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1.
An uptake parameter u (L kg−1 d−1) and a loss rate parameter k (d−1) were estimated for the patterns of accumulation and loss of 133Cs by three fish species following an experimental 133Cs addition into a pond in South Carolina, USA. These u and k parameters were compared to similar estimates for fish from other experimental ponds and from lakes that received 137Cs deposition from Chernobyl. Estimates of u from ponds and lakes declined with increasing potassium concentrations in the water column. Although loss rates were greater in the experimental ponds, the times required to reach maximum Cs concentrations in fish were similar between ponds and lakes, because ponds and lakes had similar retentions of Cs in the water column. The maximum Cs concentrations in fish were largely determined by initial Cs concentrations in the water column. These maximum concentrations in fish and the times required to reach these maxima are potentially useful indicators for assessments of risks to humans from fish consumption.  相似文献   

2.
Fukushima fallout in Northwest German environmental media   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Traces of short- and long-lived fallout isotopes (131I, 134Cs and 137Cs) were found in environmental samples collected in Northwest Germany (rain water, river sediment, soil, grass and cow milk) from March to May 2011, following the radioactivity releases after the nuclear accident in Fukushima, Japan. The measured concentrations are consistent with reported concentrations in air, amount of rainfall and expected values applying simple radioecological models. The [134Cs]/[137Cs] ratio reported for air (about 1) allows for discrimination between “recent” and “old” 137Cs. Expected 136Cs values fell below the detection limits of the instrumentation, despite large sample masses and long counting times.  相似文献   

3.
Specific features of 137Cs accumulation, transformation, and migration in humus-peaty and peaty-gley soils of transitional bogs are discussed with reference to the southwestern part of the Russian Federation, which was most heavily contaminated after the Chernobyl accident. The influence of physicochemical soil properties and concentrations of typomorphic elements on these processes is characterized. It is concluded that bog soils accumulate 137Cs in the form of hardly movable compounds and, as a consequence, transitional bogs are transformed into critical ecosystems.  相似文献   

4.
The adsorption of 63Ni from aqueous solutions using NKF-6 zeolite was investigated by a batch technique under ambient conditions. The adsorption was investigated as a function of contact time, pH, ionic strength, foreign ions, humic substances (FA/HA) and temperature. The kinetic adsorption was well described by the pseudo-second-order rate equation. The adsorption of 63Ni on NKF-6 zeolite was strongly dependent on pH and ionic strength, and the adsorption of 63Ni increased with increasing NKF-6 zeolite content. At low pH values, the presence of FA enhanced the adsorption of 63Ni on NKF-6 zeolite, but the presence of HA had no drastic effect. At high pH values, the presence of FA or HA decreased the adsorption of 63Ni on NKF-6 zeolite. The adsorption isotherms were well represented by the Langmuir model. The thermodynamic parameters (i.e., ΔH0, ΔS0and ΔG0) for the adsorption of 63Ni were determined from the temperature dependent isotherms at 293.15, 313.15 and 333.15 °K, respectively, and the results indicate that the adsorption reaction was favored at high temperature. The results suggest that the adsorption process of 63Ni on NKF-6 zeolite is spontaneous and endothermic.  相似文献   

5.
Fruiting bodies of fungi belonging to more than 70 species were collected within a few thousand square meter area of one forest during 2006 and 2007. The soil profile was collected to check the cumulative deposition of 137Cs, which was relatively high, equal to 64 ± 2 kBq/m2 (calculated for October 2006). The majority of this activity was in the first 6 cm. Fruitbodies were analyzed for radiocesium and 40K by means of gamma-spectrometry. The highest 137Cs activity was 54.1 ± 0.7 kBq/kg (dry weight) for a sample of Lactarius helvus collected in 2006. The results for 2006 were higher than those for 2007. In a few cases the traces of short-lived (T1/2 = 2.06 a) 134Cs were still found in samples. The importance of mycorrhizal fungi for radiocesium accumulation is confirmed. The differences in activity among the species are discussed in relation to observations and predictions from previous studies, where the change in relative accumulation between fruiting bodies of different species was at least partially explained by the differences in the depth of the mycelium localization in a litter/soil system. It is concluded that in some cases, such as Boletus edulis and Xerocomus badius, this prediction is fulfilled and therefore this explanation confirmed.  相似文献   

