物元分析法在大气环境质量评价中的应用

应用物元分析方法构建大气环境质量的综合评价模型，并将该方法用于唐山市大气环境质量评价中，获得了与实际情况基本符合的评价结果。     

模糊综合评判法在区域土壤环境重金属污染评价中的应用

应用模糊数学中的模糊综合评判法,对华东某一区域土壤环境中的重金属污染程度进行了评价,运用多因子共同作用机理,对土壤环境质量的分级问题进行了探讨。     

层次分析模糊群体决策法评价大气环境质量

提出了层次分析模糊群体决策评价方法以层次分析法作定权方法,采用模糊群体决策法中的Ｂｏｒｄａ法为评价方法,对大气环境质量进行评价,并将评价结果与灰色聚类法,模糊综合评判法所得评价结果进行对比,结果令人满意。     

土壤污染防治行动计划：二、推进土壤污染防治立法，建立健全法规标准体系

（四）加快推进立法进程。配合完成土壤污染防治法起草工作。适时修订污染防治、城乡规划、土地管理、农产品质量安全相关法律法规，增加土壤污染防治有关内容。2016年底前，完成农药管理条例修订工作，发布污染地块土壤环境管理办法、农用地土壤环境管理办法。2017年底前，出台农药包装废弃物回收处理、工矿用地土壤环境管理、废弃农膜回收利用等部门规章。到2020年，土壤污染防治法律法规体系基本建立。各地可结合实际，研究制定土壤污染防治地方性法规。     

物元分析方法中关联度函数最佳点位置的确定

探讨了用于环境质量评价的物元分析关联度函数最佳点位置的确定方法，认为经典的综合评判物元模型中关联度函数的最佳点位置不完全合理，文中结合质量评价，给出了合适的最佳点位置的确定方法。     

物元分析法在大气环境质量评价虽的应用

应用物分析方法建大气环境质量的综合评价模型，并将该方法用于唐山大 环境质量评价中，最与实际情况基本符合的评价结果。     

运用 灰色理论模型对贮灰场周围地下水进行评价

本文运用水质综合评价灰色理论模型，对贮场周转地下水水质进行了综合评工与地下水质量标准中推荐的评价方法进行对比，得到了完全一致并与实际相符的价结果。     

物元分析在大气环境质量评价中的应用

将大气环境质量级别、评价指标及其特征值作为物元，根据大气环境质量标准建立关联函数，提出了一种用物元分析评价大气环境质量的方法。用实例与贴近度法及模糊综合评判法进行了对比，结果完全一致。     

利用模糊综合相似选择法进行化工厂区环境质量评价

在介绍模糊综合相似选择法的基本原理和计算步骤的基础上，将该方法应用于某一化工厂区的环境质量评价中，并与密切值法、姚志麒法的评价结果进行比较，三种的结论完全一致，从而证明了模糊综合相似选择法在环境质量评价中应用的可行性和合理性。     

铜接地网对变电站周围环境的铜污染研究

对安徽省某500 kV变电站周围土壤中的铜含量进行了测试,结果表明,该变电站周围土壤中的铜含量的中值和平均值均超过安徽地区土壤环境的平均值,但其含量均未超过二级标准值.按照单因子指数法进行评价,远小于1；按照内梅罗综合指数法进行评价,仅为0.3235,明显低于0.7的安全值,两者均表明该变电站周围土壤是清洁的,并未受到铜污染.     

梨园杀虫剂的环境风险评价

评价了某雪花梨栽培试验园区施用的杀虫剂对周围环境的风险性。其中包括；利用化学物质排毒系数评价法对梨园杀虫剂进行初步风险识别；非突发性水环境污染风险分析。采用瞬时点源一维河流模型对杀虫剂因事故性泄漏水体造成的风险进行预测；简要说明了杀虫剂进入土壤的途径及其对施药区和非施药区土壤的危害；采用高斯烟团模式，通过大气取样，对杀虫剂超常量喷施进入大气捕捞浓度分布进行统计分析，测算出杀虫剂在不同浓度范围出现的相对频率，从而鉴别其对居民点空气质量的危害几率。     

水质评价中的宽域灰色决策法

依据灰色决策的基本原理，结合环境质量评价的实际情况，用宽域式结构建立隶属函数，提出宽域灰色决策法，并以水质评价为例进行了尝试。结果表明，宽域灰色决策法的评价结果比较符合实际状况，比模糊数学法和灰色聚类法的评价结果更为合理。     

