浅谈参与清洁发展机制的意义

清洁发展机制,是《京都议定书》中引入的三个灵活履约机制之一。由于发达国家减排温室气体的成本是发展中国家的几倍甚至几十倍。发达国家因此通过在发展中国家实施具有温室气体减排效果的项目,把项目所产生的温室气体减少的排放量作为履行《京都议定书》所规定的一部分义务。对清洁生产机制的理论和意义进行了简要的阐述和说明。     

Decolorization of molasses melanoidins and palm oil mill effluent phenolic compounds by fermentative lactic acid bacteria

Lactobacillus plantarum SF5.6 is one of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that has the highest ability of molasses melanoidin (MM) decolorization among the 2114 strains of LAB. The strains were isolated from spoilage, pickle fruit and vegetable, soil and sludge from the wastewater treatment system by using technical step of enrichment, primary screening and secondary screening. This LAB strain SF5.6 was identified by 16S rDNA analysis and carbohydrate fermentation (API 50 CH). The top five LAB strains having high MM decolorization ( 55%), namely TBSF5.8-1, TBSF2.1-1, TBSF2.1, FF4A and SF5.6 were selected to determine the optimal condition. It was found that the temperature at 30°C under facultative conditions in GPY-MM medium (0.5% glucose, 0.1% peptone, 0.1% yeast extract, 0.1% sodium acetate, 0.05% MgSO4 and 0.005% MnCl2 in MM solution at pH 6) giving a high microbial growth and MM decolorization for all five strains. It was noticed that the decolorization of MM by LAB strains might be cell growth associated. L. plantarum SF5.6 grew rapidly within one day while the other strains took 2–3 days. This L. plantarum SF5.6 could rapidly decolorize MM to 60.91% without any lag phase, and it also had the ability to remove 34.00% phenolic compounds and 15.88% color from treated palm oil mill effluent.     

清洁发展机制对我国节能减排的作用

清洁发展机制（CDM）是《京都议定书》发达国家和发展中国家就减排温室气体进行交易的合作机制。我国“十一五”规划《纲要》提出了节能减排的目标,而我国还是一个发展中国家,要实现节能减排面临很多的困难。CDM项目大部分是与提高能效和开发利用新能源直接有关,因此,CDM能为此提供一定的推动力,能够促进我国的节能减排。文章分析了当前我国节能减排面临的困难,探讨了CDM在我国节能减排所起的作用,提出我国对积极开发CDM项目应采取的相应对策。     

城市生活垃圾填埋处理甲烷排放估算及控制途径研究

随着人口的增长,城市化和经济化发展以及居民生活水平的不断提高,固体废弃物的排放量日益增多,废弃物处理不仅是大气中甲烷的一个重要排放源,而且已成为限制城市化进展和城市经济发展的重大问题之一。固体废弃物填埋处理甲烷的排放量的估算,对准确评估未来气候变化以及应对气候变化所带来的影响具有重要的意义。本文在分析了填埋场甲烷产生影响因素的基础上,估算了2005年-2010年杭州市填埋场甲烷排放量,提出了填埋场甲烷排放控制的对策建议,为杭州市温室气体减排工作提供参考意见。     

电动交通工具的污染减排及对策

燃油交通工具是城市温室气体的重要来源之一,因此使用电动交通工具成为解决城市污染减排的重要措施.文章就正确认识电动交通工具污染减排的作用,蓄电池的生产管理、回收利用等进行了讨论,并提出了相应的对策和建议.     

电动交通工具的污染减排及对策

燃油交通工具是城市温室气体的重要来源之一,因此使用电动交通工具成为解决城市污染减排的重要措施。文章就正确认识电动交通工具污染减排的作用,蓄电池的生产管理、回收利用等进行了讨论,并提出了相应的对策和建议。     

Baseline options and greenhouse gas emission reduction of clean development mechanism project in urban solid waste management

