Assessing the effect of different natural dissolved organic matters on the cytotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles with bacteria

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles(TiO_2 NPs) are among the most widely manufactured nanomaterials on a global scale. However, prudent and vigilant surveillance, incumbent upon the scientific community with the advent of new technologies, has revealed potentially undesirable effects of TiO_2 NPs on biological systems and the natural environment during their application and discharge. Such effects are likely best evaluated by first assessing the fate of the TiO_2 NPs in natural environments. In this study, the effects of terrestrial humic acid(HA) and tannic acid(TA), two major members of the collective:dissolved organic matter(DOM), on the cytotoxicity of TiO_2 NPs to Escherichia coli were investigated in the presence and absence of natural sunlight. Qualitative(transmission electron microscopy(TEM)) and quantitative(LC50) analyses were employed in this study. In addition, the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS) in the form of UOH was further assessed—as HA or TA increased the production of ROS decreased. The inhibition of bacterial viability in the light treatment groups, with respective treatment organics at concentrations of 10 ppm, was less in TA than in terrestrial HA. SAS was used to analyze the treatment effect of individual factors of light irradiation, DOM, and concentration of TiO_2 NPs.     

不同粒径纳米TiO2对大型溞的毒性效应及腐殖酸的调控作用

为评估纳米TiO₂在环境水体中的暴露风险,选用大型溞作为模式生物,研究了不同粒径纳米TiO₂（20、40、60和100 nm）对大型溞毒性效应的影响,并探究了腐殖酸对不同粒径纳米TiO₂毒性效应的调控作用.结果表明,粒径是影响纳米TiO₂颗粒毒性效应的重要因素,以大型溞半数致死时间（LT₅₀）为指标,不同粒径纳米TiO₂对大型溞的毒性作用强弱顺序依次为：20 nm颗粒 > 40 nm颗粒 > 60 nm颗粒 > 100 nm颗粒（p<0.05）.腐殖酸的存在可以显著降低纳米TiO₂颗粒对大型溞的毒性作用,腐殖酸对小尺寸纳米TiO₂颗粒的毒性抑制作用更为明显（p<0.05）.大型溞体内ROS水平与抗氧化系统相关酶活分析表明,纳米TiO₂导致大型溞体内活性氧自由基（ROS）浓度升高是其产生毒性作用的重要原因,腐殖酸的存在可以显著降低大型溞体内由于纳米TiO₂暴露而引起的ROS浓度上升（p<0.05）,进而减轻纳米TiO₂对大型溞的毒性作用.此外,腐殖酸可以减小不同粒径纳米TiO₂之间的毒性差异.本研究结果可为纳米TiO₂在环境水体中的暴露风险评估提供参考依据.     

长期暴露下纳米TiO2对厌氧颗粒污泥体系稳定性的影响

以厌氧颗粒污泥为研究对象,通过静态试验和连续流厌氧反应器,重点研究了长期暴露下纳米TiO_2在对厌氧产甲烷体系的影响及其在颗粒污泥中的归趋.结果表明,短期急性暴露于150 mg·g-1(以VSS计)的纳米TiO_2尽管会暂时减缓产甲烷速率,但产酸阶段及产甲烷阶段代谢产物总量不会明显受到影响,纳米TiO_2对厌氧颗粒污泥具有较低的急性毒性.反应器运行结果表明,纳米TiO_2的长期暴露可导致挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)积累及生物气产量降低,产酸菌比产甲烷菌对纳米TiO_2的累积效应更加敏感,纳米TiO_2抑制机制可归因于"物理遮蔽"作用.出水中TiO_2的平均含量只有0.632 mg·L~(-1),绝大多数纳米TiO_2都被截留在了反应器中.FISH检测表明,厌氧颗粒污泥微生物的菌群结构有所变化,纳米TiO_2在反应器内的积累使得甲烷八叠球菌的丰度大幅增加了115.6%,其优势地位明显增强.长短期暴露试验的结果对比也说明,用短期暴露试验来说明纳米颗粒对厌氧体系的长期累积效应具有一定局限性,纳米TiO_2对厌氧颗粒污泥中微生物的负面影响需要较长时间的积累才会显现.本研究结果可为厌氧污水处理体系中纳米颗粒的潜在生态风险评价提供理论支持和参考依据.     

