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1.
Ryan R. P. Noble Robert M. Hough Ronald T. Watkins 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2010,32(3):193-205
Stawell Gold Mine in NW Victoria, Australia, mines ores that contain large concentrations of As and significant quantities
of the metals Pb and Cr. The aim of this research was to understand the dispersion, enrichment and probable exposure of these
potentially hazardous elements around the mine site. Fifty-five surface soil samples were collected near the mine (<15 km)
and analysed by ICP-MS/OES following bioavailable and four-acid extractions. Soils near the mine show greater concentrations
of As, Cr and Pb than those near a regionally determined background. This is attributed to the combination of a natural geochemical
halo around mineralization and anthropogenic dispersion due to mining and urbanization. Total As concentrations were between
16 and 946 mg kg−1 near the mine in a regional background of 1–16 mg kg−1. Total Cr concentrations were between 18 and 740 mg kg−1 near the mine in a regional background of 26–143 mg kg−1. Total Pb concentrations were between 12 and 430 mg kg−1 near the mine in a regional background of 9–23 mg kg−1. Dispersion of contaminant elements from the present ore processing is <500 m. The most enriched soils occur close to the
town and are unrelated to present mining practices. The bioavailable As, Cr and Pb, soil ingestion rates and Risk Reference
Doses were used to estimate health risks. An average toddler (12 kg) would need to consume at least 1.5 g, and most likely
12 g, of soil per day to show some symptoms of As toxicity. The maximum measured bioavailable As would pose a risk at average
ingestion rates of 200 mg per day. Individuals with soil-eating disorders would exceed the safe daily consumption limits for
As, and potentially Cr and Pb. Small children are not typically exposed to soil everyday, very few have soil eating disorders,
and, therefore, the health risk from the soils around the mine is minimal. 相似文献
2.
Fernández-Caliani JC 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2012,34(1):123-139
The peri-urban soils of Huelva, one of the first industrial cities in Spain, are subject to severe pollution problems primarily
due to past poor management of industrial wastes and effluents. In this study, soil cores were collected in seven sites potentially
contaminated with toxic chemicals arising from multiple anthropogenic sources, in order to identify trace elements of concern
and to assess human health risks associated with them. In most soil core samples, total concentrations of As (up to 4,390 mg kg−1), Cd (up to 12.9 mg kg−1), Cu (up to 3,162 mg kg−1), Pb (up to 6,385 mg kg−1), Sb (up to 589 mg kg−1) and Zn (up to 4,874 mg kg−1) were by more than one order of magnitude greater than the site-specific reference levels calculated on the basis of regional
soil geochemical baselines. These chemicals are transferred from the hazardous wastes, mainly crude pyrite and roasted pyrite
cinders, to the surrounding soils by acid drainage and atmospheric deposition of wind-blown dust. Locally, elevated concentrations
of U (up to 96.3 mg kg−1) were detected in soils affected by releases of radionuclides from phosphogypsum wastes. The results of the human health
risk-based assessment for the hypothetical exposure of an industrial worker to the surface soils indicate that, in four of
the seven sites monitored, cancer risk due to As (up to 4.4 × 10−5) is slightly above the target health risk limit adopted by the Spanish legislation (1 × 10−5). The cumulative non-carcinogenic hazard index ranged from 2.0 to 12.2 indicating that there is also a concern for chronic
toxic effects from dermal contact with soil. 相似文献
3.
Lead (Pb) contents and partition in soils collected from eleven vegetable-growing lands in Fujian Province, China, were investigated
using a modification of the BCR (Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction procedure coupled with the Pb isotope
ratio technique. Pb contents in Chinese white cabbage (B. Chinensis L.) grown on the lands for this study were also measured. Results showed that Pb concentrations in fifty samples of topsoil
ranged from 456 to 21.5 mg kg−1, with each mean concentration of six sampling lands exceeding the national standard (50 mg kg−1); while Pb concentrations in edible portions of thirty-two vegetable samples ranged from 0.009 to 2.20 mg kg−1, with four sampling sites exceeding the national sanitary standard (0.2 mg kg−1). A significant correlation (r = 0.971, P < 0.01) of Pb contents in the acid-extractable fractions by BCR approach and the vegetables was observed, which indicates
that the acid-extractable Pb is useful for evaluating the metal bioavailability for plants and potential risk for human health
in soils. The determination of lead isotope ratios in different chemical forms of soils by BCR sequential extraction procedures
provides useful information on the Pb isotopic composition associated with different soil fractions (especially in the acid-extractable
fractions), and the result is helpful for the further study on controlling and reducing Pb contamination in vegetable-growing
soils. 相似文献
4.
