高岭土负载纳米铁镍双金属去除水中偶氮染料直接耐晒黑G

采用液相还原法制备焙烧高岭土负载纳米铁镍双金属（CK-Fe/Ni）。考察了在不同条件下,如pH、投加量、初始浓度、温度等,对负载型纳米铁镍双金属降解水中偶氮染料直接耐晒黑G的影响及动力学研究。结果表明：在pH=9.49、温度为30℃、负载型纳米铁镍双金属的投加量为1.05 g/L、搅拌速度为60 r/min,经过20 min反应后,负载型纳米铁镍双金属降解水中偶氮染料直接耐晒黑G的去除率达到了99.98%。吸附和电镜表征结果表明,作为载体的焙烧高岭土起着吸附直接耐晒黑G和分散纳米铁镍双金属颗粒的作用导致反应活性提高。降解动力学数据表明,负载型纳米铁镍双金属对直接耐晒黑G的降解过程符合伪一级反应动力学规律,速率常数k随负载型纳米铁镍双金属的投加量的增加而提高,表观活化能为19.72 kJ/mol。最后,利用高岭土负载纳米铁镍双金属对废水处理,结果表明,负载型纳米铁镍双金属在实际废水中对直接耐晒黑G的去除率达到了99.98%。     

Fe_3O_4@SiO_2/TiO_2核壳结构纳米颗粒降解TNT溶液

针对TNT炸药废水具有成分复杂、排放量大、有毒等特点,立足于炸药废水在排放前的降解处理,研究开发一种基于核壳结构Fe3O4@SiO2/TiO2纳米颗粒的高效、可控回收、无二次污染且成本低的光催化降解方法。利用高温碳还原法和溶胶凝胶法制备了具有核壳结构的Fe3O4@SiO2/TiO2纳米颗粒。XRD分析表明,内核Fe3O4呈现磁铁矿特征,表面覆盖的纳米TiO2为锐钛矿型。磁滞回线测试结果显示,复合颗粒的饱和磁化强度为46.5 emu/g,N2吸附-解吸分析结果表明,该颗粒具有典型的介孔结构。使用Fe3O4@SiO2/TiO2纳米颗粒在紫外光下对含TNT废水进行降解,降解率达到81.9%,且颗粒的回收率达到88.4%,为实现高效、可控回收、无二次污染光催化-吸附降解TNT奠定了基础。     

Ag@SiO_2核壳粒子SERS快速检测辛基酚

以Ag@SiO_2核壳粒子为基底,利用表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术实现酚类内分泌干扰物的快速检测。采用柠檬酸钠还原硝酸银制得银纳米粒子,以正硅酸乙酯为硅源,在银纳米颗粒表面包裹不同厚度的SiO_2得到Ag@SiO_2核壳粒子。通过透射电镜、紫外光谱、X射线衍射等表征手段对Ag@SiO_2核壳粒子进行了表征和分析。以辛基酚为探针研究Ag@SiO_2粒子表面增强拉曼效应与SiO_2厚度、核壳粒子浓度的关系及辛基酚的检测限,并以此法检测实际环境样品中辛基酚的含量。结果表明,辛基酚的表面增强拉曼效应随着Ag@SiO_2壳厚的增加而减弱,随着辛基酚浓度的增大而增强,且在1 390 cm~(-1)处的峰强信息与浓度有着良好的线性关系,辛基酚最低检测限浓度为1μg·L~(-1),可以实现辛基酚的SERS检     

纳米钯?铝双金属对水中3-氯酚的脱氯降解研究

采用置换沉积法制备了纳米钯/铝双金属催化剂,氢解还原去除水相中难降解有毒有机物3-氯酚(3-CP),考察了溶液pH、钯负载量、纳米钯/铝双金属投加量、反应温度对脱氯效果的影响并解析相关反应机制。结果表明:(1)初始pH 3.0时,沉积液中93.25%(质量分数,下同)～96.67%的钯可有效负载于铝材上。(2)在pH为3.0、纳米钯/铝双金属投加量为2g/L、钯负载量为1.16%(质量分数)、反应温度为25℃下降解初始摩尔浓度为0.389mmol/L的3-CP,反应终了时脱氯率在99%以上。利用纳米钯/铝双金属降解氯代有机污染物具有高效低耗的优势,在实际应用上具有较好的前景。     

TiO／NiFe2O4磁性纳米光催化剂的制备及其光催化性能研究

先用水热法制备了纳米级NiFe2O4磁核，然后采用均匀沉淀法在NiFe2O4磁核表面包覆TiO2，制备了一种新型磁性纳米光催化剂TiO2／NiFe2O4。通过实验确定了制备TiO2／NiFe2O4的最佳Ti／Ni（摩尔比）为30／1，用X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、紫外-可见（UV—Vis）漫反射、热重一差示扫描量热分析（TG-DSC）、磁力学测试等手段对其进行了表征。以甲基橙的水溶液为模拟污染物，评价了TiO2／NiFe2O4的光催化性能，在光照2h后，甲基橙的脱色率可达98．5％。研究结果表明，TiO2／NiFe2O4是一种可重复使用的高效光催化剂。     

