皖南低山丘陵地区流域氮磷径流输出特征

通过对安徽南部宣城地区梅村小流域的定位监测，研究了该小流域地表径流中氮磷输出特征。结果表明：氮输出以NO3^--N为主，占氮素输出总量的60％，磷输出以悬浮颗粒结合态磷(PAP)为主，占磷输出总量的92％；各类形态氮素输出量间存在极显著线性正相关关系；PAP随悬浮颗粒输出量的增加而增加，PAP与水溶性磷(DP)输出量问存在着极显著的对数关系；氮磷输出具有明显的季节性变化规律，夏季输出量最大，其次是春季，再次是秋季，冬季最少，这是由降雨量的季节性变化所引起的。而且暴雨对氮磷输出的贡献率极大，因此控制雨季土壤侵蚀是有效控制氮磷通过径流输出的最重要方式。     

典型自然降雨条件下太湖地区水稻田氮磷输出特点

为了探究典型自然降雨径流过程中氮、磷的水稻田输出特点,了解各形态污染物之间径流输出关系,在2013年对太湖何家浜流域两次典型降雨全过程中产生的径流污染物进行了系统的原位监测分析。通过绘制田块混合出水及独立单田块出水的污染物浓度变化曲线、M(V)曲线以及计算径流事件平均浓度(EMC)、降雨径流过程中PN/TN(颗粒态氮/总氮)、PP/TP(颗粒态磷/总磷)质量输出百分比,发现:在中雨条件下,强降雨使水稻田中的SS(悬浮态颗粒物)、PN、PP输出浓度激增,最大变幅分别为628.77、4.43、0.46 mg·L-1,对AN(氨氮)、NN(硝酸盐氮)、PO(磷酸盐)无明显影响;降雨前期氮素磷素污染物输出以颗粒态为主,且颗粒态土壤对磷素的富集作用强于氮素,在径流量输出前35%时,颗粒态污染物(PN、PP)占据总污染物(TN、TP)输出量的60%左右;整场降雨PN/TN、PP/TP输出EMC比重在40%~60%之间波动;在氮肥进入低水平稳定期后,降雨中氮素输出峰值稳定;独立田块出水中颗粒态污染物(SS、PN、PP)初期效应明显,而在混合田块出水中初期效应被弱化;污染物EMC指标输出特点为SSTNPNANNNTPPPPO。     

九龙江流域典型汇水区地表径流氮磷流失特征分析

选取九龙江流域5个典型汇水区,通过流域主要雨季天然降雨径流过程监测,对所获得的氮磷营养盐的监测数据进行归纳与分析,着重探讨了暴雨事件下径流氮磷流失及其形态的变化规律。结果表明:暴雨事件下农业汇水区地表径流氮输出以水溶态为主,磷以泥沙结合态为主,天然林地为主的汇水区则相反,前者以泥沙结合态为主,后者以水溶态为主;5个汇水区暴雨事件中总氮最高浓度值为日常采样浓度值的2.9～11.3倍,暴雨事件中总磷最高浓度值为日常采样浓度值的2.9～20.5倍;氮磷输出量均值的差异反映氮磷输出量大小受土壤质地、施肥量、土壤氮磷含量、土壤保水保肥性能等因素的综合影响。整个径流过程中水量和氮磷浓度随时间变化幅度较大,且2者变化呈大体相同的趋势。氮磷及其各形态的浓度多数在相同时间内达到峰值。泥沙结合态氮、水溶态磷变化幅度较小,水溶态氮和泥沙结合态磷浓度变化幅度较大。统计各汇水区雨量不同的降雨事件下氮磷流失负荷表明,特大暴雨对汇水区氮磷负荷的贡献非常显著。     

