脉冲放电等离子体-催化耦合降解室内甲醛的研究

利用脉冲放电等离子体-催化耦合技术,进行模拟室内空气循环降解甲醛的实验,对比了3种净化方式(紫外光催化、等离子体单独作用与等离子体-催化耦合)的甲醛降解效果,并考察了中心电极的极性、催化剂活性炭板与中心电极的距离对甲醛降解效果的影响.结果表明,相对单独的紫外光催化和等离子体作用而言,等离子体-催化耦合多重功效结合的甲醛降解效果更好,降解速率也更快；中心电极为正极的电场的甲醛降解效果优于中心电极为负极的电场；随着催化剂活性炭板与中心电极距离的不断扩大,直至板移动至电场外部的过程中,甲醛的降解率表现为先上升后下降的趋势,催化剂活性炭板与中心电极的距离存在一个最佳值,本研究的最佳距离为15mm.     

催化湿式过氧化法处理蒽醌-2-磺酸钠废水

以过渡金属Cu为主活性组分,通过加入第2活性组分Mn和稀土元素Ce,研制出适用于催化湿式过氧化法(CWPO)处理含高浓度蒽醌-2-磺酸钠有机废水的复合催化剂。考察了活性组分配比对催化剂的催化活性和稳定性的影响,并利用SEM和XRD表征手段,研究了掺杂Ce对催化剂表面微观结构的影响。结果表明,当Cu、Mn和Ce的质量比为-时,催化剂的催化性能最佳,在100 min内,废水COD的去除率能达到95.3%;掺杂Ce能有效提高活性组分在催化剂表面的分散程度从而改善催化剂的催化活性,并能有效抑制Cu的溶出。通过LC-MS分析该催化剂催化氧化蒽醌-2-磺酸钠降解过程中的代谢产物,推断出了催化氧化降解蒽醌-2-磺酸钠的途径。     

CuO/γ-Al_2O_3的制备及其湿式催化氧化性能研究

针对常温常压的废水双氧水催化氧化,采用浸渍法制备CuO/γ-Al2O3催化剂,利用比表面积、XRD手段表征了制备工艺对催化剂的影响,以模拟苯酚废水为研究对象考察催化剂的催化性能.研究表明,焙烧温度和活性组分含量等显著影响催化剂的性能,催化剂对双氧水催化氧化苯酚溶液具有较高的催化活性.     

固体超强酸和金属氧化物类催化剂上CH4-SCR还原NOx研究进展

由于还原剂甲烷价廉易得,甲烷选择性催化还原NOx(简称CH4-SCR)被认为是最有潜力替代NH3-SCR的催化还原技术.现有的CH4-SCR催化剂中,分子筛类催化剂因催化活性高而被广泛研究,但由于其水热稳定性不好,使得非分子筛负载的催化剂成为近年来的研究热点,其中主要包括固体超强酸和氧化物两大类.综述了这两类催化体系在催化活性、反应机理及掺杂改性等方面的研究现状,比较了各种催化剂的优缺点,并对CH4-SCR的发展前景进行了展望.     

催化湿式氧化中负载型催化剂的稳定性与应用

催化剂在应用过程中必须具有良好的催化活性和稳定性.优化制备的CuO/γ-Al2O3催化剂用于处理高浓度难降解的乳化液废水时具有良好的催化活性,在200℃时反应2 h,TOC去除率为81.3%,比未加催化剂的湿式氧化提高了14.9%.该催化剂对分散兰废水具有更高的活性和稳定性:在220℃反应1.5 h后,COD和TOC去除率分别为68.8%和56.5%,比非催化氧化分别提高了18.7%和18.9%.     