硫酸盐还原菌原位修复六价铬污染土壤

以FeSO₄化学还原法为对照,开展硫酸盐还原菌原位修复铬污染土壤的田间试验研究。试验结果表明:微生物法处理后,土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)含量从6.48 mg/kg降至0.95 mg/kg,下降率为85.33%,修复后的土地质量符合国家一类建设用地的标准;土壤浸出液中Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度从0.162 mg/L降至0.004 mg/L,下降率为97.53%;土壤中硫酸根浓度略有降低,硫酸盐还原菌的丰度显著增加。微生物原位修复铬污染土壤的效果好于化学还原法。     

Leaching standards for mineral recycling materials--a harmonized regulatory concept for the upcoming German Recycling Decree

In this contribution we give a first general overview of results of recent studies in Germany which focused on contaminant leaching from various materials and reactive solute transport in the unsaturated soil zone to identify the key factors for groundwater risk assessment. Based on these results we developed new and improved existing methods for groundwater risk assessment which are used to derive a new regulatory concept for the upcoming “Decree for the Requirements of the Use of Alternative Mineral Building Materials in Technical Constructions and for the Amendment of the Federal Soil Protection and Contaminated Sites Ordinance” of the German Federal Ministry of Environment.The new concept aims at a holistic and scientifically sound assessment of the use of mineral recycling materials (e.g., mineral waste, excavated soils, slag and ashes, recycling products, etc.) in technical constructions (e.g., road dams) and permanent applications (e.g., backfilling and landscaping) which is based on a mechanistic understanding of leaching and transport processes. Fundamental for risk assessment are leaching standards for the mineral recycling materials.For each application of mineral recycling materials specific maximum concentrations of a substance in the seepage water at the bottom of an application were calculated. Technical boundary conditions and policy conventions derived from the “German precautionary groundwater and soil protection policy” were accounted to prevent adverse environmental effects on the media soil and groundwater. This includes the concentration decline of highly soluble substances (e.g., chloride and sulphate), retardation or attenuation of solutes, accumulation of contaminants in sub-soils and the hydraulic properties of recycling materials used for specific applications. To decide whether the use of a mineral recycling material is possible in a specific application, the leaching qualities were evaluated based on column percolation tests with various samples and compared with application-specific maximum concentrations.In the upcoming federal decree this simplified concept is realized using detailed tables which classify the leaching quality of mineral recycling materials and demonstrate potential application. A quality assurance system will be mandatory which defines specific testing programs (material properties and limit concentrations to be tested, number and schedule of testing) for the different mineral recycling materials using standardized methods (column percolation test).     

Pesticide Impact Rating Index – A Pesticide Risk Indicator for Water Quality

Pesticide users, natural resource managers, regulators, government agencies and many others are concerned about the off-site impact of pesticides on the environment. Systematic methods of the assessment of potential risk of pesticides to environmental components can serve as valuable tools in decision making and policy formulation. Simple risk indicators have been developed which cover a range of scenarios such as toxicity to organisms, health of farm workers, consumer health, and residues in harvested produce. The authors have developed a software package named Pesticide Impact Rating Index (PIRI) that outputs an improved pesticide risk indicator for water quality. PIRI is a standalone, user-friendly, platform-independent program. It can be used to (i) rank pesticides in terms of their relative pollution potential to groundwater or surface water, and (ii) to compare different land uses in a catchment or at a regional scale in terms of their relative impact on water quality. It is based on pesticides use; the pathway through which the pesticides are released to the water resources (drift, runoff, erosion, leaching) and the value of the water resources threatened. Each component is quantified using pesticide characteristics (including toxicity to organisms at different trophic levels, i.e. fish, daphnia, algae, etc.), environmental and site conditions (e.g. organic carbon content of soil, water input, slope of land, soil loss, recharge rate, depth of water table, etc.). This paper describes two case studies of the application of PIRI in Australia. The comparison of the risk assessment by PIRI on these revealed that PIRI correctly estimated the pollution potential of pesticides in greater than 80% of cases. A GIS version of PIRI is described in a companion paper in this volume. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Test of the Multi Increment Sampling® Method on 14 Playgrounds

The Capital Region of Denmark tested the Multi Increment Sampling^® (MIS) technology at 14 children's playgrounds in the region to assess whether the method provides representative test results and an improved foundation for risk assessment. The purpose of the investigation was to determine whether the previous uses of the playground areas have led to soil contamination that poses a health risk to its current users (children). The unpaved areas of the playgrounds were divided into decision units based on historical data along with the expected patterns of movement from its users. The samples from each unit consisted of 45 to 100 increments were collected from three depths within the upper one‐half meter. Furthermore, triplicate samples were taken from the upper sampling depth in at least one unit for quality control purposes. The investigation results showed excellent consistency between the pollution parameters and contamination levels in different decision units for each playground. The decision units where high levels of soil contamination exist coincide well with the previous site history. The MIS method has proven to be expensive and time consuming. However, in the future it will be easier to implement as we gain more experience with use of this method.  ©2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Life cycle modelling of environmental impacts of application of processed organic municipal solid waste on agricultural land (EASEWASTE).

