沈阳市空气污染特征

以沈阳市8个国控环境空气监测点位和一个清洁对照点位2004年全年小时浓度为基础数据,研究了沈阳市空气PM₁₀、SO₂和NO₂的季节变化、日变化、空间分布及综合污染指数(API)等空气污染特征,并用1995～2004年的监测数据,分析了沈阳市空气质量的总体变化趋势.结果表明,首要污染物为PM₁₀,其空气污染具有典型的煤烟型污染季节特征,环境空气质量在1995～2004年期间逐年好转.     

北京市春节期间大气污染分析

分析了北京市鞭炮燃放禁改限前禁放区和非禁放区除夕夜大气污染变化规律的明显差异,以及禁改限后,以上区域大气污染变化的趋同特点.同时评估了2000～2006年春节期间空气污染状况.结果表明,大量鞭炮的集中燃放造成了大气短时严重污染,但随鞭炮燃放的减少,污染状况迅速改善.燃放鞭炮对不同大气污染物的影响存在差异,PM₁₀污染最严重;SO₂、Nox浓度也有明显升高;CO则存在一定滞后,甚至没有明显响应.禁改限前非禁放区内存在明显的燃放污染高峰,禁放区则未出现.鞭炮燃放对大气颗粒物细粒子影响最显着,对粗粒子特别是粒径10～20μm之间的颗粒物影响不大.春节期间工业及交通污染排放的减少,导致空气质量好转,2000～2006年正月初一～正月十五PM₁₀浓度比冬季均值(12月～2月)低16%,比年均浓度低20%,但受一定气象条件影响.     

大气颗粒物污染与心血管疾病死亡的病例交叉研究

为评价大气颗粒物污染对人群心血管疾病死亡的急性效应,应用时间分层的病例交叉设计,分析了杭州市2002～2004年间大气可吸入颗粒物(PM₁₀)日平均浓度短期增加与人群每日心血管疾病死亡的关系,同时分析了其他气态污染物(NO₂和SO₂)的急性健康效应.结果表明,调整气象因素后单污染物模型显示,滞后期为2d,PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂日平均浓度每增加10μg/m₃与人群心血管疾病死亡的比值比(OR)分别为1.006[95%可信区间(CI):1.003～1.009],1.017(95%CI:1.007～1.028)和1.0₂0(95%CI:1.009～1.032).多污染物模型中,PM₁₀受到SO₂影响,效应估计值略有下降,OR值为1.004(95%CI:1.000～1.009).其他污染物效应则无统计学意义.     

济南城区空气污染对呼吸道疾病门诊量的影响

为探讨空气污染对人群呼吸道健康的影响,调查了2002~2005 年济南市历城区空气质量状况及医院每日呼吸道疾病门诊量,采用时间序列方法的非参数广义相加模型(GAM),在控制门诊量变化的长期趋势、“星期几效应”、气象因素等混杂因素的基础上,分析了空气污染对呼吸道疾病日门诊量影响的最佳滞后时间及暴露-反应关系.结果表明,空气污染对呼吸道疾病日门诊量有影响.单污染物模型中,PM₁₀ 和NO₂ 分别滞后0d 和3d 及SO₂ 滞后0~3d 的移动平均值对人群呼吸道健康的影响具有统计学意义.PM₁₀、SO₂ 和NO₂ 日均浓度增加10µg/m³,呼吸道疾病日门诊相对危险度分别为1.004, 1.015,1.008.女性比男性对空气污染更为敏感.     

天津冬季大气中PM2.5 及其主要组分的污染特征

研究了天津冬季中心城区、工业区和滨海区大气中PM_2.5 及其水溶性无机离子和含碳组分的污染特征.结果表明,天津冬季PM_2.5 污染严重,平均质量浓度为223µg/m³,其中有机物、SO₄^2-和元素碳是含量较高的3 种组分,分别占PM_2.5 总质量的23.4%, 13.1%,12.8%.PM2.5浓度及其化学组成空间分布较为均匀,但工业区受局部排放源的影响,含碳物质污染突出;SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、C_l^-、NH₄⁺和K⁺约占离子总量的90%,阴、阳离子未达到平衡状态,酸性阴离子过剩;有机碳与元素碳的浓度比为1.4,低于国内其他城市;有机碳主要来自污染源的直接排放,二次有机碳的含量约为27%∼37%;机动车尾气、燃煤是PM2.5 的主要排放源,海盐粒子的贡献甚微.     

