重庆市生态系统服务与人类福祉耦合关系模拟

以重庆市为研究对象,利用生态系统服务价值修正模型和人类综合发展指数法分别测度生态系统服务价值和人类福祉,构建了生态系统服务与人类福祉耦合关系系统动力学模型.结果表明:(1)2010～2020年,重庆市各区县生态系统服务价值整体上不断提高,空间分布差异性显著;人类福祉指数呈上升趋势,从2010年的0.31翻倍增长至2020年的0.62.(2)2010～2020年,构建的耦合关系系统动力学模型拟合精度高,其历史检验绝对误差均在10%以下,预测未来多情景具有可靠性.(3) 2020-2050年,重庆市生态系统服务价值、人类福祉指数和人均GDP在设定的4种情景下均呈上升的趋势;能源消耗总量在维持现状和经济优先情景下呈上升趋势;在生态优先和平衡协调情景下呈下降趋势.(4)平衡协调情景既能满足重庆市经济发展需求,又能统筹兼顾环境保护,是最优发展情景.     

基于生态系统服务的生态承载力:概念、内涵与评估模型及应用

生态承载力是生态学研究的难点之一,是较资源承载力、环境承载力等更为复杂和综合的概念.论文在分析当前生态承载力研究进展的基础上提出以"生态系统—生态系统服务—人口和经济(承载力)"为研究主线的基于生态系统服务的生态承载力(Ecosystem-Servicesbased Ecological Carrying Capacity,ESECC)的定义,即某个区域生态系统的结构、过程及其空间格局决定的生态系统服务所能支撑的具有一定发展水平的人口和经济规模,并构建ESECC评估模型:将所有与人类密切相关的生态系统服务纳入评估模型,把生态系统和人类活动看作"黑箱",针对每种生态系统服务分别评估其承载力,并根据"短板效应"取最小值作为区域生态承载力.最后以全球重要农业文化遗产"云南红河哈尼稻作梯田系统"核心保护区之一云南省红河县为例对ESECC评估模型进行案例研究.     

旅游区循环经济生态系统的构建

对旅游区循环经济生态系统的概念进行解释,分析了其组成与特征.并运用模型化的研究方法探讨各系统构成规律,旅游区循环经济生态系统由内生子系统、外生子系统、共生子系统组成,具有开放性、循环性、层次性、本土性、自我调节性等基本特征。     

煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用:模型·实证

为研究煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用,基于系统动力学原理构建一般情况下煤炭开采对生态系统功能胁迫作用的系统动力学模型,分析不同情境下煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用特征,并以淮河流域典型煤炭资源型城市——淮南市为例进行实证研究. 结果表明:煤炭开采对生态系统功能有胁迫作用,政府是重要影响因素;不同情境下煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用不同,表现为情境一(理想状态)<情境二(良性状态)<情境三(一般状态)<情境四(停滞状态)<情境五(糟糕状态);生态治理投资系数和煤炭开采技术投资系数的比值越大,则煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用越小. 实证结果通过有效性检验,表明该研究建立的系统动力学模型具有可靠性. 当前淮南市生态治理投资和煤炭开采技术投资的比值为0.511,表明淮南市生态系统功能系统和煤炭开采系统处于一般状态. 研究显示,政府在维持生态系统功能稳态中发挥着一定作用. 煤炭开采对生态系统功能的胁迫作用特征:当生态治理投资系数和煤炭开采技术投资系数的比值为0时,生态系统功能系统和煤炭开采系统处于糟糕状态;当比值为(0,1)时,处于一般状态;当比值为1时,处于良性状态;当比值大于1时,两大系统进入理想状态.      

高寒灌丛退化演替过程对生态系统呼吸温度敏感性的影响

放牧是高寒草甸退化演替过程中最主要人为驱动力之一.为定量研究高寒草甸不同退化阶段生态系统呼吸速率的温度敏感性,本研究于2003年7月~2004年7月在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统研究站,利用密闭箱-气相色谱法观测了高寒灌丛不同退化阶段生态系统呼吸速率季节变化.结果表明:1高寒灌丛不同退化阶段生态系统呼吸速率季节变化均表现为单峰曲线,最大值出现在草盛期8月,最小值出现在冬季10~次年4月.退化演替过程显著降低了高寒灌丛生态系统呼吸速率.观测期灌丛(GG)、丛间草甸(GC)和裸地(GL)的生态系统呼吸速率变化范围分别为34.21~1 168.23、2.30~1 112.38和20.40~509.72 mg·(m2·h)-1,灌丛(GG)呼吸速率平均值分别是丛间草甸(GC)和裸地(GL)的1.29倍和2.56倍.2温度是生态系统呼吸速率的主要影响因子,可以解释系统呼吸速率25%~79%以上的变异.退化演替过程显著地改变了生态系统呼吸速率与温度的相关性,当地表植被消失,灌丛退化为次生裸地后,生态系统呼吸速率与各温度指标Ts、Td、Ta之间的相关性(R2)分别降低47.23%、46.95%和55.28%.3Q10值在冷暖季节差异显著(P0.05),表现为冷季暖季.退化演替过程改变了生态系统呼吸的温度敏感性.观测期灌丛(GG)、丛间草地(GC)和裸地(GL)Q10值分别为2.38、2.91和1.62,与灌丛(GG)相比,丛间草甸(GC)Q10值增加了22.26%,而裸地(GL)Q10值降低了31.93%.     