Assessment of bioaccessibility and exposure risk of arsenic and lead in urban soils of Guangzhou City,China 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Ying Lu Wei Yin Longbin Huang Ganlin Zhang Yuguo Zhao 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2011,33(2):93-102
Soil ingestion is an important human exposure pathway of heavy metals in urban environments with heavy metal contaminated
soils. This study aims to assess potential health risks of heavy metals in soils sampled from an urban environment where high
frequency of human exposure may be present. A bioaccessibility test is used, which is an in vitro gastrointestinal (IVG) test
of soluble metals under simulated physiological conditions of the human digestion system. Soil samples for assessing the oral
bioaccessibility of arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) were collected from a diverse range of different land uses, including urban
parks, roadsides, industrial sites and residential areas in Guangzhou City, China. The soil samples contained a wide range
of total As (10.2 to 61.0 mg kg−1) and Pb (38.4 to 348 mg kg−1) concentrations. The bioaccessibility of As and Pb in the soil samples were 11.3 and 39.1% in the stomach phase, and 1.9
and 6.9% in the intestinal phase, respectively. The As and Pb bioaccessibility in the small intestinal phase was significantly
lower than those in the gastric phase. Arsenic bioaccessibility was closely influenced by soil pH and organic matter content
(r
2 = 0.451, p < 0.01) in the stomach phase, and by organic matter, silt and total As contents (r
2 = 0.604, p < 0.001) in the intestinal phase. The general risk of As and Pb intake for children from incidental ingestion of soils is
low, compared to their maximum doses, without causing negative human health effects. The exposure risk of Pb in the soils
ranked in the order of: industrial area/urban parks > residential area/road side. Although the risk of heavy metal exposure
from direct ingestion of urban soils is relatively low, the risk of inhalation of fine soil particulates in the air remains
to be evaluated. 相似文献
5.
Hg transfer from contaminated soils to plants and animals 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
S. M. Rodrigues B. Henriques A. T. Reis A. C. Duarte E. Pereira P. F. A. M. R?mkens 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2012,10(1):61-67
Understanding the transfer of mercury (Hg) from soil to crops is crucial due to Hg toxicity and Hg occurrence in terrestrial
systems. Previous research has shown that available Hg in soils contributes to plant Hg levels. Plant Hg concentrations are
related to soil conditions and plant characteristics. Mechanistic models describing such soil–plant interactions are however
difficult to quantify. Here we performed a field study in agricultural, mining and industrial areas in Portugal to evaluate
potential food chain risks. The uptake of Hg by Italian ryegrass, ryegrass, orchard grass, collard greens and rye was measured
to calculate daily intakes (DI) of Hg for cows and sheep grazing. A total of 136 soil samples and 129 plant samples were analysed.
Results show that total Hg concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 98 mg kg−1 in soils; 0.01–5.4 mg kg−1 in shoots and 0.01–42 mg kg−1 in roots. Calculated DI ranged from 0.18 to 132 mg d−1 for cows, and from 0.028 to 23 mg d−1 for sheep. In 27 grassland sites, daily intakes exceeded the acceptable daily intake of both cows and sheep in view of food
safety considering Hg in animal kidneys evidencing potential risks to human health. The transfer of Hg from soil to crops
was described using empirical Freundlich-type functions. For ryegrass, orchard grass and collard greens, the soil-to-root
or soil-to-shoot transfer of Hg appeared to be controlled by the total soil Hg concentration and levels of Alox and Feox. Empirical functions allowed us to obtain realistic estimates of Hg levels in crops and can be used as an alternative to
mechanistic models when evaluating food chain risks of Hg contamination in agricultural soils. 相似文献
6.