6.
Distribution of cesium (134Cs and 137Cs) and strontium (Sr-II) between soil/water phases depends on many factors such as concentration of these ions between phases, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil as well as its clay content, chemical composition (especially Na, K, Ca, and Mg ions), grain size distribution, calcite, iron oxide content, and organic coatings. Distribution coefficients (Kd) of cesium (labeled with 137Cs) and strontium were measured on the grain size distributions ≥32 μm of four soil samples. These soils were obtained from four different locations within Inshas site in Egypt and three groundwater samples were obtained from the same site locations. X-ray diffraction showed that the soil samples consisted mainly of quartz mixed with the minor amounts of kaolonite and clay minerals. Sorption experiments were carried out at strontium aqueous concentrations range 10−7 to 10−4 mol l−1. The CEC and Kds for cesium and strontium were measured at the same metal concentrations range. Distribution coefficients of cesium were found to be influenced by the composition of the soil, while the distribution coefficients of strontium were found to depend on calcium concentrations in the soil/groundwater system. The aim of this study was to determine the safety assessment of disposal 137Cs radionuclide and Sr(II) in the aquifer regions inside the Inshas site. Sequential extraction tests showed that, strontium was associated with the carbonate fractions and majority of cesium was sorbed on the iron oxides and the residue.  相似文献   

7.
An analysis of sporocarps of ectomycorrhizal fungi Suillus variegatus assessed whether cesium (133Cs and 137Cs) uptake was correlated with potassium (K) or rubidium (Rb) uptake. The question was whether intraspecific correlations of Rb, K and 133Cs mass concentrations with 137Cs activity concentrations in sporocarps were higher within, rather than among, different fungal species, and if genotypic origin of sporocarps within a population affected uptake and correlation. Sporocarps (n = 51) from a Swedish forest population affected by the fallout after the Chernobyl accident were studied. The concentrations were 31.9 ± 6.79 g kg−1 for K (mean ± SD, dwt), 0.40 ± 0.09 g kg−1 for Rb, 8.7 ± 4.36 mg kg−1 for 133Cs and 63.7 ± 24.2 kBq kg−1 for 137Cs. The mass concentrations of 133Cs correlated with 137Cs activity concentrations (r = 0.61). There was correlation between both 133Cs concentrations (r = 0.75) and 137Cs activity concentrations (r = 0.44) and Rb, but the 137Cs/133Cs isotopic ratio negatively correlated with Rb concentration. Concentrations of K and Rb were weakly correlated (r = 0.51). The 133Cs mass concentrations, 137Cs activity concentrations and 137Cs/133Cs isotopic ratios did not correlate with K concentrations. No differences between, within or, among genotypes in S. variegatus were found. This suggested the relationships between K, Rb, 133Cs and 137Cs in sporocarps of S. variegatus is similar to other fungal species.  相似文献   

8.
This paper compares predictions of the foodchain model SPADE with experimental data for the transfer of (134)Cs and (85)Sr to strawberry plants following acute foliar and soil contamination. The transfer pathways considered in this exercise included direct deposition to fruit, leaf-to-fruit, soil-to-leaf and soil-to-fruit transfers. Following foliar contamination, the difference between predicted and measured radionuclide activity values varied between a factor of 0.5-10 for fruit and 4.5-7 for leaf. Following soil contamination, the difference between predicted and measured values varied between a factor of 3-74 for fruit and 32-44 for leaf. In all cases the difference between measured and predicted values was smaller for (85)Sr than (134)Cs. Measured and predicted activities were higher for leaf than fruit. Both measured and predicted (134)Cs concentrations in fruit and leaf are higher when deposition occurs at ripening than at anthesis. These results confirm the need for more data on fruit, even for Cs and Sr, to support models in predicting the transfer of radionuclides to fruit crops. Ongoing research projects funded by the UK Food Standards Agency aim to provide some data on radionuclide transfer to herbaceous, shrub and tree fruits, which will help improve radiological assessment models in order to provide better protection for consumers.  相似文献   

9.
Anthropogenic radionuclides in seawater have been used as transient tracers of processes in the marine environment. Especially, plutonium in seawater is considered to be a valuable tracer of biogeochemical processes due to its particle-reactive properties. However, its behavior in the ocean is also affected by physical processes such as advection, mixing and diffusion. Here we introduce Pu/137Cs ratio as a proxy of biogeochemical processes and discuss its trends in the water column of the North Pacific Ocean. We observed that the 239,240Pu/137Cs ratio in seawater exponentially increased with increasing depth (depth range: 100–1000 m). This finding suggests that the profiles of the 239,240Pu/137Cs ratios in shallower waters directly reflect biogeochemical processes in the water column. A half-regeneration depth deduced from the curve fitting the observed data, showed latitudinal and longitudinal distributions, also related to biogeochemical processes in the water column.  相似文献   