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was adopted in the Kyoto Protocol as a flexibility mechanism to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) and has been started with such projects as improving efficiency of individual technology. Although applying various countermeasures to urban areas has significant potentials for reducing GHGs, these countermeasures have not been proposed as CDM projects in the practical stage. A CDM project needs to be validated that it will reduce GHGs additionally compared with a baseline, that is, a predictive value of GHG emissions in the absence of the project. This study examined the introduction of solid waste incineration with electricity generation into three different cities, A, B and C. The combination of main solid waste treatment and fuel source are landfill and coal, respectively, in City A, incineration and natural gas in City B, and landfill and hydro in City C. GHG emission reductions of each city under several baseline options assumed here were evaluated. Even if the same technology is introduced, the emission reduction greatly varies according to the current condition and the future plan of the city: 1043–1406 kg CO₂/t of waste in City A, 198–580 kg CO₂/t in City B, and wide range of zero to over 1000 kg CO₂/tin City C. Baseline options also cause significant difference in the emission reduction even in the same city (City C). Incinerating solid waste after removing plastics by source separation in City B increased GHG emission reduction potential up to 730–900 kg CO₂/t, which enhances the effectiveness as a CDM project. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

清洁发展机制项目运作关键问题分析与管理对策研究

清洁发展机制（CDM）项目要想能够顺利通过一系列审查并最终获得减排量,需要特别重视项目运作流程中的关键环节。针对中国CDM项目审批数量少,通过率低,耗费时间长等问题,本文在分析CDM内涵及项目运作流程的基础上,指出了中国CDM项目运作中面临的主要问题,提出了相应的管理对策与建议,期望能够为中国推进CDM项目实施提供帮助。     

贵州清洁发展机制开发的障碍与对策建议

为了使贵州省的清洁发展机制（CDM）项目更好、更快地发展,以服务于国家的减排目标,从煤层气开发利用、小水电、生物型替代燃料等几个方面,对贵州清洁发展机制的现状与存在的主要问题进行了剖析,然后结合我省的实际情况提出了相应的对策建议。     

石油化工储运系统的清洁生产

介绍石油化工储运系统推行清洁生产的情况。运用浮顶罐技术，光纤或光导技术、高低液位报警技术等先进技术，实施清污分流，污污分汉及污油回收，消灭火炬回收炼厂气等方法，达到节约原材料，降低成本，清洁生产的目的。     

操作条件对超滤膜运行经济稳定性能的影响

采用正交实验的方法对棕榈油生产废水二级处理出水的超滤工艺条件进行考察和优化,并用膜通量衰减系数、平均跨膜压差及产水量各自加权相加所得综合指标来表征不同超滤操作条件下膜运行的经济稳定性能。正交试验结果表明,减小膜表面流速和产水率,提高处理废水温度均有利于系统经济稳定地运行;各运行参数对综合指标影响的大小顺序为:膜表面平均流速>产水率>温度;在保证出水质量的前提下,最佳组合操作条件为膜表面平均流速0.7m/s,产水率80%,废水温度30℃。     

Integration of biological method and membrane technology in treating palm oil mill effluent

Palm oil industry is the most important agro-industry in Malaysia, but its by-product-palm oil mill effluent (POME), posed a great threat to water environment. In the past decades, several treatment and disposal methods have been proposed and investigated to solve this problem. A two-stage pilot-scale plant was designed and constructed for POME treatment. Anaerobic digestion and aerobic biodegradation constituted the first biological stage, while ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane units were combined as the second membrane separation stage. In the anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor, about 43% organic matter in POME was converted into biogas, and COD reduction efficiency reached 93% and 22% in EGSB and the following aerobic reactor, respectively. With the treatment in the first biological stage, suspended solids and oil also decreased to a low degree. All these alleviated the membrane fouling and prolonged the membrane life. In the membrane process unit, almost all the suspended solids were captured by UF membranes, while RO membrane excluded most of the dissolved solids or inorganic salts from RO permeate. After the whole treatment processes, organic matter in POME expressed by BOD and COD was removed almost thoroughly. Suspended solids and color were not detectable in RO permeate any more, and mineral elements only existed in trace amount (except for K and Na). The high-quality effluent was crystal clear and could be used as the boiler feed water.     