TiO2/NiFe2O2磁性纳米光催化剂的制备及其光催化性能研究

先用水热法制备了纳米级NiFe2O2磁核,然后采用均匀沉淀法在NiFe2O2磁核表面包覆TiO2,制备了一种新型磁性纳米光催化剂TiO2/NiFe2O2通过实验确定了制备TiO2/NiFe2O2的最佳Ti/Ni(摩尔比)为30/1,用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外-可见(UV-Vis)漫反射、热重-差示扫描量热分析(TG-DSC)、磁力学测试等手段对其进行了表征.以甲基橙的水溶液为模拟污染物,评价了TiO2/NiFe2O2的光催化性能,在光照2 h后,甲基橙的脱色率可达98.5%.研究结果表明,TiO2/NiFe2O2是一种可重复使用的高效光催化剂.     

静电纺丝法制备的纳米纤维在环境污染治理中的应用研究进展

静电纺丝法可实现多种材料一维纳米结构的构筑,对纳米纤维的粗糙结构、直径、比表面积、堆积密度和连通性精准可控,在环境领域具有广阔的应用前景。系统介绍了静电纺丝法制备的纳米纤维在过滤、催化氧化、吸附、固定酶及物理性污染等领域的应用,并指出了目前研究存在的问题和今后研究的方向,旨在为进一步扩宽纳米纤维在环境污染治理领域中的应用。     

钛修饰电极的制备及电化学性能比较

通过电沉积法在钛网(Ti)上负载钯、钯镍双金属及聚吡咯(PPy)双金属，对比研究不同修饰对电极电化学催化活性的影响。循环伏安测试(CV)表明，在最佳制备条件下，Pd/Ti电极在-500 mV(以Hg/Hg₂SO₄为参比电极)左右获得氢吸附峰值为-59.47 mA；引入Ni制备双金属修饰电极(PdNi/Ti电极)获得氢吸附峰值为-64.40 mA，双金属修饰电极表现出较好的电催化性能；吡咯修饰后制得的Pd-Ni/PPy/Ti电极获得的氢吸附峰值最大，峰值为-80.14 mA，电催化性能更优。扫描电镜(SEM)分析了Ni和PPy的引入对电极表面形态的改变。利用原子发射光谱(AES)分析了电极表面Pd、Ni金属的负载量。实验表明，Ni与PPy的引入使Pd-Ni/PPy/Ti电极在大大减少钯负载量的情况下，仍具有很好的电催化性能，电化学脱氯潜能也很大。     

Ni／Fe／Al2O3·PVDF催化还原剂的表征及制备过程优化

在PVDF基体改性的基础上，采用浸渍法制备出Ni／Fe／Al2O3PVDF催化还原剂。通过对一氯乙酸的脱氯效果研究，对交联液配比及交联时间、不同浓度硫酸镍浸渍时间、镍铁比等因素进行优化，实验优化结果表明，Ni／Fe／Al2O3PVDF催化还原剂对一氯乙酸脱氯60min脱氯率达到64％。经SEM表征，制备出的双金属在膜载体表面及断面分布均匀，呈球状和片状结构且双金属未发生团聚。     

Au@Ag致密单层膜的组装及对农药残留的SERS检测

采用聚合物溶液组装法构筑致密Au@Ag核壳单层膜结构,用作SERS基底检测有机磷农药,具有高灵敏性和重现性。Au@Ag核壳纳米立方体首先通过种子生长法合成,然后用功能化的配体聚乙二醇巯基(m PEG-SH)进行修饰获得有序的致密单层膜结构。该结构的形成归因于适量m PEG-SH的加入可以精确调节颗粒间以及颗粒与基底间的相互作用力,使得基底表面的纳米粒子重新排列。这种有序的单层膜结构用作SERS基底具有稳定和高重现的SERS信号,用于检测乙基对氧磷农药残留时检测限低至10~(-8)mol·L~(-1)(2.75μg·m L~(-1))。该聚合物组装方法为构建高灵敏和高重现性的SERS基底提供了一个有效的途径,为SERS技术在农药残留检测领域的推广应用打下了基础。     

挥发性有机废气净化技术研究进展

综述了微波催化氧化、膜基吸收净化、生物过滤净化和纳米材料净化对废气中的挥发性有机化合物的研究进展及应用     

水中氯代有机化合物处理方法及研究进展

对氯代有机物的污染进行治理是水污染控制的重要课题。本文总结了可用于水中氯代有机物处理的一些方法的近期研究成果，同时也讨论了生物法、光催化氧化法和双金属还原法的各自特点及应用前景     

光催化处理二甲苯废气的影响因素研究

使用自制光催化反应器,以多孔型载体分别负载纳米TiO2和普通TiO2,以256～265 nm紫外光为光源,探讨了TiO2光催化处理二甲苯废气的影响因素及处理性能.结果发现,在以纳米型TiO2作为催化剂、在紫外光强为1000 W且布光均匀、风量为1000 m3/h、进口浓度350 mg/m3、通入臭氧的工况条件下运行,整个系统对二甲苯的去除率平均在90%以上.     