10.
Liming of lakes is considered one possible remedial action to reduce the accumulation of radionuclides into fish in the case of a radiological accident. These responses were tested in field conditions in a small acidified lake that was divided into two parts: one limed with CaCO3 and the other half left as an unlimed control. The transfer of 90Sr from water into fish decreased on average by 50% during the first year after liming. However, at the same time the 90Sr concentration in water increased, reaching a maximum within 6 months after liming. Approximately 50% more 90Sr was detected in water in the limed part of the lake than on control side during the first year. 90Sr was most probably released from the sediment as the Ca concentration and pH of the water increased. As a result of these two processes, which counterbalanced each other (increased release of 90Sr into water from sediment and decreased transfer of 90Sr from water into fish), the 90Sr concentration in fish did not notably differ between the limed and control sides of the lake. Liming may only be suitable as a remedial action if carried out immediately after a radiological accident, before significant amounts of radionuclides have been deposited in lake sediments. In the case of 137Cs, the effect of liming was less pronounced. 137Cs activity concentration in water increased in the first year by 20% and uptake by fish decreased by 20%.  相似文献   

11.
Tests using reconstituted samples have been performed to assess the diffusive transport of 137Cs and 60Co through natural regolith materials from a region in South Australia being considered for a radioactive waste repository. A double diffusion cell apparatus made of polycarbonate resin was developed to estimate the effective diffusion (De) and sorption coefficients (Kd) that allowed large withdrawals from the source and collector cells and has enabled tests with low concentrations of radioactivity. An alternative to porous stainless steel filter plates has also been used to reduce uncertainty in test interpretation. Analysis of the transient data used a staged method of the Laplace transform to take into consideration the volume of the samples withdrawn from the apparatus during testing. At test completion samples were cut into slices and analysed for radionuclide concentration. Data obtained from the sliced samples confirmed that both numerical and experimental data produced acceptable mass balance. The De values obtained in this study were of the order of 10−6 cm2 s−1 for both species, higher than previously published data. The Kd values from the diffusion and batch sorption tests were in reasonable agreement for 137Cs, but an order of magnitude different for 60Co. The sorption of the latter radionuclide was strongly pH dependent, and this dependency during diffusion tests would benefit from further investigation.  相似文献   

12.
Fallout 137Cs has been widely used to determine floodplain sedimentation rates in temperate environments, particularly in the northern hemisphere. Its application in low fallout, tropical environments in the southern hemisphere has been limited. In this study we assess the utility of 137Cs for determining rates of floodplain sedimentation in a dry-tropical catchment in central Queensland, Australia. Floodplain and reference site cores were analysed in two centimetre increments, depth profiles were produced and total 137Cs inventories calculated from the detailed profile data. Information on the rates of 137Cs migration through local soils was obtained from the reference site soil cores. This data was used in an advection–diffusion model to account of 137Cs mobility in floodplain sediment cores. This allowed sedimentation rates to be determined without the first year of detection for 137Cs being known and without having to assume that 137Cs remains immobile following deposition. Caesium-137 depth profiles in this environment are demonstrated to be an effective way of determining floodplain sedimentation rates. The total 137Cs inventory approach was found to be less successful, with only one of the three sites analysed being in unequivocal agreement with the depth profile results. The input of sediment from catchment sources that have little, or no, 137Cs attached results in true depositional sites having total inventories that are not significantly different from those of undisturbed reference sites.  相似文献   