Genotypic variation in element concentrations in brown rice from Yunnan landraces in China 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Yawen Zeng Hongliang Zhang Luxiang Wang Xiaoying Pu Juan Du Shuming Yang Jiafu Liu 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2010,32(3):165-177
The mineral elements present in brown rice play an important physiological role in global human health. We investigated genotypic
variation of eight of these elements (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) in 11 different grades of brown rice on the basis
of the number and distance coefficients of 282 alleles for 20 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Six-hundred and twenty-eight
landraces from the same field in Yunnan Province, one of the largest centers of genetic diversity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the world, formed our core collection. The mean concentrations (mg kg−1) of the eight elements in brown rice for these landraces were P (3,480) > K (2,540) > Mg (1,480) > Ca (157) > Zn (32.8) > Fe
(32.0) > Cu (13.6) > Mn (13.2). Mean P concentrations in brown rice were 6.56 times total soil P, so the grains are important
in tissue storage of P, but total soil K is 7.82 times mean K concentrations in brown rice. The concentrations of the eight
elements in some grades of brown rice, on the basis of the number and distance coefficients of alleles for 20 SSR markers
for the landraces, were significantly different (P < 0.05), and further understanding of the relationship between mineral elements and gene diversity is needed. There was large
variation in element concentrations in brown rice, ranging from 2,160 to 5,500 mg P kg−1, from 1,130 to 3,830 mg K kg−1, from 61.8 to 488 mg Ca kg−1, from 864 to 2,020 mg Mg kg−1, from 0.40 to 147 mg Fe kg−1, from 15.1 to 124 mg Zn kg−1, from 0.10 to 59.1 mg Cu kg−1, and from 6.7 to 26.6 mg Mn kg−1. Therefore, germplasm evaluations for Ca, Fe, and Zn concentrations in rice grains have detected up to sevenfold genotypic
differences, suggesting that selection for high levels of Ca, Fe, and Zn in breeding for mass production is a feasible approach.
Increasing the concentrations of Ca, Fe, and Zn in rice grains will help alleviate chronic Ca, Zn, and Fe deficiencies in
many areas of the world. 相似文献
7.
The accumulation of arsenic (As) by vegetables is a potential human exposure pathway. The speciation of As in vegetables is
an important consideration due to the varying toxicity of different As species. In this study, common Australian garden vegetables
were hydroponically grown with As-contaminated irrigation water to determine the uptake and species of As present in vegetable
tissue. The highest concentrations of total As were observed in the roots of all vegetables and declined in the aerial portions
of the plants. Total As accumulation in the edible portions of the vegetables decreased in the order radish ≫ mung bean > lettuce = chard.
Arsenic was present in the roots of radish, chard, and lettuce as arsenate (AsV) and comprised between 77 and 92% of the total As present, whereas in mung beans, arsenite (AsIII) comprised 90% of the total As present. In aerial portions of the vegetables, As was distributed equally between both AsV and AsIII in radish and chard but was present mainly as AsV in lettuce. The presence of elevated As in vegetable roots suggests that As species may be complexed by phytochelatins, which
limits As translocation to aerial portions of the plant. 相似文献
8.
M. J. Watts J. O’Reilly A. L. Marcilla R. A. Shaw N. I. Ward 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2010,32(6):479-490
A field method is reported for the speciation of arsenic in water samples that is simple, rapid, safe to use beyond laboratory
environments, and cost effective. The method utilises solid-phase extraction cartridges (SPE) in series for selective retention
of arsenic species, followed by elution and measurement of eluted fractions by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
(ICP-MS) for “total” arsenic. The method is suitable for on-site separation and preservation of arsenic species from water.
Mean percentage accuracies (n = 25) for synthetic solutions of arsenite (AsIII), arsenate (AsV), monomethylarsonic acid (MA), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) containing 10 μg l−1 As, were 98, 101, 94, and 105%, respectively. Data are presented to demonstrate the effect of pH and competing anions on
the retention of the arsenic species. The cartridges were tested in the UK and Argentina at sites where arsenic was known
to be present in surface and groundwaters, respectively, at elevated concentrations and under challenging matrix conditions.
In Argentinean groundwater, 4–20% of speciated arsenic was present as MA and 20–73% as AsIII. In UK surface waters, speciated arsenic was measured as 7–49% MA and 12–42% DMA. Comparative data from the field method
using SPE cartridges and the laboratory method using liquid chromatography coupled to ICP-MS for all water samples provided
a correlation of greater than 0.999 for AsIII and DMA, 0.991 for MA, and 0.982 for AsV (P < 0.01). 相似文献
9.