CuO/γ-Al_2O_3负载型催化剂催化燃烧处理油烟

采用等体积漫渍法制备不同CuO负载量的CuO/γ-Al2O3负载型催化剂,用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜对该催化剂负载层活性组分的表面形态、晶相结构和颗粒大小进行表征,考察了该催化荆催化燃烧处理油烟的催化活性(以油烟净化效率表征).结果显示,催化活性随CuO负载量的增加.反应温度的升高而提高,但随烟气流量的增大而降低;在CuO负载量为20%(质量分数)、反应温度为350℃.烟气流量为5 L/min的最佳实验条件下,CuO/γ-Al2O3负载型催化剂的油烟净化效率最高.可达88.6%.该催化剂对油烟的催化燃烧具有较高的催化活性.     

柴油车排气颗粒物的后处理技术

本文分析探讨了柴油机排气颗粒物的组成、危害及后处理技术。介绍了颗粒捕集器及其消极和积极再生方法、采用氧化催化剂或四效催化剂的催化净化器和低温等离子体 -催化净化技术。     

催化湿式氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液的研究

以非贵金属Cu、Fe、Mn和Ce为主要活性成分和TiO2、γ-Al2O3为载体，制备了10种用于催化湿式氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液的催化剂。考察了载体、焙烧温度、成分配比对催化剂催化活性与稳定性的影响，研究了氧气分压、催化剂投加量、反应温度和反应时间对催化湿式氧化过程的影响规律。结果表明：（1）Fe-Mn／γ-Al2O3（3：1：1）催化剂是催化湿式氧化法处理糖蜜酒精废液的可选催化剂；（2）适宜的氧气供应量为理论需氧量的3．4～4．6倍。催化剂的投加量以10g／L为佳；在300℃下反应30min或在280℃下反应60min,处理水可达到污水综合排放标准GB9878—1996的三级标准。     

柴油车排气颗粒物的后处理技术

本文分析探讨了柴油机排气颗粒物的组成、危害及后处理技术。介绍了颗粒捕集器及其消极和积极再生方法、采用氧化催化剂或四效催化剂的催化净化器和低温等离子体—催化净化技术。     

以污泥为载体的金属氧化物脱硝催化剂的研究

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为原料,用氯化锌、硝酸锰和硝酸铁化学浸渍、高温热解制备脱除NO的催化剂.用微型气固相催化反应装置考察了该催化剂在CO选择性催化还原NO中的应用效果及寿命.实验结果表明:在350～550℃时的催化活性较高,在450℃时NO的最大转化率可达97.1%;催化剂的活性良好,经660 min的活性测试,催化剂的活性只降低了约3%.对该催化剂进行了BET、X射线衍射和扫描电镜分析,结果表明,该催化剂具有丰富的晶体结构,而且表面及空隙间负载的活性粒子较多,这些特征也表明该催化剂具有良好的催化性能.     

Pesticides in rainfall in Europe

Papers and published reports investigating the presence of pesticides in rainfall in Europe were reviewed. Approximately half of the compounds that were analysed for were detected. For those detected, most concentrations were below about 100 ng/l, but larger concentrations, up to a few thousand nanograms per litre, were detected occasionally at most monitoring sites. The most frequently detected compounds were lindane (gamma-HCH) and its isomer (alpha-HCH), which were detected on 90-100% of sampling occasions at most of the sites where they were monitored. For compounds developed more recently, detection was usually limited to the spraying season. A classification of pesticides according to their deposition pattern is proposed.     

Lead poisoning in swans in Japan

We investigated the occurrence, source and exposure time of lead poisoning in whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus cygnus) and Bewick's swans (Cygnus columbianus bewickii) in Japan during the winters of 1984-1987. Concentrations of lead in various tissues and physiological evidence of lead shot in some birds indicated that lead shotgun pellets were the source of lead, and exposure occurred after the birds arrived in Japan. Mortality probably occurred within 30 days after exposure to, and retention of, lead shot in the gizzard.     

