南四湖上级湖表层沉积物中多环芳烃的含量及分布特征

对南四湖上级湖表层沉积物中的15种美国环保暑(US EPA)优控多环芳烃(PAHB)进行了定量分析.测定结果表明,沉积物中15种PAHs总合量范围为163.0～2983.8ng/g dry wt..相关分析表明,南四湖上级湖表层沉积物中PAHs浓度的空间分布受入湖河流影响较大,与入湖河流两岸的工农业布局和城市分布存在一定的相关性;南四湖上级湖表层沉积物中的多环芳烃主要来源于煤炭、木材及石油的不完全燃烧;目前南四湖上级湖表层沉积物样品中的PAHs含量处于低风险水平,尚未对生物造成显著的负面影响.     

南四湖表层沉积物中多氯联苯的空间分布特征

采用气相色谱-电子俘获检测(GC-ECD)方法对从南四湖湖区采集表层沉积物中的12种多氯联苯(PCBs)同系物进行了分析测定。PCBs的含量范围为7.84~42.8ng/g,主要以低氯代物为主。湖内各监测点位的PCBs浓度要高于入湖河口各监测点位;湖内各监测点位中,上级湖各点位的浓度要高于下级湖的点位。污染物来源分析表明,PCBs主要来自造纸漂白过程和焚烧炉排放。与类似水体相比,南四湖表层沉积物中PCBs含量属中低含量水平。整体而言,南四湖表层沉积物中PCBs的含量属于低生态风险水平。     

官厅水库沉积物表层中的有机氯农药分布特征及风险评价

采用气相色谱法对北京市官厅水库沉积物表层中持久性有机氯农药(OCPs)的残留状况进行了调查,并对有机氯农药污染水平和生态风险作出评价。结果表明:沉积物中有机氯农药总含量为8.48 ng/g～24.40 ng/g,其中HCHs和DDTs的含量较高,分别为1.11 ng/g～7.73 ng/g和2.97 ng/g～10.52 ng/g,其组分特征为来自环境的残留。与沉积物风险评估低值(ERL)和风险评估中值(ERM)对比评价沉积物中有机污染物的风险程度,官厅水库沉积物表层中的有机氯农药存在一定的生态风险。     

珠江三角洲城市群及高海拔地区表层土中有机氯农药的空间分布特征

利用GC-ECD方法测定了珠江三角洲城市群及高海拔地区表层土壤中的有机氯农药。有机氯农药变幅为2.4~78.7 ng/g,平均15.9 ng/g。最高值出现在江门。总HCHs变幅为ND~19.2 ng/g,平均2.91 ng/g, 最高值出现在佛山。总DDTs变幅为ND~74.6 ng/g,平均值为9.91 ng/g。最高值出现在东莞。六氯苯在佛山较高。灭蚁灵在深圳的污染较其它地区严重。总体来说,HCHs污染程度较低,但部分地区有林丹的使用;有些采样点DDTs的污染程度超过了国家土壤环境质量标准的一级自然背景值,且有些区域可能有非三氯杀螨醇的DDTs外源输入。     

不同粒径沉积物中多环芳烃和有机氯农药分布特征

采用湿分法将采自珠江广州河段沉积物样品分成5个粒径的组分(>500μm、500μm>>220μm、220μm>>63μm、63μm>>22μm和<22μm),样品分成2份。第一份测定其中的多环芳烃(PAHs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)进行定量分析,第二份样品的每个粒级进行重液分离,收集轻组分(有机质)和重组分(主要为无机矿物及无定型有机质)。在显微镜下对沉积物中不同粒径轻重组分的吸附剂进行鉴定,分析有机质类型和质量百分比,并测定各组分总有机碳(TOC)和碳黑的含量。结果表明,有机质类型是影响多环芳烃(PAHs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)在不同粒径组分中的分布特征和富集能力的主要因素。     

莱州湾表层沉积物中多氯联苯的测定方法及分布特征探究

以加速溶剂萃取法 (ASE)、索氏提取法/气相色谱法测定了莱州湾表层沉积物中的12种PCBs的浓度水平,探讨了它的分布特征并将两种方法进行了对比;同时测定了渤海湾北部海域表层沉积物中PCBs的含量,与莱州湾进行了比较。结果表明,莱州湾海域表层沉积物检测出8种多氯联苯(PCBs),浓度范围是N.D.~48.40 ng ·g ^-1dw。该海域多氯联苯的分布特征是近岸高,离岸低,由近岸向湾外延伸方向依次递减;渤海湾PCBs的浓度范围是0.15~68.30 ng ·g ^-1dw,和莱州湾差别不大。索氏提取法测定12种多氯联苯类化合物的基质加标回收率为78.00%~104.85%,相对标准偏差为0.95%~3.64%;加速溶剂萃取法的基质加标回收率为90.00%~102.00%,相对标准偏差为0.65%~2.75%;相对于渤海湾北部海域而言,莱州湾区域只是受到轻度污染,属于低风险生态区,不会对生物产生毒副作用;而前者则处于中度污染水平,可能会对生物产生毒副作用。     