13.
A microcosm laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the impact of biological reworking by the ragworm Nereis diversicolor on the redistribution of particle-bound radionuclides deposited at the sediment-water interface. Over the course of the 40-day experiment, as much as 35% of a 137Cs-labelled particulate tracer deposited on the sediment surface was redistributed to depths of up to 11 cm by the polychaete. Three different reworking models were employed to model the profiles and quantify the biodiffusion and biotransport coefficients: a gallery-diffuser model, a continuous sub-surface egestion model and a biodiffusion model. Although the biodiffusion coefficients obtained for each model were quite similar, the continuous sub-surface egestion model provided the best fit to the data. The average biodiffusion coefficient, at 1.8 ± 0.9 cm2 y−1, is in good agreement with the values quoted by other workers on the bioturbation effects of this polychaete species. The corresponding value for the biotransport coefficient was found to be 0.9 ± 0.4 cm y−1. The effects of non-local mixing were incorporated in a model to describe the temporal evolution of measured 99Tc and 60Co radionuclide sediment profiles in the eastern Irish Sea, influenced by radioactive waste discharged from the Sellafield reprocessing plant. Reworking conditions in the sediment column were simulated by considering an upper mixed layer, an exponentially decreasing diffusion coefficient, and appropriate biotransport coefficients to account for non-local mixing. The diffusion coefficients calculated from the 99Tc and 60Co cores were in the range 2-14 cm2 y−1, which are consistent with the values found by other workers in the same marine area, while the biotransport coefficients were similar to those obtained for a variety of macrobenthic organisms in controlled laboratories and field studies.  相似文献   

14.
Following the Chernobyl accident, 137Cs contamination levels of wild boar in some districts of Southern Germany are still exceeding thousands of Bq kg−1. While the long term 137Cs concentration in forest plants, mushrooms, and roe deer meat has decreased significantly, for wild boar it has remained constant during the last decade. Between 1998 and 2008, we analysed the muscle meat of 656 wild boars shot in the district (“Landkreis”) Ravensburg. The 137Cs activity concentration showed considerable variability from less than 5 up to 8266 Bq kg−1 and it followed a seasonal pattern, which is attributed to changes in dietary habits, fodder availability, meteorological conditions and specific behaviour of 137Cs in wild boar organism. Tag values for wild boars from the district Ravensburg varied from 0.008 to 0.062 m2 kg−1 during 2000–2008.  相似文献   

15.
For aquatic sediments, the use of 210Pb originating from the decay of atmospheric 222Rn is a well-established methodology to estimate sediment ages and sedimentation rates. Traditionally, the measurement of 210Pb in soils and sediments involved laborious and time-consuming radiochemical separation procedures. Due to the recent development of advanced planar (‘n-type’) semi-conductors with high efficiencies in the low-energy range which enable the gamma-spectrometric analysis of the 46.5 keV decay line of 210Pb, sediment dating using this radionuclide has gained renewed interest.In this contribution, potentials and limitations of the 210Pb methodology and of the models used for estimating sediment ages and sedimentation rates are discussed and illustrated by examples of freshwater and marine sediments. Comparison with the use of 137Cs shows that the information which may be gained by these two tracers is complementary. As a consequence, both radionuclides should be used in combination for dating of recent sediments. It is shown that for various sedimentation regimes additional information from other sources (e.g. sediment lithology) may be needed to establish a reliable chronology. A strategy for sediment dating using 210Pb is recommended.  相似文献   

16.
There has been little development regarding analysis of polonium (Po) in environmental samples since the 1960ies. This is due to the straightforward spontaneous deposition of this element on silver (Ag), nickel (Ni) or copper (Cu) without any radiochemical separation. For many years, no radiochemical yield determinant was used and it was generally supposed that the yield was 100% after two depositions. Counting was often done using ZnS scintillation counter coupled to a photomultiplier tube. However, the use of the yield determinants 208Po and 209Po and the development of alpha spectrometry showed that the yield was lower. Furthermore, the tendency of Po to volatilize at low temperatures constrains the sample preparation techniques; dry-ashing cannot be used. But during the wet-ashing procedure, there are still some losses.The aim of this study was to evaluate the Po losses during wet-ashing by the use of a double-tracer technique. We have found that the losses were about 30% when open glass beakers were used and about 17% when the samples were digested in microwave oven. When long-necked bottles (Kjeldahl flasks) were used, a loss of about 20% was registered.It has also been observed that 210Pb to some extent is plating out together with its daughter nuclide Po during the electrochemical deposition. This will result in a systematic error since an unknown amount of supported 210Po will be produced from the 210Pb decay depending on the fraction of 210Pb being deposited on the disc and the waiting time between deposition and measurement of the sample. A further consequence of this is that in the assessment of the 210Pb content in the sample, very often the remaining liquid is stored after deposition for build-up of 210Po. Since some 210Pb is lost on the disc, the result for 210Pb will be too low. Both these systematic errors give rise to a too high 210Po/210Pb ratio. The fraction of 210Pb which is plating out has been assessed in this study for different matrices and is about 50-90%. During the measurement by solid state Si-detectors, some Po is evaporated in the vacuum conditions contaminating the detectors. Experiments have here been done by heating the discs after deposition which indicate that less Po is evaporated from Ag than from Ni. The losses from Ag are less than that from the other metals probably due to a deeper penetration into the surface of Po. We conclude that in most aspects, Ag is better to use than the other plating metals.  相似文献   