Differences in Cu content in selected mushroom species growing in the same unpolluted areas in Poland

The aim of the study was to estimate copper (Cu) accumulation efficiency in whole-fruiting bodies of 18 edible and non-edible wild growing mushrooms collected from 27 places in the Wielkopolska Voivodeship. Mushrooms were collected each time from the same places to estimate the diversity in Cu accumulation between tested mushroom species within 3 consecutive years of study (2011–2013). The study results revealed various accumulation of Cu in the whole-tested mushroom fruiting bodies. The highest mean accumulation of Cu was observed in Macrolepiota procera (119.4 ± 20.0 mg kg^?1 dm), while the lowest was in Suillus luteus and Russula fellea fruiting bodies (16.1 ± 3.0 and 18.8 ± 4.6 mg kg^?1 dm, respectively). Significant differences in Cu accumulation between mushroom species collected in 2011 and in the two following years (2012 and 2013) were observed. The results indicated that sporadic consumption of these mushrooms was not related to excessive intake of Cu for the human body (no toxic influence on health).     

Large-scale spatial variation in mercury concentrations in cattle in NW Spain

Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic environmental contaminant and man-made emissions account for between a quarter and a third of total atmospheric levels. Point discharges, particularly coal-burning power stations, are major sources of atmospheric Hg and can result in marked spatial variation in mercury deposition and subsequent uptake by biota. The aims of this study were to quantify the extent to which major point and diffuse sources of atmospheric Hg emissions affected accumulation of Hg by biota throughout Galicia and Asturias, two of the major regions in northwest Spain. We did this by relating renal Hg concentrations in locally reared cattle (n=284) to the proximity of animals to point and diffuse sources of Hg emissions. Mercury residues in calf kidneys ranged between non-detected and 89.4 g/kg wet weight. Point discharges from coal-fired power plants in Galicia had the most dominant impact on Hg accumulation by calves in Galicia, affecting animals throughout the region and explaining some two-thirds of the variation in renal residues between animals located directly downwind from the plants. The effects of more diffuse emission sources on Hg accumulation in calves were not distinguishable in Galicia but were detected in cattle from neighbouring Asturias. The impact of both point and diffuse sources in elevating environmental levels of bioavailable Hg and subsequent accumulation by cattle extended to approximately 140-200 km downwind from source.     

Mercury in fish in Swedish lakes

The aim of this work has been to try to obtain a picture of the past, present and future mercury situation in fish in Swedish lakes, to make an estimate of the number of lakes threatened by 'blacklisting', and to see if the data can be used to reveal anything about the impact of liming on the Hg content in pike. The register contains a broad set of data from 1456 lakes. The main results are as follows. Trend analyses indicate that the Hg content in 1-kg pike seems to increase with time. This is interesting since there has been a significant decrease in mercury emissions from Swedish industries during the last two decades. High Hg contents in 1-kg pike appear in a very characteristic pattern, linked to specific sources of Hg emission. The data indicate that old Swedish 'sins' are still causing a lot of problems. The factors governing the leakage of Hg from soils to water ought to be a very important topic for further studies. The Hg content in pike shows the highest correlation with the following parameters: Hg in surficial sediments, pH, distance from point source and water hardness, lake water alkalinity and conductivity, water retention time, size of drainage area and lake surface. A formula which provides the best possible degree of explanation (r2 = 0.78) has been derived. At present there are about 250 lakes 'blacklisted' in Sweden due to high Hg content in fish. Our data show that there are at least 9400 lakes that ought to be 'blacklisted' today. A successful liming operation will alter the chemical conditions in lakes and also decrease the Hg content in fish.     