中国东北区域本底大气中酸性气体的研究

龙凤山是我国区域本底站之一,NO_X和SO₂浓度远低于我国空气质量Ⅰ级标准。从1994年8月15日到1995年7月31日首次在龙凤山（127°36′E,44°44′N,330.5m）测得空气中NO_X和SO₂。观测到很强的季节变化,其夏季值最低,冬季值最高。NO_S和SO₂浓度和气象要素密切相关,例如风速、温度和相对湿度。基于排放源以及风频的不均一,不同扇区来的空气质量能有很大变化。在SSE－SW扇区出现高浓度SO₂、较高浓度NO_X和高〔SO₂〕/〔NO_X〕,表明该扇区有城市污染物的输送。SW－NNE扇区有高NO_X、低SO₂及低的〔SO₂/〔NO_X〕,表明该方向城市烟羽难以直接影响测点,在这个扇区高NOX来源于当地农民做饭、取暖时秸杆焚烧。低NO_X、SO₂观测在NNE－SSE扇区,这意味着这是最清洁扇区。     

料堆风蚀扬尘排放量的一个估算方法

以美国环境保护局(EPA)推荐的计算料堆风蚀扬尘排放因子的方法为基础,探讨料堆风蚀扬尘排放量的估算,包括计算所需参数及其估算方法和计算过程.并估算了北京市石景山地区圆锥或椭圆形煤堆和平坦形煤灰料堆的扬尘排放量。结果表明,北京石景山地区1999年12月,1个高度7.8m、底面直径21.3m的圆锥形煤堆可排放817g PM₁₀,1个平坦的直径15.6m的圆形煤灰料堆可排放1612g PM₁₀.     

中国大陆生物质燃烧排放的污染物清单

根据2000年各省市生物质的消耗资料,结合排放因子,计算了中国大陆生物质燃烧所排放的SO₂、NO_x、NH₃、CH₄、EC、OC、VOC、CO、CO₂的总量及各省市的排放清单,并进一步细化到县、区级行政区.研究表明,生物质燃烧排放的污染物在地区间的分布极不均衡,排放量较大的包括华东、中南地区的各省市;各种生物质燃烧对各污染物的排放量的贡献差异很大,其中秸秆和薪柴是最主要来源;单位面积生物质燃烧排放污染物的量较高的地区由东北至中南围绕中国的主要农业产地呈带状分布.     

空气污染与儿童肺功能指标的相关分析

采用两步回归法研究了中国4城市空气污染与儿童肺功能指标的相关关系.结果表明,PM_2.5、PM₁₀、TSP等与FEV₁、FEV₁/FVC的调整均值、FEV₁/FVC≤80%的异常率有显著的统计相关关系.说明空气中颗粒物污染是导致儿童小气道通气功能障碍的重要因素之一.研究中未发现SO₂、NO_X污染与儿童的肺功能指标有统计上的相关性.     

基于热异常遥感的冀南城市群工业能耗及大气污染

选取冀南城市群为研究区,基于2012~2016年VⅡRS卫星数据热异常点产品,结合工业能源消耗量、工业废气排放量以及空气质量数据,利用统计分析和空间分析探讨热异常点辐射强度的变化规律及其与工业能源消耗、污染物排放之间的关系.结果表明,热异常点的辐射强度可以表征工业能源消耗量,并间接反映工业生产规模与污染排放水平.辐射强度越大,工业生产规模越大.辐射强度与工业SO₂排放量呈较高的正相关,与NO_x排放量呈中度线性相关.PM₁₀、SO₂及NO₂浓度与工业能源消耗和热异常点辐射强度灰色关联度均较高.工业生产活动产生的污染物中,颗粒物对大气污染的贡献最高,其次为SO₂.2012~2016年,邯郸、石家庄以及廊坊的工业生产空间分布呈逐年收缩聚集的趋势,保定和沧州的工业生产分别出现向南、向西迁移趋势.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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