Tarek G. Ammari Yasin Al-Zu’bi Samih Abu-Baker Basem Dababneh Wafa’ Gnemat Alaeddin Tahboub 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2011,33(5):427-437
Lithium is found in trace amounts in all soils. It is also found in plants and in nearly all the organs of the human body.
Low Li intake can cause behavioral defects. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the concentration and distribution
of water-soluble Li in soils of the Jordan Valley and its concentration in citrus trees and some important food crops in view
of the significant implications of Li for human health. The concentration of soluble Li was measured in 180 soil samples collected
at two depths (0–20 and 20–40 cm) whereas its content was determined in fully expanded leaves collected from citrus and different
vegetable crops. Concentrations of soluble Li in soils vary from 0.95 to 1.04 mg l−1 in topsoil and from 1.06 to 2.68 mg l−1 in subsoil, while Li concentration in leaves ranged from 2 to 27 mg kg−1 DM. Lithium concentrations in leaves of crops of the same family or different families vary with location in the valley;
i.e., they decreased from north to south. It is concluded that soluble Li in soils and the plant family did not solely affect
Li transfer in the food chain. In addition, soil EC, Ca, Mg, and Cl, which increased from north to south, might adversely
affect plant Li uptake. The current study also showed that consuming 250–300 g FW of spinach day−1 per person is recommended to provide consumers with their daily Li requirement necessary for significant health and societal
benefits. 相似文献
10.
Bioavailability and accumulation of trace elements in soils and plants of a highly contaminated estuary (Domingo Rubio tidal channel,SW Spain) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Madejón P Burgos P Murillo JM Cabrera F Madejón E 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2009,31(6):629-642
The Domingo Rubio tidal channel (Palos de la Frontera, Huelva, Spain) is an estuary located in the mouth of the Tinto River.
The estuary is affected by different sources of pollution (waters of the Tinto River, contaminated with trace elements from
the Iberian Pyrite belt, and effluent from the Huelva chemical industrial area). Soil and the most frequent plant species
were collected in 2004 and 2006 at six different locations on the estuary. In general, N-Kjedahl, Total Organic Carbon values,
salinity and contamination (total trace elements up to 1,000 mg kg−1 As, 6 mg kg−1 Cd, 2,500 mg kg−1 Cu, 1,900 mg kg−1 Pb and 1,300 mg kg−1 Zn) tended to increase downstream of the tidal channel. Soil biochemical properties were not negatively affected either by
the high salinity or by trace element contamination. Despite the high values of the trace elements, analysed plant samples
showed that Cu was the only metal that could be a serious risk for the food chain. 相似文献
11.
Sequential extraction of cadmium in different soil phases and plant parts from a former industrialized area 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Cd concentrations in mobile phases of soil are more representative than total Cd concentration for estimating Cd bioavailability,
physicochemical reactivity and mobility. In this study, selective sequential extraction procedures were used to determine
Cd in different soil phases. Soil samples and plants grown in these soils were collected from a serpentine and copper-mining
area in Maden-Elazig-Turkey. The extracted fractions were exchangeable/carbonate, reducible-iron/manganese oxides, oxidizable-organic
matter and sulfides, and residual phases except silicates. Concentrations of Cd in soils and plant samples were determined
by flame atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. We found that Cd concentrations
in the EDTA and NH2OH·HCl extracts are higher in most soil samples compared to the other extracts. We conclude that Cd levels in mobile phases
are unexpectedly high. The observed Cd concentrations are in ranges of 0.03–3.4 mg kg−1 for soil and 0.02–2.5 mg kg−1 for plant parts. The percentages of cadmium up to 56% in exchangeable and carbonates fractions were observed to be significantly
higher than in those values less than 2% reported in literature. This study has shown that the modified extraction method
can be usefully applied to determine Cd concentrations in potentially mobile phase of soil. Furthermore, it was concluded
that Brassicasea and Rumex leaves can be used as hyperaccumulator plants because their translocation factor and/or enrichment coefficient values were
found to be higher than 1.0. 相似文献
12.
During combustion, most of the inorganic nutrients and trace elements in the fuel are retained and enriched in the ash. However,
here we show that, due to the low total heavy metal concentrations, the flue gas cleaning residue (i.e. the fly ash) originating
from the wet scrubber device at a medium-sized (32 MW) municipal district heating plant, is a potential forest fertilizer.