Effect of oxide nanoparticles on the morphology and fluidity of phospholipid membranes and the role of hydrogen bonds

Engineered oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are widely applied in insulators, catalyzers, paints, cosmetic products, textiles and semiconductors. Their attachment on cell membrane may lead to cytotoxicity. The effects of Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, SiO₂, TiO₂ and ZnO NPs on membrane integrity and fluidity were studied using giant or small unilamellar vesicles in this study. Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ NPs disrupted the oppositely charged membrane, indicating the important role of electrostatic attraction. However, Fe₂O₃, TiO₂ and ZnO NPs did not cause serious membrane disruption as Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ NPs. Membrane fluidity was evaluated by the generalized polarity (GP) values of Laurdan fluorescent emission. SiO₂ NPs induce the membrane gelation of both positively and negatively charged membrane. Al₂O₃ and ZnO NPs induced the gelation of the oppositely charged membrane, but did not cause obvious membrane gelation to the like charged membrane. The phospholipid molecular structural changes after NP exposure were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. FT-IR spectra revealed the hydrogen bond formation between NPs and the carbonyl/phosphate groups of phospholipids. Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ NPs showed strongest evidence of hydrogen bonding on their FT-IR spectra. It was consistent with the microscopic observation and fluorescent data that Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ NPs caused more serious membrane disruption and gelation. This study on membrane damage provides further knowledge on the cytotoxicity of nanomaterials and the safety of NP application.     

两种纳米颗粒对沸石吸附环丙沙星的影响

为了探明纳米颗粒（NPs）共存对抗生素在黏土矿物上的吸附的影响,以沸石为供试黏土矿物,环丙沙星（CIP）为目标污染物,研究了不同温度、 pH值和离子强度条件下,纳米氧化锌（ZnO NPs）和纳米二氧化钛（TiO₂ NPs）这2种NPs对沸石吸附CIP的影响,并结合沸石的表面特征探讨不同类型NPs对CIP吸附的影响机制.结果表明,除5 mg·L^-1ZnO NPs共存时,轻微促进了CIP的吸附,其他NPs浓度均对CIP产生不同程度的抑制,抑制程度表现出TiO₂ NPs>ZnO NPs的顺序;随温度升高,NPs的存在增强了沸石对CIP吸附的增温正效应;当离子强度由0.001mol·L^-1增加到0.01mol·L^-1时,CIP的吸附量下降,但2种NPs的存在均减弱了离子强度的负效应;溶液pH会影响CIP的存在形态和NPs的性质,进而影响CIP的吸附.沸石对单一CIP的吸附存在静电引力、氢键和孔径填充作用,ZnO NPs主要通过静电引力竞争吸附位点对CIP吸附产生影响,而TiO     

Evaluating the effectiveness of marine actinobacterial extract and its mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the degradation of azo dyes

Aim of the present study was to synthesize titanium dioxide nanoparticles （YiO2 NPs） from marine actinobacteria and to develop an eco-friendly azo-dye degradation method. A total of five actinobacterial isolates were isolated from Chennai marine sediments, Tamilnadu, India and analyzed for the synthesis of TiO2 NPs using titanium hydroxide. Among these, the isolate PSV 3 showed positive results for the synthesis of TiO2 NPs, which was confirmed by UV analysis. Further characterization of the synthesized TiO2 NPs was done using XRD, AFM and FI＇-IR analysis. Actinobacterial crude extract and synthesized TiO2 NPs was found efficient in degrading azo dye such as Acid Red 79 （AR-79） and Acid Red 80 （AR-80）. Degradation percentage was found to be 81% for AR-79, 83% for AR-80 using actinobacterial crude extract and 84% for AR-79, 85% for AR-80 using TiO2 NPs. Immobilized actinobacterial ceils showed 88% for AR-79 and 81% for AR- 80, dye degrading capacity. Degraded components were characterized by FT-IR and GC-MS analysis. The phytotoxicity test with 500 μg/mL of untreated dye showed remarkable phenotypic as well as cellular damage to Tagetes erecta plant. Comparatively no such damage was observed on plants by degraded dye components. In biotoxicity assay, treated dyes showed less toxic effect as compared to the untreated dyes.     

