers, a skewed disaster management system, and a top‐down hierarchical structure within Cameroon's disaster management framework. By scrutinising the disaster management framework of the country, policy recommendations based on the research findings are made on the institutional and administrative frameworks.     

重庆市的洪涝灾害管理

洪涝灾害是重庆市主要自然灾害之一,每年带来巨大的经济损失和人员伤亡,严重制约着重庆市社会、经济的可持续发展.本文在大量研究的基础上,分析了重庆市洪涝灾害的特点,总结了历年来的洪涝灾害及造成的损失,最后针对洪涝灾害的特点提出建立重庆市洪涝灾害管理系统,并对该系统作了详细分析.     

A proposed framework of key activities and processes in the preparedness and recovery phases of disaster management

This paper proposes an empirically grounded framework for examining the preparedness and recovery phases of disaster management activities and processes pertaining to predictable disasters within a developed country. The two‐stage framework provides a single model composed of important preparedness and recovery initiatives, as well as activities and processes derived from empirical data collected for case studies from Australia: the ‘Black Saturday’ bushfires in the state of Victoria in February 2009; and Cyclone Larry in March 2006. The framework enables a variety of analyses, including the generation of insights into disaster management preparedness and recovery in the context of events in wealthy developed countries. The paper combines two empirical examples, a series of bushfires and a severe tropical cyclone, to enhance understanding of, and to contribute to better, disaster preparedness and recovery in the future. The paper contributes to the growing literature on disasters, preparedness, recovery and associated logistics, and other issues.     

城市公共安全规划与灾害应急管理的集成研究

随着城市公共安全理论研究与应用的不断深入,对于安全规划与灾害应急管理的孤立研究已渐露弊端.探讨了研究城市公共安全规划与灾害应急管理的融合模式,剖析了城市公共安全规划的空间范围与应变管理空间需求之间的关系,提出了以整合观和可持续发展观构建城市公共安全规划,以空间观构建城市应急管理机制的设想.在此基础上,根据有效服务范围和资源量,提出了城市各类防救灾设施的规划标准与建构模式,以建立城市救灾单元区域.     

中国自然灾害应急管理研究进展与对策

从中国自然灾害应急管理的现状出发,系统分析了自然灾害应急管理领域的研究进展,指出了中国自然灾害应急管理在理论和实践方面存在的问题.在此基础上,提出了中国自然灾害应急管理框架,认为建立适合中国国情的自然灾害应急管理体制是提高中国自然灾害应急管理的基础;应急预案的制定和实施是规范灾害应急管理,提高灾害紧急救援能力的关键措施;灾害信息快速准确的获取和评估是灾害应急管理的有效保障;建立实际可用的应急管理系统是提高灾害应急管理水平和工作效率的根本出路.