Furthermore, the easily soluble calcium (1,980 mg kg−1; d.w.) and phosphorus (50 mg kg−1; d.w.) concentrations indicate that the flue gas cleaning residue is a potential agent for soil remediation and for improving
soil fertility. 相似文献
13.
We examined arsenic (As) uptake by vegetable crops (amaranth, Amaranthus
gangeticus, and silverbeet, Beta
vulgaris) as affected by As speciation (AsIII and AsV) and their concentrations in nutrient solution. Amaranth and silverbeet were grown in a nutrient solution containing four
levels of arsenate (AsV): 0, 1, 5, and 25 mg As/l and three levels of arsenite (AsIII): 0, 5, 10 mg As/l. Both AsV and AsIII are phytotoxic to these crops with the latter being five times more toxic. Amaranth treated with AsIII exhibited As toxicity symptoms within 48 h of exposure and was close to death within 1 week. However, AsV treatment did not show clear toxicity symptoms other than wilting and yield reduction at the highest dose rate of 25 mg AsV/l. The main mechanism used by vegetable crops to tolerate AsV is probably avoidance—limiting As transport to shoots and increasing As accumulation in the root system. When AsV was added to the nutrient solution, the uptake of As in shoots increased and, at the highest dose (25 mg AsV/l), 60 μg As/g DW (3.6 mg/kg FW) accumulated in the edible portion, which exceeds the WHO recommended limit for food stuffs
(2 mg/kg FW) as the water contents of the crops were 94%. It is therefore important to determine the nature of the As species
and their bio-accessibility. Iron treatment with 0.5 mg NaFe(III)EDTA/l dose decreased silverbeet As uptake by 45% given its
affinity to bind As at the root surface or root rhizosphere and so restrict As translocation to the shoots. 相似文献
14.
Patel KS Shrivas K Brandt R Jakubowski N Corns W Hoffmann P 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2005,27(2):131-145
Arsenic contamination in the environment (i.e. surface, well and tube-well water, soil, sediment and rice samples) of central
India (i.e. Ambagarh Chauki, Chhattisgarh) is reported. The concentration of the total arsenic in the samples i.e. water (n=64), soil (n=30), sediment (n=27) and rice grain (n=10) were ranged from 15 to 825 μg L−1, 9 to 390 mg kg−1, 19 to 489 mg kg−1 and 0.018 to 0.446 mg kg−1, respectively. In all type of waters, the arsenic levels exceeded the permissible limit, 10 μg L−1. The most toxic and mobile inorganic species i.e. As(III) and As(V) are predominantly present in water of this region. The
soils have relatively higher contents of arsenic and other elements i.e. Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu,
Zn, As, Ga, Zr, Sn, Sb, Pb and U. The mean arsenic contents in soil of this region are much higher than in arsenic soil of
West Bengal and Bangladesh. The lowest level of arsenic in the soil of this region is 3.7 mg kg−1 with median value of 9.5 mg kg−1. The arsenic contents in the sediments are at least 2-folds higher than in the soil. The sources of arsenic contamination
in the soil of this region are expected from the rock weathering as well as the atmospheric deposition. The environmental
samples i.e. water, soil dust, food, etc. are expected the major exposure for the arsenic contamination. The most of people
living in this region are suffering with arsenic borne diseases (i.e. melanosis, keratosis, skin cancer, etc.). 相似文献
15.
The ecological toxicity of cadmium (Cd, 10 mg kg−1 of dry weight soil) and butachlor (10, 50 and100 mg kg−1 of dry weight soil) in both their single and combined effects on soil urease and phosphatase was studied after 1, 3, 7, 14,
21 and 28 days exposure under controlled conditions in paddy and phaeozem soils. The results showed that Cd reduced the activities
of urease and phosphatase at early incubation time (1–7 days), while the reduction almost disappeared at the end of the incubation.
The effect of Cd on phosphatase was more pronounced than that on urease. The activities of urease and phosphatase were reduced
by butachlor, while urease activity was significantly (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) improved when the concentrations of butachlor were 10 and 50 mg kg−1 at the end of the incubation. When Cd (10 mg kg−1) was combined with butachlor (50 and 100 mg kg−1), the activities of urease and phosphatase became lower than without combination at early incubation time, which indicated
that the toxicity of Cd significantly increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). However, when Cd (10 mg kg−1) was combined with butachlor (10 mg kg−1), the activities of urease and phosphatase became higher than those without combination at the end of the incubation, which
indicated that the toxicity of Cd decreased. It was indicated that the combined effects depended largely on the incubation
time and the concentration ratio of Cd and butachlor. In addition, it was showed that the combined effects of butachlor and
Cd appeared different in paddy from phaeozem, which may be related to the different properties of these soils. 相似文献
16.