九龙江流域典型汇水区地表径流氮磷流失特征分析

选取九龙江流域5个典型汇水区，通过流域主要雨季天然降雨径流过程监测，对所获得的氮磷营养盐的监测数据进行归纳与分析，着重探讨了暴雨事件下径流氮磷流失及其形态的变化规律。结果表明：暴雨事件下农业汇水区地表径流氮输出以水溶态为主，磷以泥沙结合态为主，天然林地为主的汇水区则相反，前者以泥沙结合态为主，后者以水溶态为主；5个汇水区暴雨事件中总氮最高浓度值为日常采样浓度值的2．9～11．3倍，暴雨事件中总磷最高浓度值为日常采样浓度值的2．9～20．5倍；氮磷输出量均值的差异反映氮磷输出量大小受土壤质地、施肥量、土壤氮磷含量、土壤保水保肥性能等因素的综合影响。整个径流过程中水量和氮磷浓度随时间变化幅度较大，且2者变化呈大体相同的趋势。氮磷及其各形态的浓度多数在相同时间内达到峰值。泥沙结合态氮、水溶态磷变化幅度较小，水溶态氮和泥沙结合态磷浓度变化幅度较大。统计各汇水区雨量不同的降雨事件下氮磷流失负荷表明，特大暴雨对汇水区氮磷负荷的贡献非常显著。     

皖南丘陵地区小流域氮素径流输出的动态变化

以亚热带北部皖南丘陵地区小流域定位实地观测为基础 ,研究了农林共存小流域氮素径流输出规律。发现小流域氮素径流输出季节性变化明显。降雨和施肥是影响这一变化的重要因子 ,模拟分析表明 ,它们与氮素输出之间具有很好的线性相关关系     

皖南丘陵地区小流域氮素径流输出的动态变化

以亚热带北部皖南丘陵地区小流域定位实地观测为基础,研究了农林共存小流域氮素径流输出规律。发现小流域氮素径流输出季节性变化明显。降雨和施肥是影响这一变化的重要因子,模拟分析表明,它们与氮素输出之间具有很好的线性相关关系。     

辽宁浑河流域不同土地类型地表径流和壤中流氮、磷流失特征

采用人工模拟降雨的试验方法,研究了辽宁浑河流域主要土地利用类型的土壤在地表径流和壤中流中所产生的氮、磷流失特征。结果表明,（1）地表径流和壤中流氮、磷流失特征差异显著,地表径流氮、磷输出浓度均表现为降雨初期较高而后逐渐趋于稳定的特征;壤中流氮、磷输出浓度在整个径流过程中保持相对稳定。（2）在整个降雨径流过程中,耕地与草地氮、磷流失均以地表径流为主,随壤中流流失的氮、磷占输出量的比例较小。（3）耕地与草地中地表径流和壤中流氮、磷流失差异表明,土壤的水分下渗滤减机制对氮、磷流失具有很大的削减作用,草地中对总磷的削减作用尤为显著,可达90%以上。     

长三角地区典型稻作农业小流域氮素平衡及其污染潜势

江苏省句容市陈武镇水库流域是以稻作为主的农业小流域,在长三角地区颇具典型性。于2007年5月至2008年4月在该流域进行定位观测与现场调查,通过估算氮素平衡来分析预测流域农田氮污染潜势。结果表明,研究时段内流域氮素输入量为1 589.1 t,输出量为1 168.4 t。化肥氮输入是农田氮素的最主要来源,占氮输入总量的67.2%;而作物收获是农田氮输出的主要方式,占氮输出总量的46.7%。水田和旱地氮平衡均处于盈余状态,盈亏率分别为20.5%和52.4%,氮素利用率分别为33.6%和34.9%,利用率较低。水田47.8%的氮素以气态形式损失,气态氮和储存在土壤中的氮素极易导致大气和水体污染。     