A model capable of quantifying the potential environmental impacts of agricultural application of composted or anaerobically digested source-separated organic municipal solid waste (MSW) is presented. In addition to the direct impacts, the model accounts for savings by avoiding the production and use of commercial fertilizers. The model is part of a larger model, Environmental Assessment of Solid Waste Systems and Technology (EASEWASTE), developed as a decision-support model, focusing on assessment of alternative waste management options. The environmental impacts of the land application of processed organic waste are quantified by emission coefficients referring to the composition of the processed waste and related to specific crop rotation as well as soil type. The model contains several default parameters based on literature data, field experiments and modelling by the agro-ecosystem model, Daisy. All data can be modified by the user allowing application of the model to other situations. A case study including four scenarios was performed to illustrate the use of the model. One tonne of nitrogen in composted and anaerobically digested MSW was applied as fertilizer to loamy and sandy soil at a plant farm in western Denmark. Application of the processed organic waste mainly affected the environmental impact categories global warming (0.4-0.7 PE), acidification (-0.06 (saving)-1.6 PE), nutrient enrichment (-1.0 (saving)-3.1 PE), and toxicity. The main contributors to these categories were nitrous oxide formation (global warming), ammonia volatilization (acidification and nutrient enrichment), nitrate losses (nutrient enrichment and groundwater contamination), and heavy metal input to soil (toxicity potentials). The local agricultural conditions as well as the composition of the processed MSW showed large influence on the environmental impacts. A range of benefits, mainly related to improved soil quality from long-term application of the processed organic waste, could not be generally quantified with respect to the chosen life cycle assessment impact categories and were therefore not included in the model. These effects should be considered in conjunction with the results of the life cycle assessment.     

Arsenic and thallium data in environmental samples: Fact or fiction?

Matrix effects may increasingly lead to erroneous environmental decisions as regulatory limits or risk‐based concentrations of concern for trace metals move lower toward the limits of analytical detection. A U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Technical Standards Alert estimated that environmental data reported using inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP‐AES) has a false‐positive rate for thallium of 99.9 percent and for arsenic of 25 to 50 percent. Although this does not seem to be widely known in the environmental community, using three case studies, this article presents data in environmental samples that demonstrate severe matrix effects on the accuracy of arsenic and thallium results. Case Study 1 involves soil results with concentrations that approached or exceeded the applicable regulatory soil cleanup objectives of 13 mg/kg for arsenic and 2 mg/kg for thallium. Reanalysis using ICP coupled with a mass spectrometer (ICP‐MS) confirmed all thallium results were false positives and all arsenic results were biased high, concluding no action was required for soil remediation. Case Study 2 involves groundwater results for thallium at a Superfund site, where thallium was detected in groundwater up to 21.6 μ g/L using ICP‐AES. Reanalysis by ICP‐MS reported thallium as nondetect below the applicable regulatory level in all samples. ICP‐MS is usually a more definitive and accurate method of analysis compared to ICP‐AES; however, this is not always the case, as we demonstrate in Case Study 3, using data from groundwater samples at an industrial site. Through a weight‐of‐evidence approach, it is demonstrated that although method quality control results were acceptable, interferences in some groundwater samples caused biased high results for arsenic using ICP‐MS, which were significantly lower when reanalyzed using hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Causes of these interference effects and conclusions from the three case studies to obtain accurate metal data for site assessment, risk characterization, and remedy selection are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

区域土壤环境重金属污染评价的Hamming贴近度评价法

探讨了一种新的模糊评价模型－Ｈａｍｍｉｎｇ贴近度评价模型，将其应用于某地区土壤重金属污染的综合评价，获得了良好的效果。     

Application of compost of two-phase olive mill waste on olive grove: Effects on soil,olive fruit and olive oil quality

Composting is a method for preparing organic fertilizers that represents a suitable management option for the recycling of two-phase olive mill waste (TPOMW) in agriculture. Four different composts were prepared by mixing TPOMW with different agro-industrial by-products (olive pruning, sheep manure and horse manure), which were used either as bulking agents or as N sources. The mature composts were added during six consecutive years to a typical “Picual” olive tree grove in the Jaén province (Spain). The effects of compost addition on soil characteristics, crop yield and nutritional status and also the quality of the olive oil were evaluated at the end of the experiment and compared to a control treated only with mineral fertilization. The most important effects on soil characteristics included a significant increase in the availability of N, P, K and an increase of soil organic matter content. The application of TPOMW compost produced a significant increase in olive oil content in the fruit. The compost amended plots had a 15% higher olive oil content than those treatment with inorganic fertilization. These organics amendments maintained the composition and quality of the olive oil.