QuEChERS-GC/ECD法分析土壤和沉积物中残留有机氯农药和多氯联苯

建立了用快速、简单、廉价、有效、可靠及安全(Qu ECh ERS)的方法净化、GC/ECD法测定沉积物中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分析方法。目标化合物质量浓度在1.0~100μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数均0.999,检出限为0.08~0.17μg/L。以沉积物标准样品SRM1944为研究对象,用Qu ECh ERS方法和传统方法进行提取比较,并用沉积物样品进行验证,回收率为87.8%~100.3%。方法快速、简单、可靠、安全。     

山美水库流域表层沉积物中DDTs农药的残留特征及风险评估

利用GC-ECD检测了山美水库流域表层沉积物中DDTs农药含量,分析了其残留与组成特征及生态风险.结果表明,表层沉积物中DDTs平均含量为4.07 ng/g,其含量范围为0.96～8.20 ng/g;DDTs含量大小顺序为桃溪与湖洋溪汇流(8.20 ng/g)>湖洋溪(4.67 ng/g)>桃溪(4.59 ng/g)>山美水库(1.96 ng/g).表层沉积物中新的DDTs输入量比较少;沉积物中DDTs主要来自于早期残留或是施用农药长期风化后的土壤;大多数采样点DDTs发生好氧生物降解,降解产物以DDE为主.对照Ingersoll风险评估标准,表层沉积物中DDTs农药残留具有较高的生态风险.     

广西近岸海水和沉积物中有机氯农药的分布及生态风险

通过对广西近岸水体和沉积物中2类有机氯农药(OCPs,包括HCHs和DDTs)的大面调查,评估了广西近岸海域OCPs的分布特征、污染状况和生态风险。结果显示:广西近岸海域的海水中所有站位都未检出HCHs和DDTs,所有站位的沉积物中也未检出HCHs,43个沉积物站位中DDTs的检出率为11.6%,沉积物中DDTs含量范围为nd~3.7 ng/g。研究表明:广西近岸水体及沉积物中OCPs的污染水平很低,沉积物中DDTs具有较为明显的空间分布规律,呈现出渔港附近含量高,以及TOC (有机碳)含量较高的河口附近含量高的特征。船舶防污漆可能是造成渔港附近DDTs含量较高的主要原因,部分河口站位主要受河流输入污染物影响,DDTs主要来源于历史残留,沉积物中TOC含量是影响DDTs残留分布的重要因素,DDTs易与悬浮物中的有机质通过吸附络合结合而沉积。生态风险评价结果显示:广西近岸海水的HCHs和DDTs生态风险极低,沉积物的HCHs生态风险也极低,沉积物中DDTs的潜在生态风险总体很低。     

ASE提取土壤中有机氯农药的方法研究

介绍了ASE提取、硫酸磺化和GPC净化土壤中有机氯农药的试验方法,并通过对比试验、条件试验等对ASE提取土壤中有机氯农药的效果进行了验证。结果表明,温度在80~110℃,压力在1200~1800psi均适用于提取土壤中有机氯农药,20种有机氯农药除了异狄氏剂回收率偏高外,其它19种全部在50%~150%之间,相对标准偏差均在20%以内。ASE提取、GPC净化,20种农药样品加标平均回收率50%~117%;相对标准偏差3%~28%;2种替代物回收率84%~102%,相对标准偏差6%~7%。     

The Contamination Levels of Organochlorine Pesticides in Water and Sediment Samples in Uluabat Lake, Turkey

The Uluabat Lake is a reservoir of 125 km² surface area, in the boundaries of Bursa province, Turkey. The results showed that Uluabat Lake was still contaminated by organochlorine pesticides and their residues despite the existence of bans over a long time. Considerable amounts of organochlorine pesticides (HCB, p.p^′-DDT, p.p^′- DDE, α -, β- and γ-BHC, Aldrin, Heptachlor epoxide, Endrin, Endosulfan I and II) were detected in water and sediment samples during one-year study in this lake. Samples of water and sediment were collected in different regions, (6 sampling point) of the lake between February 2002 and November 2002.The mean levels of organochlorine pesticides in water and sediments were determined. According to results, it was found that various environs in Uluabat Lake were contaminated by 11 different organochlorine pesticides. Residue analyses showed that higher organochlorine pesticides and their residues were generally more accumulated in the sediment samples.     