The use of higher plants to remediate contaminated land is known as phytoremediation, a term coined 15 years ago. Among green technologies addressed to metal pollution, phytoextraction has received increasing
attention starting from the discovery of hyperaccumulator plants, which are able to concentrate high levels of specific metals
in the above-ground harvestable biomass. The small shoot and root growth of these plants and the absence of their commercially
available seeds have stimulated study on biomass species, including herbaceous field crops. We review here the results of
a bibliographical survey from 1995 to 2009 in CAB abstracts on phytoremediation and heavy metals for crop species, citations of which have greatly increased, especially after 2001. Apart from the most frequently cited
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., which is often referred to as an hyperaccumulator of various metals, studies mainly focus on Helianthus annuus L., Zea mays L. and Brassica napus L., the last also having the greatest annual increase in number of citations. Field crops may compensate their low metal
concentration by a greater biomass yield, but available data from in situ experiments are currently very few. The use of amendments
or chelators is often tested in the field to improve metal recovery, allowing above-normal concentrations to be reached. Values
for Zn exceeding 1,000 mg kg−1 are found in Brassica spp., Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Zea mays, and Cu higher than 500 mg kg−1 in Zea mays, Phaseolus vulgaris and Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Lead greater than 1,000 mg kg−1 is measured in Festuca spp. and various Fabaceae. Arsenic has values higher than 200 mg kg−1 in sorghum and soybean, whereas Cd concentrations are generally lower than 50 mg kg−1. Assisted phytoextraction is currently facilitated by the availability of low-toxic and highly degradable chelators, such
as EDDS and nitrilotriacetate. Currently, several experimental attempts are being made to improve plant growth and metal uptake,
and results are being achieved from the application of organic acids, auxins, humic acids and mycorrhization. The phytoremediation
efficiency of field crops is rarely high, but their greater growth potential compared with hyperaccumulators should be considered
positively, in that they can establish a dense green canopy in polluted soil, improving the landscape and reducing the mobility
of pollutants through water, wind erosion and water percolation. 相似文献
17.
Alžbeta Jarošová Jiří Harazim Lenka Krátká Doubravka Kolenčíková 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2010,8(4):387-391
Phthalates are animal carcinogens and may cause death or tissue deformities. Samples of feedstuffs collected in 2005 and 2006
from industrial feed manufacturers in the Czech Republic were analysed for contamination with phthalic acid esters (PAEs),
specifically di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP). Samples of feed additives, premixes and raw materials were collected (year 2005, n = 26). For soybean oil, the total volume of phthalates measured (DBP + DEHP) reached a level of 131.42 mg kg−1; for rapeseed oil, fish meal and animal fats, the levels measured were 15.00, 7.96 and 58.87 mg kg−1, respectively. The lowest level of DBP + DEHP was found in corn (2.03 mg kg−1). Since phthalates were detected, samples of feed additives (n = 28) and raw materials (n = 28) were collected again in 2006. The highest levels of DBP + DEHP were found in raw materials containing fat. Phthalate
levels in rapeseed oil samples ranged from 1.38 to 32.40 mg kg−1 DBP + DEHP. For feed additives, contamination levels in vitamins and amino acids ranged from 0.06 to 3.15 and 1.76 to 4.52 mg kg−1 DBP + DEHP, respectively. Here, we show that the levels of PAEs found in cereals such as wheat, barley and corn may be regarded
as being alarmingly high, because cereals make up the largest proportion of compound feed of farm animals. 相似文献
18.