Trends in summer sulphate in Europe

A trend analysis of the sulphate concentration in Europe in the summer half-year was performed. Data from various measuring networks were analysed, but only stations with quality assured sampling methods and a record of more than 10 years were included in the study. 1978 served as the reference year for the trend, because in that year most stations started operation. The relatively dense network in Belgium provided the most valuable data, as evidenced by the fact that two sites at a distance of only 10 km apart correlated better than 95% over a month. The two sites also show a correlation of better than 90% over a season with two other stations at distances of 45 and 95 km. The relative decrease in summer-sulphate at the four stations in Belgium, as analysed by linear regression, was 3.3% per year which corresponds to an absolute decrease of 0.42 μgm⁻³ per year. In the Netherlands the average yearly decrease in summer-sulphate at two stations was 3.5% (−0.34 μgm⁻³). In other countries stations were further apart or only a single site wits in use, which limits the representativeness of the data. In northwestern Germany, a region with several monitoring stations, a yearly averaged decrease of 3.0% occurred. The lower absolute decrease (0.25 μgm⁻³) per year compared to that in the two neighbouring countries reflects the lower summer-time sulphate concentrations. In the remainder of Germany the average decrease was 1.6%. In South-Scandinavia the yearly relative decrease at two sites was 2.6% (0.13 μgm⁻³ absolute). There was no significant trend in the U.K. Al the Polish station the levels increased, it decreased at the Hungarian and Austrian station and remained constant at the Czechoslovakian site. Reasons for omission of the data from France from the trend analysis are discussed.     

Pesticide levels in surface waters in an agricultural-forestry basin in Southern Chile

Residues of five pesticides in surface water were surveyed during 2001 and 2003 in the Traiguen river basin in Southern Chile. Simazine, hexazinone, 2,4-D, picloram herbicides and carbendazim fungicide were selected through a pesticide risk classification index. Six sampling stations along the river were set up based on agricultural and forestry land use. The water sampling was carried out before and after the pesticide application periods and in correspondence to some rain events. Pesticides were analyzed by HPLC with DAD detection in a multiresidue analysis. During 2001, in the first sampling campaign (March), the highest concentrations of pesticides were 3.0 microg l(-1) for simazine and hexazinone and 1.8 microg l(-1) for carbendazim. In the second sampling (September), the highest concentration were 9.7 microg l(-1) for 2,4-D, 0.3 microg l(-1) for picloram and 0.4 microg l(-1) for carbendazim. In the last sampling period (December), samples indicated contamination with carbendazim fungicide at levels of up to 1.2 microg l(-1). In sampling carried out on May 2003, no pesticides were detected. In October 2003, the highest concentrations of pesticides were 4.5 microg l(-1) for carbendazim and 2.9 microg l(-1) for 2,4-D. Data are discussed in function of land use and application periods of the products, showing a clear seasonal pattern pollution in the Traiguen river. Risk assessment for these pesticides was calculated by using a risk quotient (RQ = PNEC/PEC). For picloram the calculated RQ < was 0, which indicates that no adverse effects may occur due to the exposure to this herbicide in the Traiguen river basin. For 2,4-D, simazine, hexazinone, carbendazim RQ > 1, meaning that adverse effects could occur and it is necessary to reduce pesticide exposure in surface waters. It is recommended to continue with a pesticide monitoring program and the implementation of ecotoxicological testing with local and standardized species in order to consider the probability of effects occurrence, with less uncertainty. Thus, it will be more feasible to make some recommendations to regulatory agencies regarding the pesticide use.     

Heavy metal contamination in bats in Britain

Toxic metals are bioaccumulated by insectivorous mammals but few studies (none from Britain) have quantified residues in bats. We measured renal mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations in bats from south-west England to determine how they varied with species, sex, age, and over time, and if they were likely to cause adverse effects. Residues were generally highest in whiskered bats (Myotis mystacinus). Compared with other species, pipistrelle (Pipistrellus spp) and Natterer's bats (Myotis nattereri) had significantly lower kidney Hg and Pb concentrations, respectively. Renal Hg increased over time in pipistrelles but the contributory sources are unknown. Kidney Pb did not decrease over time despite concurrent declines in atmospheric Pb. Overall, median renal metal concentrations were similar to those in bats from mainland Europe and 6- to 10-fold below those associated with clinical effect, although 5% of pipistrelles had kidney Pb residues diagnostic of acute lead poisoning.     

大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究进展

二（口/恶）（口/英）是世界公认的强致癌物质,对人体健康危害极大.近年来,大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）的研究已成为各国环境化学家研究的热点.本文总结了近年来国际上有关大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究的进展情况,以及所取得的主要研究成果,并在此基础上指出了我国目前研究中存在的问题及以后所应开展的工作.