香溪河流域坡耕地人工降雨条件下土壤氮素流失特征

采用人工模拟降雨条件下径流小区原位监测试验方法,对香溪河流域高风险输出源类黄棕壤坡耕地氮素随不同径流形式和泥沙的流失特征进行研究.结果显示,地表径流和壤中流的径流特征存在明显差异,次暴雨径流过程中,地表径流量约占总径流的68.44％,壤中流为31.56％.总氮、溶解态氮、NO3--N和NH4+-N的径流流失量分别为1.869、1.524、1.404和0.018kg·hm-2,壤中流流失总氮、溶解态氮、NO3--N的贡献率均在70％以上;地表径流氮素流失以颗粒态为主,壤中流以溶解态为主.次暴雨径流过程中氮素总流失量为2.90kg· hm-2,其中地表径流水相氮素流失量占14.56％,泥沙吸附态流失量占35.51％,壤中流流失量占49.93％.提高土壤的保肥蓄水能力,控制壤中流养分流失,对非点源污染控制具有重要作用.     

覆盖与间作对丹江口库区坡地茶园氮磷流失和土壤环境的影响

为探明丹江口库区坡地低龄茶园养分流失特征,通过田间实地监测,设计间作三叶草、秸秆覆盖和对照3个处理,研究了自然降雨条件下不同措施对氮磷养分径流流失的影响。结果表明,对地表径流量、土壤侵蚀量的控制效果均为秸秆覆盖间作三叶草对照,秸秆覆盖、间作三叶草的径流量比对照分别减少了45.87%、38.55%;泥沙量比对照分别减少了45.18%、32.94%。对不同处理方式茶园地表径流水体氮素形态特征分析表明,可溶性氮素占总氮的比例较高,占到64.16%—80.85%,可溶性氮素以硝态氮为主,铵态氮所占比重较低。磷素流失以颗粒态为主,占到62.10%—64.80%;对地表径流中氮、磷流失量的控制效果均为秸秆覆盖间作三叶草对照,间作三叶草和秸秆覆盖的总氮流失量分别比对照减少了59.28%、62.31%,总磷流失量分别比对照减少了51.82%、63.25%;间作三叶草和秸秆覆盖对茶园土壤温度、水分供应调控效果表现为:在不同时期均提高了表层土壤(0—20 cm)含水量,降低了土壤温度的变化幅度,具有升温时降温和降温时升温保温的动态调控作用。以上结果说明,秸秆覆盖和间作三叶草是两种切实有效和值得在丹江口库区大力推广的种植模式。     

Nitrogen export from an agriculture watershed in the Taihu Lake area, China

Temporal changes in nitrogen concentrations and stream discharge, as well as sediment and nitrogen losses from erosion plots with different land uses, were studied in an agricultural watershed in the Taihu Lake area in eastern China. The highest overland runoff loads and nitrogen losses were measured under the upland at a convergent footslope. Much higher runoff, sediment and nitrogen losses were observed under upland cropping and vegetable fields than that under chestnut orchard and bamboo forest. Sediment associated nitrogen losses accounted for 8-43.5% of total nitrogen export via overland runoff. N lost in dissolved inorganic nitrogen forms (NO(3-)-N + NH4+-N) accounted for less than 50% of total water associated nitrogen export. Agricultural practices and weather-driven fluctuation in discharge were main reasons for the temporal variations in nutrient losses via stream discharge. Significant correlation between the total nitrogen concentration and stream discharge load was observed. Simple regression models could give satisfactory results for prediction of the total nitrogen concentrations in stream water and can be used for better quantifying nitrogen losses from arable land. Nitrogen losses from the studied watershed via stream discharge during rice season in the year 2002 were estimated to be 10.5 kg N/ha using these simple models.     

Nitrogen Export from an Agriculture Watershed in the Taihu Lake Area, China

Temporal changes in nitrogen concentrations and stream discharge, as well as sediment and nitrogen losses from erosion plots with different land uses, were studied in an agricultural watershed in the Taihu Lake area in eastern China. The highest overland runoff loads and nitrogen losses were measured under the upland at a convergent footslope. Much higher runoff, sediment and nitrogen losses were observed under upland cropping and vegetable fields than that under chestnut orchard and bamboo forest. Sediment associated nitrogen losses accounted for 8–43.5% of total nitrogen export via overland runoff. N lost in dissolved inorganic nitrogen forms (NO ₃ ^– -N + NH ₄ ⁺ -N) accounted for less than 50% of total water associated nitrogen export. Agricultural practices and weather-driven fluctuation in discharge were main reasons for the temporal variations in nutrient losses via stream discharge. Significant correlation between the total nitrogen concentration and stream discharge load was observed. Simple regression models could give satisfactory results for prediction of the total nitrogen concentrations in stream water and can be used for better quantifying nitrogen losses from arable land. Nitrogen losses from the studied watershed via stream discharge during rice season in the year 2002 were estimated to be 10.5 kg N/ha using these simple models.     

