采煤沉陷对生态环境的影响及其修复措施——以邹城矿区为例

采煤沉陷区生态环境形势严峻，土地复垦势在必行。分析了采煤沉陷对邹城矿区生态环境的影响，并提出了疏干法、就地平整法、挖深垫浅法等实际的土地生态修复措施。     

煤矿区破坏土地复垦模式研究——以鹤岗市益新煤矿为例

以益新煤矿为例,针对矿区拟破坏的土地,综合考虑研究区自然、社会经济条件、政策法规、公众意愿、土地适宜性等因素,对比已复垦土地的利用方向,参照其他矿业城市采煤塌陷地的复垦利用模式,提出适合于研究区域的土地复垦模式,主要包括农用生态园模式、建设用地模式、矿山公园模式.     

淮北市采煤塌陷区的土地复垦

安徽省淮北市的淮北矿区是我国重要的十大煤炭生产基地之一,现有大小煤矿30余座.长期以来,因采煤而造成的塌陷土地累计达14667hm2,由此引起的地貌变形、房屋倒塌、生态环境恶化等灾害,严重影响了当地工农业生产和人们的生活.因此,加强对采煤塌陷区土地复垦的研究极为重要.在实地考察和有关数据分析的基础上,将淮北矿区因采煤塌陷而被破坏的土地分为四个区,总结出两大土地复垦模式,并对复垦后的土地利用进行适宜性评价.     

适宜性评价视角下的煤矿土地复垦技术措施研究——以白山市道清沟煤矿为例

基于土地适宜性评价方法，着重选取极限值条件法、AHP层次分析法、加权指数和法对白山市道清沟煤矿区的土地适宜类和土地质量等进行系统综合的分析，判定道清沟煤矿待复垦土地的类型、数量和质量。基于土地破坏现状和适宜性评价结果，提出以工程措施为主、生物化学措施为辅助的土地生态重构对策。     

土地开发复垦潜力分析初探——以四川省彭州市为例

以四川省彭州市为例，对彭州市待开发复垦的土地进行了潜力分析，包括耕地后备资源的调查、待开发复垦土地的适宜用途评价、潜力分级、经济效益及前景分析。结果表明：在耕地后备资源调查的基础上，通过对待开发复垦土地的潜力分析，可以明确土地开发复垦后的适宜用途、土地开发复垦的难易程度以及空间布局和数量分布，这是对县（市）域进行土地开发复垦潜力研究的有效方法，也是在实际运用中具有较强指导意义的方法。     

基于粮食安全保障的土地整理区域差异与对策研究——以四川省为例

分析粮食与耕地资源态势,研究省域土地整理区域差异与对策,为合理制定土地整理规划目标、确保粮食安全提供科学依据.研究结果表明,四川耕地质量差,耕地后备资源贫乏,人地矛盾日益尖锐,粮食安全保障问题日益凸显.为确保粮食安全,经济较发达、人地矛盾尖锐的成都平原区和盆地丘陵区应以农村居民点和农地整理为主,加强中低产田土改造,从深度上挖掘耕地资源潜力,提高耕地粮食综合生产能力;经济较落后的川西南山地区、盆周山地区和川西北高山高原区,土地整理应与退耕还林、治水治沙相结合,改善生态环境,搞好灾后土地整理复垦规划,加强土地整理复垦工作.全省应重点抓好成都平原区农村居民点整理、川南喀斯特地貌农地和炼磺污染地整理、攀西地区土地复垦开发重点工程,以及地震灾区土地整理复垦、生态恢复与重建.     

达川地区10年土地开发成效显著

1987～1996年，达川地区在土地复垦方面取得了较好成绩，共实施省、地、县复垦项目251个，区、乡以下自办开发项目1000多处，复垦面积1．46万ha，其中复垦耕地0．4万ha，净增耕地面积0．2万ha，实现新垦耕地与非农业建设用耕地增减持平有余，调整农业结构少占耕地1．1万ha．通过农业综合开发，以短养长、规模经营、加工增值等措施，该区土地开发呈现出高效益的局面，累计土地开发收入17．1亿元，生产粮食16．8万t。10年来，我们的主要作法是：①强化宣传教育，提高对资源开发重要意义的认识。全区每年利用6月国土宣传月和“6．25”土地日等…     

石油天然气项目土地复垦方案相关问题探讨

土地复垦是石油和天然气开采行业绿色矿山建设中的重要内容。土地复垦方案是指导土地复垦义务人实施复垦活动的技术依据,其客观性、科学性和实用性直接影响土地复垦的成效。文章根据石油天然气项目特点及土地复垦实践,从土地复垦适宜性评价、土地复垦的目标任务、土地复垦投资估算、图件编制四个方面提出石油天然气项目土地复垦方案编制建议。     

充分发挥“黄土”资源在复垦中的作用

晋、陕、甘、内蒙、宁夏是我国煤炭及其它矿藏的开发区,矿产资源的开采造成土地资源的破坏和减少。利用丰富的、广泛分布的黄土资源复垦造地在这些省区是完全可行的。本文论述了黄土资源的特性以及利用黄土复垦造地应注意的问题。     

资源城市棕地生态治理综合效益评价——以淮南市大通采煤沉陷区为例

以淮南市大通采煤沉陷区生态治理案例为研究对象,结合资源城市转型发展特点,提出了资源城市棕地生态治理综合效益评价指标体系.在此基础上,运用成果参照法,辅以直接市场评价法、旅行费用法对大通采煤沉陷区生态治理综合效益进行评价,估算出综合效益为29746.34万元,达到投资额的12倍.研究结果表明,大通采煤沉陷区生态治理效果显著,在取得生态效益和社会效益的同时,还获得较大的经济效益,这种生态治理模式对我国其他资源城市棕地治理开发具有较高的参考价值和指导意义.     