基于灰色极大熵原理的三峡库区(重庆段)生态系统健康评价

三峡库区(重庆段)是典型的河道型水库生态脆弱带,生态系统本底条件较差.明确库区生态系统健康状况及其胁迫因子,对促进库区可持续发展、维护三峡库区生态安全具有重要的现实意义.针对三峡库区(重庆段)目前的生态系统特点,构建了自然-社会-经济复合生态系统健康状况评价指标体系,并在灰色系统理论基础上,将信息论中Jaynes最大信息熵原理引入到生态系统健康评价当中,对三峡库区(重庆段)复合生态系统健康进行了评价.结果表明,三峡库区(重庆段)生态系统正处于急剧变化的过渡阶段,生态系统的生产、调节和服务功能分异明显.三峡库区(重庆段)生态系统东段的健康程度总体上好于西段,但东段内部空间分异明显,结构复杂.针对三峡库区(重庆段)现存的生态环境问题,提出了相应的调控措施和途径.     

中国西部生态系统的水问题综合评估研究——以三工河流域为例

基于中国西部生态系统综合评估的概念框架,提出了该评估的水问题评估目标和概念框架,并以三工河流域为研究对象,通过对不同年份生态系统服务价值的评估,以人工生态系统和天然生态系统服务功能最大化为原则,确定1987年的生态景观状态组合为生态系统保护的最佳生态目标。在此保护目标下,分别估算了河流廊道和河道外生态需水,判定三工河流域生态需水的阈值区间为17%～24%。其后,结合社会经济需水的预测情况,综合分析了当地居民福利变化的情况,并以河流廊道用水和河道外用水平衡、社会经济内部用水平衡以及生态系统和社会经济系统用水平衡为原则,提出了基于人与生态和谐的水资源配置的对策和建议。     

试论河流生态系统健康及其评价方法

河流生态系统是与人类密切相关的生态系统,它的健康与否直接关系到人类健康和社会经济的发展.在此介绍了生态系统健康的概念,并以河流生态系统为例,将生态系统健康评价指标分为系统本身特性指标和社会发展与人类健康指标两大类.着重阐述了系统本身特性中的生态指标,列举了以着生藻类、底栖无脊椎动物和鱼类为指示生物的评价方法.最后指出生态系统健康评价的难点.     

湿地生态系统服务价值能值评估——以珠江三角洲城市群为例

湿地生态系统服务价值越来越被人类所认可,但由于湿地生态系统结构、功能、生态过程等的复杂性及现有价值评估方法的局限性,给湿地生态系统保护工作的推进造成了一定影响.基于此,本研究在厘清沼泽、湖泊、水库/坑塘、河流及滨海湿地生态系统差异性的基础上,根据生态系统存量流量变化、生态过程带来的附加影响和全球性生态系统服务在局地的分摊及人类感受将湿地生态系统服务价值分为直接价值(增加生物量、固碳释氧、提供水源、补给地下水、增加底泥)、间接价值(净化大气、水,营养物质运移、调节温湿度、提供水电)和存在价值(调节气候、维持生物多样性、旅游休闲+航运价值、文化教育价值);然后使用能值分析方法构建了非货币量的湿地生态系统服务价值评估框架和方法学,该框架尝试解决核算缺乏统一标准、重复计算和跨空间尺度数据转化等难题;并以珠江三角洲城市群为例,核算其湿地生态系统服务价值.该研究能为湿地生态系统差异性保护与管理、生态补偿机制的确立和完善提供一定的科学依据.     

北方庭院生态系统能量分析及养分平衡研究

以基于食用菌生产的北方庭院生态系统为研究对象，通过对沈阳南郊一典型农户庭院生态系统的能量分析与养分平衡研究表明，该庭院生态系统的产品总输出能为４１８７２１４ＭＪ／ａ，其中平菇产品的生物能占６５４％；输入输出系统的Ｎ、Ｐ２Ｏ５及Ｋ２Ｏ基本上保持着养分平衡；该庭院生态系统是一个生产力高、综合效益可观的系统，对指导该地区农村庭院生态系统建设具有重要的现实意义。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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