Environmental threats to buried archaeological remains

The last century's environmental pollution has created health problems, acidification of ground and lakes, and serious damage to our cultural heritage. Outdoor monuments suffer from this pollution, but so do buried archaeological remains. However, research on the deterioration of archaeological artifacts underground has so far been limited, and it is important to draw attention to this neglected field. This article presents results obtained at the Swedish National Heritage Board on the degradation of archaeological objects of bronze and iron and of bones from prehistoric graves, materials of which seem to be most affected by pollutants. The investigation methods, which were employed, are described. Other relevant studies are briefly reviewed. It is obvious that the deterioration rate of archaeological artifacts, especially of inorganic materials, has accelerated in recent years, and that this increased deterioration to a large part can be attributed to anthropogenic pollution. Regions that might be endangered are exemplified.     

Heterogeneous water phase catalysis as an environmental application: a review

Catalytic water phase processes as an environmental application is a relatively novel subject with tremendous potential in the near future. This review of 120 references presents the wide scale of heterogeneous water phase applications studied mainly within past five years. Both oxidation and hydrogenation processes are included as well as TiO₂ assisted photocatalysis. According to the references, heterogeneous catalysis is developing rapidly. New bimetallic catalysts and supports with higher surface area have improved catalytic efficiency in both oxidation and hydrogenation processes. It also seems that study on use of some waste materials such as red mud as catalyst is a very progressive field. On the whole, the chemical aspects are pretty well known, but the catalyst durability, and in many cases activity as well, has to be improved.     

纳米TiO2光催化的改良及其在环境工程中的新应用

综述了近年来纳米TiO2光催化剂改良的最新技术,包括对其的改性及与其他技术的联合运用,以提高纳米TiO2的光催化效率;探讨了其在环境工程中的新应用,并就今后纳米TiO2光催化剂的研究发展方向提出了一些建议.     

Bimetallic iron-aluminum particles for dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride

Bimetallic iron-aluminum (Fe/Al) particles were synthesized and tested for their reactivity toward carbon tetrachloride using batch reactors and a flow-through column at near neutral pH. Preparation of bimetallic Fe/Al particles was conducted under acidic conditions under which iron was readily deposited onto the aluminum surface. The SEM image showed clusters of iron on the aluminum surface at the measured Fe:Al molar ratio of about 2:3. Results showed that the presence of zero-valent aluminum successfully prevented the formation of a passive layer at the iron surface and maintained the reactivity of iron. The dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride by bimetallic Fe/Al particles produced chloroform (9%), dichloromethane (17%) and methane (38%). Kinetic analysis suggests that bimetallic Fe/Al particles increased the reactivity toward carbon tetrachloride degradation by a factor of 10 compared to zero-valent iron and possessed a comparable reactivity with nano-sized Fe. The effectiveness of bimetallic Fe/Al particles was further confirmed by the continuous flow column study from which an ageing of bimetallic particles was also observed.     

环境材料及其评价方法

本文综述了环境材料的实质、特点及其与传统材料在主要内涵、研究重点、评价指标体系和材料选择原则的差异 ,并介绍了环境材料的评价体系与方法和设计原则     

绿色高分子材料及其发展展望

介绍了环境友好的绿色高分子材料的重要性，列举了几种可降解高分子材料的类型及其特性，从可降解塑料的研制方面谈及充分、合理地利用资源，同时展望绿色高分子材料的应用前景。     

Insight into the dynamic microbial community and core bacteria in composting from different sources by advanced bioinformatics methods

Microbial communities are important for high composting efficiency and good quality composts. This study was conducted to compare the changes of physicochemical and bacterial characteristics in composting from different raw materials, including chicken manure (CM), duck manure (DM), sheep manure (SM), food waste (FW), and vegetable waste (VW). The role and interactions of core bacteria and their contribution to maturity in diverse composts were analyzed by advanced bioinformatics methods combined sequencing with co-occurrence network and structural equation modeling (SEM). Results indicated that there were obviously different bacterial composition and diversity in composting from diverse sources. FW had a low pH and different physiochemical characteristics compared to other composts but they all achieved similar maturity products. Redundancy analysis suggested total organic carbon, phosphorus, and temperature governed the composition of microbial species but key factors were different in diverse composts. Network analysis showed completely different interactions of core bacterial community from diverse composts but Thermobifida was the ubiquitous core bacteria in composting bacterial network. Sphaerobacter and Lactobacillus as core genus were presented in the starting mesophilic and thermophilic phases of composting from manure (CM, DM, SM) and municipal solid waste (FW, VW), respectively. SEM indicated core bacteria had the positive, direct, and the biggest (>?80%) effects on composting maturity. Therefore, this study presents theoretical basis to identify and enhance the core bacteria for improving full-scale composting efficiency facing more and more organic wastes.