Howard W. Mielke Chris R. Gonzales Elise Cahn Jessica Brumfield Eric T. Powell Paul W. MielkeJr 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2010,32(5):431-440
Arsenic (As) ranks first on the 2005 and 2007 hazardous substances priority lists compiled for the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). This study describes two New Orleans soil As surveys: (1) a survey of
composite soil samples from 286 census tracts and (2) a field survey of soil As at 38 play areas associated with the presence
of chromated-copper-arsenate (CCA)-treated wood on residential and public properties. The survey of metropolitan New Orleans
soils revealed a median As content of 1.5 mg/kg (range <0.2–16.4) and no distinctive differences between the soils of the
city core and outlying areas. Play area accessible soils associated with CCA-treated wood (N = 32) had a median As of 57 mg/kg and 78% of the samples were ≥12 mg/kg, the Louisiana soil As standard. The field survey
of play areas for CCA-treated wood (N = 132 samples at 38 sites) was conducted with a portable energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer. Seventy-five
of 132 wood samples (56.8%) were deemed CCA-treated wood. Of the 38 play areas surveyed, 14 (36.8%) had CCA-treated wood.
A significant association (Fisher’s exact p-value = 0.348 × 10−6) was found between CCA-treated wood and soil As (N = 75). At one elementary school CCA-treated woodchips (As range 813–1,654 mg As/kg) covered the playgrounds. The situation
in New Orleans probably exists in play areas across the nation. These findings support a precautionary program for testing
soils and wood for hazardous substances at all play areas intended for children. 相似文献
19.
Mobilization of heavy metals from contaminated paddy soil by EDDS,EDTA, and elemental sulfur 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wang G Koopmans GF Song J Temminghoff EJ Luo Y Zhao Q Japenga J 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2007,29(3):221-235
For enhanced phytoextraction, mobilization of heavy metals (HMs) from the soil solid phase to soil pore water is an important
process. A pot incubation experiment mimicking field conditions was conducted to investigate the performance of three soil
additives in mobilizing HMs from contaminated paddy soil (Gleyi-Stagnic Anthrosol): the [S, S]-isomer of ethylenediamine disuccinate
(EDDS) with application rates of 2.3, 4.3, and 11.8 mmol kg−1 of soil, ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA; 1.4, 3.8, and 7.5 mmol kg−1), and elemental sulfur (100, 200, and 400 mmol kg−1). Temporal changes in soil pore water HM and dissolved organic carbon concentrations and pH were monitored for a period of
119 days. EDDS was the most effective additive in mobilizing soil Cu. However, EDDS was only effective during the first 24
to 52 days, and was readily biodegraded with a half-life of 4.1 to 8.7 days. The effectiveness of EDDS decreased at the highest
application rate, most probably as a result of depletion of the readily desorbable Cu pool in soil. EDTA increased the concentrations
of Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd in the soil pore water, and remained effective during the whole incubation period due to its persistence.
The highest rate of sulfur application led to a decrease in pH to around 4. This increased the pore water HM concentrations,
especially those of Zn and Cd. Concentrations of HMs in the soil pore water can be regulated to a large extent by choosing
the proper application rate of EDDS, EDTA, or sulfur. Hence, a preliminary work such as our pot experiment in combination
with further plant experiments (not included in this study) will provide a good tool to evaluate the applicability of different
soil additives for enhanced phytoextraction of a specific soil. 相似文献
20.
Kyung Yang Seulki Jeong Eun Hea Jho Kyoungphile Nam 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2016,38(6):1347-1354
The total concentration-based regulations for soil remediation do not consider the possible changes in bioaccessibility of remaining arsenic (As) in soils due to biogeochemical interactions after remediation. This study used As-contaminated soil and pore water samples that were collected from the rice paddy and forest/farmland located in the vicinity of a former smelter site in Republic of Korea to elucidate the changes in As bioaccessibility due to biogeochemical interactions. Bioaccessibility and chemical forms of As in soils were determined by using an in vitro method and sequential extraction, respectively, and soil microbial community was evaluated. Bioaccessibility of As in the rice paddy soil samples was higher than that in the forest/farmland soil samples. This could be attributed to relatively higher dependence of bioaccessible As in the rice paddy soils on the soil concentration of iron (Fe), aluminum, or manganese, which could lead to greater changes in bioaccessible As via reductive dissolution. The strong linear relationship (R 2 = 0.90, p value ≤0.001) between the pore water As and Fe concentrations, and the greater portion of bacterial species related to reductive dissolution of Fe oxides in the rice paddies can support the higher As bioaccessibility promoted by reductive dissolution. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the potential changes in the bioaccessible As due to biogeochemical interactions in remediation of As-contaminated soils, particularly when soils are likely to be reused under reductive dissolution-promoting conditions (e.g., flooded conditions). 相似文献