快速溶剂萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱法测定底泥中的有机氯农药

采用快速溶剂萃取、中性硅胶-中性氧化铝复合柱对底泥样品进行提取和净化,采用气相色谱-串联质谱法测定底泥中的30种有机氯农药。该方法的检测限为0.01~0.05 μg/kg,加标回收率为80.6%~110.5%,样品重复测定6次,均能得到较好的精密度,其相对标准偏差小于20%。结果证明,该方法灵敏度高、重复性好、准确度高、且快速简便,完全满足底泥中有机氯农药的测定要求。     

气相色谱法同时测定地表水中的百菌清、环氧七氯和有机氯农药

用正己烷一次同时萃取地表水中的百菌清、环氧七氯和有机氯农药,萃取液脱水后进气相色谱仪进行测定。当取样体积为500ml时,方法检出限为0．01～0．02μg,／L,标准曲线相关系数大于0．999,方法精密度的相对标准偏差为1．5％-4．0％,加标回收率为81．6％～109．6％。该方法用于实际样品测定,结果令人满意。     

加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱/串联质谱法测定土壤中20种有机氯农药

建立了用加速溶剂萃取法（ASE）提取、气相色谱-串联质谱法分析土壤中20种有机氯农药的方法。用正己烷和丙酮（1∶1,V/V）的混合溶剂为提取剂,萃取温度100℃,压力1 500 psi,静态提取10 min,循环提取2次,提取液经石墨化碳黑固相萃取柱净化,浓缩后进行GC-MS/MS测定,外标法定量。试验结果表明,采用串联质谱多反应监测模式,降低了背景干扰,当取5 g土壤时,有机氯农药的检出限在0.1~3.0μg/kg之间,低浓度水平（8μg/kg）的基体加标回收率为70.3%~134%,相对标准偏差〈23%。测定方法背景干扰低,灵敏度高,适合土壤中20种有机氯农药残留的同时测定。     

气相色谱法测定赤水河中段水体中14种有机氯农药的残留

建立了用正己烷萃取,气相色谱—电子捕获（GC—ECD）测定水体中有机氯农药痕量残留的方法。结果表明：六氯苯、α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH、p,p′-DDD、p,p′-DDE、p,p′-DDT、艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯、环氧七氯、o,p′-DDT 14种农药在14 min内有较好的分离;2个不同浓...     

Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Milk and Blood of Women from Anupgarh, Rajasthan, India

Anupgarh is the most fertile area of Rajasthan state where a variety of seasonal crops are grown. The availability of three manmade canals has enhanced the agricultural activities in this area. The farmers use huge amounts of pesticides to increase the crop productivity. Exposure of humans to these hazardous chemicals occurs directly in the fields and indirectly due to consumption of contaminated diet, or by inhalation or by dermal contact. The organochlorine pesticides are reported to be lipophilic and their presence in human milk and blood has been documented in different parts of the world. Blood and milk samples were collected from lactating women who were divided into four groups on the basis of different living standards viz residence area, dietary habits, working conditions and addiction to tobacco. The level of total organochlorine pesticides in blood ranged from 3.319mg/L—6.253mg/L while in milk samples it ranged from 3.209Mdash;4.608 mg/L. The results are in concurrence with the reports from other countries.     

微波萃取-气相色谱/质谱法测定土壤中的有机氯农药

通过微波萃取提取土壤中的有机氯农药,萃取溶液经浓硫酸脱色、佛罗里硅土柱净化,最后用气相色谱/质谱法分析.以石英砂为基体进行加标回收测定,有机氯农药的回收率在75.5%～103%之间,检出限为0.01μg/kg.     

气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定水中持久性有机氯污染物

建立了液液萃取一气相色谱三重四极杆质谱多反应监测同时测定水中16种持久性有机氯污染物的方法,考察了不同萃取剂不同体积对有机氯萃取效率的影响,确定了16种持久性有机氯化合物多反应监测模式（MRM）的最佳质谱条件。方法检出限为0.33 ~ 0.65 ng/L,以纯水为基体,加入16种不同浓度水平的持久性有机氯化合物作回收试验,测得回收率在80.2% ~ 103.6%之间,测定的相对标准偏差4.0% ~11.5%（n=7）。     

Determination and Assessment of HCHs and DDTs Residues in Sediments from Lake Dongting, China

The contamination of organochlorine pesticides hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and their eco-environmental assessment in surface sediments from Lake Dongting, the second-largest freshwater lake in China, were studied. Concentrations of ∑HCH (=α-HCH + β-HCH + γ-HCH +δ-HCH) were 0.21--9.59 ng/g dry weight and those of ∑ DDT = p,p'-DDD+p,p'-DDE+o,p'-DDT+p,p'-DDT) ranged from under detectable limit to 10.15 ng/g dry weight. The ratios of α-HCH to γ-HCH were above 7 at most sampling sites while no or a small amount of β-HCH were found at all sites, suggesting the degradation of HCH used in the history and possibly current use of HCH in the region. The low ratios (below 2.0 in most cases) of (p,p'-DDE+p,p'-DDD) to p,p'-DDT and high levels of individual isomers of DDT at some sites also suggested that there have still been fresh inputs of DDT into Lake Dongting. Through the comparison between concentrations of HCH and DDT residues in sediments of Lake Dongting and those from other places in China and also from the results of our eco-environmental assessment, it can be concluded that Lake Dongting is the water body with high contamination of both HCH and DDT in its sediments in comparison with other water bodies in China.