苏北盐城海岸带陆源氮磷污染负荷估算初探

海岸带陆源氮磷污染输入是导致近海赤潮的主要原因,但目前尚缺乏系统的调查研究。文章采用野外实地调查和文献调研相结合的方法,从农田径流、养殖废水排放、居民生活污水和工业废水排放等几个方面,初步估算了盐城海岸带陆源氮磷污染负荷的分配情况。结果表明,盐城海岸带主要陆源污染源中,养殖水域氮磷排放总量为7641t和480t,分别占排放总量的75.1%、63.5%;其次为居民工矿的生活生产污水,其氮磷排放量为2083t和232t,占总排放量的20.5%、30.7%;农田目前看来不是盐城海岸带主要的陆源污染源,排放量仅占4.4%和5.8%。在当前海岸带陆源污染源治理中,除采取有力措施控制养殖水域养分流失外,农村和乡镇生活生产污水的排放也应引起重视。     

Case Study on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Emissions from Paddy Field in Taihu Region

The agricultural non-point source pollution by nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss from typical paddy soil (whitish soil, Bai Tu in Chinese) in the Taihu Lake region was investigated through a case study. Results shown that the net load of nutrients from white soil is 34.1 kg ha^–1 for total nitrogen (TN), distributed as 19.4 kg ha^–1, in the rice season and 14.7 kg ha^–1in the wheat season, and for total phosphorus (TP) 1.75 kg ha^–1, distributed as 1.16 kg ha^–1 in the rice season and 0.58 kg ha^–1 in the wheat season. The major chemical species of N loss is different in the two seasons. NH₄-N is main the form in the rice season (53% of TN). NO₃-N is the main form in wheat season (46% of TN). Particle-P is the main form in both seasons, (about 56% of TP). The nutrient loss varied with time of the year. The main loss of nutrients happened in the 10 days after planting, 64% of TN and 42% of TP loss, respectively. Rainfall and fertilizer application are the key factors which influence nitrogen and phosphorus loss from arable land, especially rainfall events shortly after fertilizer application. So it is very important to improve the field management of the nutrients and water during the early days of planting.     

不同施肥水平下菜地径流氮磷流失特征

研究施肥对菜地径流氮、磷流失的影响,对控制水体富营养化有重要意义。采用田间小区监测的方法,研究常规施肥、减量施肥1和减量施肥2等三种施肥水平对菜地径流氮磷流失的影响。结果表明,（1）不同施肥水平的径流氮、磷流失浓度均较高,径流TN、NH4＋-N、NO3--N的平均流失质量浓度分别在20.5~34、2.2~2.4、6.3~9.5 mg L-1之间,径流TP、DP的平均流失质量浓度分别在7.7~11.1、2.1~2.4 mg L-1之间,菜地土壤径流氮、磷流失风险较大。（2）减量施肥可明显降低径流TN和NO3--N的流失浓度,与当地常规施肥相比,减施肥料20%和30%可分别降低径流TN流失浓度的40%、32%和NO3--N流失浓度的23%、35%,而减量施肥对径流TP、DP的流失浓度影响不大。（3）不同施肥水平的径流TN、NO3--N流失负荷分别在5.8~7.6、1.6~2.3 kg hm-2之间,与常规施肥相比,减施肥料20%和30%可分别减少TN、NO3--N流失负荷的24%、19%和11%、29%。不同施肥水平的径流TP、DP流失负荷分别在1.7~2.9、2.5~2.7 kg hm-2之间,减量施肥并不能减少径流TP、DP的流失负荷。     