17.
The present study was conducted to compare the 137Cs, 40K, 232Th, and 238U activity concentrations in epigeic moss (Hypnum cupressiforme) and lichen (Cladonia rangiformis). The activity levels in 37 moss and 38 lichen samples collected from the Marmara region of Turkey were measured using a gamma spectrometer equipped with a high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The activity concentrations of 137Cs, 40K, 232Th, and 238U in the moss samples were found to be in the range of 0.36-8.13, 17.1-181.1, 1.51-6.17, and 0.87-6.70 Bq kg−1 respectively, while these values were below detection limit (BDL)-4.32, 16.6-240.0, 1.32-6.47, and BDL-3.57 Bq kg−1 respectively in lichen. The average moss/lichen activity ratios of 137Cs, 40K, 232Th, and 238U were found to be 1.32 ± 0.57, 2.79 ± 1.67, 2.11 ± 0.82, and 2.19 ± 1.02, respectively. Very low 137Cs concentrations were observed in moss and lichen samples compared to soil samples collected from the same locations in a previous study. Seasonal variations of the measured radionuclide activities were also examined in the three sampling stations.  相似文献   

18.
137Cs and 60Co, two of the radionuclides more representative of discharges from nuclear facilities, are of interest for radiological protections because of their great mobility in biosphere and affinity with biological systems. The aim of the present work is the investigation of the possible influence of the vertical distribution of 137Cs and 60Co in soil upon their uptake by lettuce as function of plant's growth. An experiment ad hoc has been carried out in field conditions. The results show that (i) the transfer of 137Cs and 60Co from soil to lettuce is independent by their distribution in soil, (ii) the soil–plant transfer factors of 137Cs and 60Co show a similar trend vs. growth stage, (iii) the 40K transfer factor trend is different from those of anthropogenic radionuclides, and (iv) 137Cs and 60Co specific activities are about 1 Bq/kg, in the mature vegetable with soil activity from 9 to 21 kBq/m2.  相似文献   

19.
This work presents a first estimation of the sedimentation rate for the Red Lake (Romania). The sediment accumulation rates were determined by two well-known methods for recent sediment dating: 210Pb and 137Cs methods. Both techniques implied used the gamma emission of the above-mentioned radionuclides. The 210Pb and 137Cs concentrations in the sediment were measured using a gamma spectrometer with a HpGe detector, Gamma-X type. Activities ranging from 41 ± 7 to 135 ± 34 Bq/kg were found for 210Pb and from 3 ± 0.5 to 1054 ± 150 Bq/kg for 137Cs. The sediment profile indicates acceleration in sedimentation rate in the last 18 years. Thus, the sedimentation process for the Red Lake can be divided in two periods, the last 18 years, and respectively, the period before that. Using the Constant Rate of 210Pb Supply method values between 0.18 ± 0.04 and 1.85 ± 0.5 g/cm2 year (0.32 ± 0.08 and 2.83 ± 0.7 cm/year) were obtained. Considering both periods, an average sedimentation rate of 0.87 ± 0.17 g/cm2 year (1.17 cm/year) was calculated. Considering an average depth of 5.41 m for the lake and the sedimentation rate estimated for the last 18 years, it could be estimated that the lake will disappear in 195 years.  相似文献   

20.
It's very important to analyze and evaluate quantitatively the effects of landforms on soil erosion for the prevention and treatment of soil loss in a small watershed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of landform factors on erosion rate by the 137Cs tracing method in a small watershed in the Purple Hilly Area of China. The erosion rates under different slope lengths, slope gradients and slope aspects were estimated in Xiangshuitan watershed in the Purple Hilly Area in Sichuan Basin by the 137Cs tracing method. The results showed that the erosion rate decreased exponentially with downslope distance, and it increased with increasing slope gradient during the scope of 5°-16°. The slope aspect had great impact on the erosion rate, and the hillside on the sunny slope had larger erosion rate than that on the shady slope, particularly for the farmland.  相似文献   

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