Restoring Forests and Associated Ecosystem Services on Appalachian Coal Surface Mines

Surface coal mining in Appalachia has caused extensive replacement of forest with non-forested land cover, much of which is unmanaged and unproductive. Although forested ecosystems are valued by society for both marketable products and ecosystem services, forests have not been restored on most Appalachian mined lands because traditional reclamation practices, encouraged by regulatory policies, created conditions poorly suited for reforestation. Reclamation scientists have studied productive forests growing on older mine sites, established forest vegetation experimentally on recent mines, and identified mine reclamation practices that encourage forest vegetation re-establishment. Based on these findings, they developed a Forestry Reclamation Approach (FRA) that can be employed by coal mining firms to restore forest vegetation. Scientists and mine regulators, working collaboratively, have communicated the FRA to the coal industry and to regulatory enforcement personnel. Today, the FRA is used routinely by many coal mining firms, and thousands of mined hectares have been reclaimed to restore productive mine soils and planted with native forest trees. Reclamation of coal mines using the FRA is expected to restore these lands’ capabilities to provide forest-based ecosystem services, such as wood production, atmospheric carbon sequestration, wildlife habitat, watershed protection, and water quality protection to a greater extent than conventional reclamation practices.     

Hydrologic Effects of Surface Coal Mining in Appalachia (U.S.)

Surface coal mining operations alter landscapes of the Appalachian Mountains, United States, by replacing bedrock with mine spoil, altering topography, removing native vegetation, and constructing mine soils with hydrologic properties that differ from those of native soils. Research has demonstrated hydrologic effects of mining and reclamation on Appalachian landscapes include increased peakflows at newly mined and reclaimed watersheds in response to strong storm events, increased subsurface void space, and increased base flows. We review these investigations with a focus on identifying changes to hydrologic flow paths caused by surface mining for coal in the Appalachian Mountains. We introduce two conceptual control points that govern hydrologic flow paths on mined lands, including the soil surface that partitions infiltration vs. surface runoff and a potential subsurface zone that partitions subsurface storm flow vs. deeper percolation. Investigations to improve knowledge of hydrologic pathways on reclaimed Appalachian mine sites are needed to identify effects of mining on hydrologic processes, aid development of reclamation methods to reduce hydrologic impacts, and direct environmental mitigation and public policy.     

Prioritizing Abandoned Coal Mine Reclamation Projects Within the Contiguous United States Using Geographic Information System Extrapolation

Coal mine reclamation projects are very expensive and require coordination of local and federal agencies to identify resources for the most economic way of reclaiming mined land. Location of resources for mine reclamation is a spatial problem. This article presents a methodology that allows the combination of spatial data on resources for the coal mine reclamation and uses GIS analysis to develop a priority list of potential mine reclamation sites within contiguous United States using the method of extrapolation. The extrapolation method in this study was based on the Bark Camp reclamation project. The mine reclamation project at Bark Camp, Pennsylvania, USA, provided an example of the beneficial use of fly ash and dredged material to reclaim 402,600 sq mi of a mine abandoned in the 1980s. Railroads provided transportation of dredged material and fly ash to the site. Therefore, four spatial elements contributed to the reclamation project at Bark Camp: dredged material, abandoned mines, fly ash sources, and railroads. Using spatial distribution of these data in the contiguous United States, it was possible to utilize GIS analysis to prioritize areas where reclamation projects similar to Bark Camp are feasible. GIS analysis identified unique occurrences of all four spatial elements used in the Bark Camp case for each 1 km of the United States territory within 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 km radii from abandoned mines. The results showed the number of abandoned mines for each state and identified their locations. The federal or state governments can use these results in mine reclamation planning.     

IMPACT OF SURFACE COAL MINING ON THREE OHIO WATERSHEDS –PHYSICAL CONDITIONS AND GROUND-WATER HYDROLOGY1

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted over a six-year period in East-Central Ohio to determine the effects of surface mining and reclamation on physical watershed conditions and on ground-water hydrology in three ground-water zones in three small experimental watersheds. Mining disturbances in watersheds adjacent to the experimental sites affected ground-water levels in the undisturbed experimental watersheds prior to actual mining in the experimental sites. New subsurface flow paths, with different characteristics, formed during mining and reclamation. At all three sites mining dewatered the saturated zone above the underclay of the mined coal seam. Mining and reclamation affected ground-water levels below the mined coal seam in the middle and lower zones within at least two sites. Ground-water level recovery in the mined upper saturated zone was slow and irregular both temporally and spatially after reclamation. Hydraulic conductivities of postmining (Phase 3) spoil were generally greater than those of Phase 1 bedrock, but wide spatial variability was observed. Modelers need to be aware of the complexities of new flow paths and physical characteristics of subsurface flow media that are introduced by mining and reclamation, including destruction of the upper-zone clay.     