可调型组合式水解-接触氧化工艺研究与工程应用

小型工厂生产废水具有水质、水量波动大的特点,普通处理工艺很难适应有水质、水量的大幅度波动。采取可调性组合式水解酸化-接触氧化工艺具有较高的抗冲击负荷和很好的可调节性,应用该工艺可以使处理设施运行稳定,出水达标排放。     

餐饮业油烟污染现状及防治对策

随着餐饮业的飞速发展,由此带来的环境污染日益严重.餐饮业油烟污染扰民问题,也成为城市居民环保投诉的热点之一.通过介绍餐饮业油烟形成、危害及中国油烟净化设备的现状,并针对南通市餐饮业油烟污染现状提出了防治对策,为环保决策提供科学依据.     

微库仑法测定制浆造纸漂白废水的AOX研究

介绍Multi X2500总有机卤素分析仪对制浆造纸漂白废水中可吸附有机卤素(AOX)的测定;水样用硝酸调pH ＜2后,以双根活性炭玻璃填充柱法或振荡法进行吸附;将吸附有机物的活性炭在氧气流中燃烧热解、用微库仑法测定其卤化氢.试验结果显示,双根活性炭玻璃填充柱吸附法优于振荡吸附法.纯水中不同含氯量的加标实验平均回收率为86.0％～ 108％,实际水样加标实验回收率为86.3％～ 107％.     

The monitoring,Evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification of energy-efficiency projects

In this paper, we present an overview of guidelinesdeveloped for the monitoring, evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification (MERVC) ofenergy-efficiency projects for climate changemitigation. The monitoring and evaluation ofenergy-efficiency projects is needed to determine moreaccurately their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions and other attributes, and to ensure that theglobal climate is protected and that countryobligations are met. Reporting, verification andcertification will be needed for addressing therequirements of the Kyoto Protocol. While the cost ofmonitoring and evaluation of energy-efficiencyprojects is expected to be about 5–10% of a project'sbudget, the actual cost of monitoring and evaluationwill vary depending on many factors, including thelevel of precision required for measuring energy andGHG reductions, type of project, and amount of fundingavailable.     

冷轧浓油废水预处理设施的设计与运行

就宝钢不锈钢有限公司配套建设的冷轧浓油废水处理工程的浓油废水预处理设施的设计与运行进行了介绍和分析,可作为相似工程中的借鉴和参考。     

嵌套式静态采样箱的设计及其在稻田甲烷通量监测中的应用

通过总结得出温室气体静态采样箱设计的基本准则,并以洞庭湖不同湿地类型甲烷排放通量观测为出发点,设计了嵌套式采样箱。该采样箱的优势在于高度和体积可调节,运输和不使用时,顶箱可放入延长箱中不占体积;使用时,顶箱扣在延长箱上增大体积,采样箱高度随延长箱数量的变化而改变。稻田试验性观测发现,洞庭湖区4月早稻甲烷的平均排放通量为10.37mg/(m2·h)。结果表明,应用嵌套式静态采样箱开展湿地甲烷监测结果可靠。但采样操作需在40min内完成,以避免箱体内部环境变化引起甲烷排放不稳定。     

浅析管道输油中水击的危害及对策

分析了水击产生的原因及危害,介绍了防止水击的有关自动化控制技术.     

Land Use,Land-Use Change,Forestry, and Agricultural Activities in the Clean Development Mechanism: Estimates of Greenhouse Gas Offset Potential

Activities involving land use, land-use change,forestry, and agriculture (LUCF) can help reducegreenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphereby increasing biotic carbon storage, by decreasing GHGemissions, and by producing biomass as a substitutefor fossil fuels. Potential activities includereducing rates of deforestation, increasing landdevoted to forest plantations, regenerating secondaryforest, agroforestry, improving the management offorests and agricultural areas; and producing energycrops.Policymakers debating the inclusion of a variety ofLUCF activities in the Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol need to consider themagnitude of the carbon contribution these activitiescould make. Existing estimates of the cumulative GHGoffset potential of LUCF activities often take aglobal or regional approach. In contrast, land-usedecisions are usually made at the local level anddepend on many factors including productive capacityof the land, financial considerations of thelandowner, and environmental concerns. Estimates ofGHG offset potential made at a local, or at mostcountry, level that incorporate these factors may belower, as well as more useful for policy analyses,than global or large regional estimates. Whilecountry-level estimates exist for forestry activities,similar estimates utilizing local information need tobe generated for agricultural activities and biofuels,as well as for the cumulative potential of all LUCFactivities in a particular location.