Case study on nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from paddy field in Taihu region

The agricultural non-point source pollution by nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss from typical paddy soil (whitish soil, Bai Tu in Chinese) in the Taihu Lake region was investigated through a case study. Results shown that the net load of nutrients from white soil is 34.1 kg ha(-1) for total nitrogen (TN), distributed as 19.4 kg ha(-1), in the rice season and 14.7 kg ha(-1) in the wheat season, and for total phosphorus (TP) 1.75 kg ha(-1), distributed as 1.16 kg ha(-1) in the rice season and 0.58 kg ha(-1) in the wheat season. The major chemical species of N loss is different in the two seasons. NH4-N is main the form in the rice season (53% of TN). NO3-N is the main form in wheat season (46% of TN). Particle-P is the main form in both seasons, (about 56% of TP). The nutrient loss varied with time of the year. The main loss of nutrients happened in the 10 days after planting, 64% of TN and 42% of TP loss, respectively. Rainfall and fertilizer application are the key factors which influence nitrogen and phosphorus loss from arable land, especially rainfall events shortly after fertilizer application. So it is very important to improve the field management of the nutrients and water during the early days of planting.     

旅游活动对九寨沟地表径流氮磷流失的影响研究

2005年4—9月,选择九寨沟旅游热点景点五花海与珍珠滩,设置了4组对比样地(干扰与未干扰对照),采用径流实验方法定位监测了25个降雨事件下的地表径流、湖边水体与地表降水中的全氮、全磷含量,分析了旅游活动对九寨沟核心景区林下地表径流与湖边水质中氮/磷含量的影响,探讨了旅游活动对湖泊水质变化的影响。研究发现:(1)地表径流中的全氮/全磷含量均显著高于近地表层降水中的全氮与全磷,也显著高于天然降水中的含量;(2)旅游活动后,径流全氮和全磷含量都增大;(3)径流全氮和全磷含量与土壤物理因子呈显著相关关系,地被覆盖因子中的凋落物因子影响径流全磷含量较显著;(4)地表径流全氮、全磷含量大于湖边水全氮、全磷含量,两者之间为正相关关系,表明旅游活动引起了氮/磷向湖泊的输入加大。研究结果提示,控制游客的游径扩大,湖岸边地被层植被恢复等措施是削减湖泊富营养化的有效措施。     

喀斯特小流域复杂景观中水质状况

以红枫湖流域周边一个受人为活动严重影响的农田源头溪流-王家寨小流域为研究对象,设置11个监测点研究硝酸盐（NO3-N）、氨态氮（NH4＋-N）、溶解性无机磷（PO4--P）、总磷（TP）和总悬浮物（TSS）在复杂景观中的变化状况。降雨后采样水中氮、磷含量明显低于雨后的地表积水,地表积水受各种影响,水质降低。水塘型湿地,其丰水期的PO43--P、TP、SS高于枯水期,与水循环条件较好的流水溪流还是存在明显的区别。从平均值来看,枯水期地表水和地下水TP都超过5级水质标准。水质与＂源＂景观的关系不明显,说明喀斯特小流域中复杂的景观结构对氮磷的截留作用。     

环太湖丘陵地区农田氮素随地表径流输出特征

对环太湖丘陵地区农田氮素随地表径流的输出特征进行了研究,结果表明,地表径流中TN浓度随径流量而变化,浓度峰值出现时间滞后于径流量峰值;径流发生前期,NH3 N和NO-3 N浓度水平相当,后期NO-3 N浓度缓慢抬升,而NH3 N含量缓慢下降;NO-2 N浓度相对较低,随时间快速下降;对于TN和NO-3 N而言,溶解态含量高于悬浮态,而溶解态和悬浮态NH3 N的浓度相当;无机氮平均浓度高于有机氮,有机氮尤其是悬浮态有机氮浓度表现出随径流量而变化的特点。