Status and trends of freshwater wetlands in the coal-mining region of Pennsylvania,USA

The impact of surface mining for coal on the nature and extent of freshwater wetlands was assessed on 73,200 ha in western Pennsylvania. The influence of mining on wetlands was not uniform across physiographic regions, varying with regional differences in hydrology and soils. Overall, mined lands supported 18% more palustrine wetlands than unmined lands, primarily because of a 270% gain in permanent, open-water wetlands on mined lands in the glaciated region. Open-water wetlands declined on mined lands in unglaciated regions owing to unfavorable hydrologic conditions. The number and size of emergent wetlands declined as a result of mining. Mined lands supported 81% fewer riverine wetlands than unmined lands. This was caused primarily by avoidance of lands containing streams, and secondarily by a 10% reduction in replacement of riverine wetlands during reclamation. Land managers need to develop land use policies that maximize the ecological and social benefits that can be derived from developing diverse wetland communities on mined lands.     

浅析采煤塌陷区生态修复管理机制的完善

采煤塌陷区的生态环境治理是生态环境保护的一项重要内容。当前,采煤塌陷区所在的地方政府已经采取了相关的生态修复措施,并建立了相应的管理机构,有了一定的法制建设进展。但与采煤塌陷区生态修复相关的管理机制尚存在不足,诸如管理主体欠缺、管理体制不顺、法治不健全等问题普遍存在。因此,需要在环境管理转型的要求下进一步完善。     

Farmland damage and its impact on the overlapped areas of cropland and coal resources in the eastern plains of China

The subsidence caused by coal mining in areas where cropland and coal resources overlap in the eastern plains of China with high ground water levels has caused large amounts of water to collect in cropland, significant damage to cropland, and a sharp contradiction between people and land distribution within this region. Systematic analysis and calculation were conducted on these areas by using GIS spatial overlay analysis technology, subsidence and occupied cropland estimation models, and crop yield reduction prediction model to reveal the overlapped characteristics and extent of farmland damage, as well as to evaluate the effects of farmland damage to grain yield, farmland landscape, agricultural population, and dynamical equilibrium of the total cultivated land. Results showed that the overlapped areas of cropland and coal resources on the eastern plains of China occupied an area covering 1.33 × 10⁵ km², which accounted for 31.93% of the total cropland area. In 2020, the accumulative total area of destroyed cropland reached 3.83 × 10³ km², thus reducing grain yield by 9.63 × 10⁸ kg, and increasing the number of landless farmers to 1.91 × 10⁶. Furthermore, the quality and production capacity of cultivated land decreased, farmland landscape patterns changed, land patterns and structures were adjusted, the dynamical equilibrium of the total cultivated land was difficult to guarantee, and social instability increased in coal mining subsidence areas. These findings provided a scientific basis for relevant government departments to enact countermeasures for the coordinative production of coal and grain.     

IMPACT OF COAL SURFACE MINING AND RECLAMATION ON SURFACE WATER CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS AND LOAD RATES IN THREE OHIO WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Information is lacking on the watershed scale effects of mining and reclaiming originally undisturbed watersheds for coal on surface water chemical concentrations and load rates for a variety of constituents. These effects were evaluated on three small, geologically dissimilar watersheds subjected to surface mining in Ohio. Comparisons were made between phases of land disturbances using ratios of average concentrations and load rates: Phase 1 (natural), subphases of Phase 2 (mining and reclamation), and subphases of Phase 3 (partial reclamation and final condition) using 4,485 laboratory analyses of 34 constituents. Average concentration and load rate ratios were categorized into three classes—minor, moderate, and substantial. Mining and reclamation (M/R) affected flow duration curves in different ways‐baseflow changes were variable, but high flows generally increased. The average concentration ratios for all sites were classified as 15 percent “minor,” 36 percent “moderate,” and 49 percent “substantial” (average ratio of 2.4.) Generally load rate ratios increased due to mining and reclamation activities (average ratio of 3.3). Minor, moderate, and substantial impacts were found on average for 7 percent, 23 percent, and 70 percent, respectively, of load rate ratios. The impact of M/R on average load rates was not necessarily the same as on average concentrations due to changed hydrology and can be opposite in effect. The evaluation of the impacts of M/R requires knowledge of changing hydrologic conditions and changing supplies and rates of release of chemicals into streams. Median sediment concentration ratio is an indicator of average constituent load rate ratio of a wide variety of chemical constituents and is useful for development of best management practices to reduce chemical loads. The site at which diversion ditches were not removed during final reclamation sustained large chemical load rates, and removal of diversions at the other mined site reduced load rates. Revegetation of poorly reclaimed areas decreased chemical load rates. Chemical load rates were sensitive to geology, mining, and reclamation methods, diversions, and changing hydrology, concentration flow rate regressions, and watershed areas.