A case study of aggregation behaviors of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the presence of dodecylbenzene sulfonate in natural water

The present work aims to ascertain the mechanisms of surfactant (dodecylbenzene sulfonate; DBS) effects on the aggregation behaviors of TiO₂ nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs) in natural water samples. Aggregation experiments were conducted at a TiO₂-NPs concentration of 10 mg/L in deionized water and in natural water samples via dynamic light scattering and Zeta potential determination. Average attachment efficiency was calculated to compare the aggregation behaviors of nanoparticles in the two aqueous media. Results showed that the effects of DBS on aggregation could be interpreted by both Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) and non-DLVO mechanisms. In natural water samples, aggregation did not occur rapidly and was able to develop slowly under all conditions, and the roles of DBS were obvious at high DBS concentration owing to the impacts of inherent components of natural water samples, such as colloids and natural organic compounds. Future aggregation studies should concentrate on multi-factor, multi-colloidal and dynamic aspects under similar environmental conditions.     

Comparative cytotoxicity of nanoparticles and ions to Escherichia coli in binary mixtures

The objective of this study was to understand toxicity of mixture of nanoparticles (NPs) (ZnO and TiO₂) and their ions to Escherichia coli. Results indicated the decrease in percentage growth of E. coli with the increase in concentration of NPs both in single and mixture setups. Even a small concentration of 1 mg/L was observed to be significantly toxic to E. coli in binary mixture setup (exposure concentration: 1 mg/L ZnO and 1 mg/L TiO₂; 21.15% decrease in plate count concentration with respect to control). Exposure of E. coli to mixture of NPs at 1000 mg/L (i.e., 1000 mg/L ZnO and 1000 mg/L TiO₂) resulted in 99.63% decrease in plate count concentration with respect to control. Toxic effects of ions to E. coli were found to be lesser than their corresponding NPs. The percentage growth reduction was found to be 36% for binary mixture of zinc and titanium ions at the highest concentration (i.e., 803.0 mg/L Zn and 593.3 mg/L Ti where ion concentrations are equal to the Zn ions present in 1000 mg/L ZnO NP solution and Ti^+ 4 ions present in 1000 mg/L TiO₂ NP solution). Nature of mixture toxicity of the two NPs to E. coli was found to be antagonistic. The alkaline phosphatase (Alp) assay indicated that the maximum damage was observed when E. coli was exposed to 1000 mg/L of mixture of NPs. This study tries to fill the knowledge gap on information of toxicity of mixture of NPs to bacteria which has not been reported earlier.     

Ag–AgBr/TiO2/RGO nanocomposite: Synthesis, characterization, photocatalytic activity and aggregation evaluation

Ag–AgBr/TiO_2 supported on reduced graphene oxide(Ag–AgBr/TiO_2/RGO) with different mass ratios of grapheme oxide(GO) to TiO_2 were synthesized via a facile solvothermal-photo reduction method. Compared to the single-, two-and three-component nanocomposites,the four-component nanocomposite, Ag–AgBr/TiO_2/RGO-1 with mass ratio of GO to TiO_2at 1%, exhibited a much higher photocatalytic activity for the degradation of penicillin G(PG)under white light-emitting diode(LED-W) irradiation. The PG degradation efficiency increased with the increase of mass ratio of GO to TiO_2 from 0.2% to 1%, then it decreased with the increase of mass ratio of GO to TiO_2 from 1% to 5%. The zeta potentials of RGO-nanocomposites became more negative with the presence of humic acid(HA) due to the negatively charged HA adsorption, resulting in the shift of points of zero charge to lower values of pH. The aggregations of nanocomposites were more significant due to the bridging effect of HA. Furthermore, the aggregated particle sizes were larger for RGO-nanocomposites compared to other nanoparticles, due to the bindings of the carboxylic and phenolic functional groups in HA with the oxygen-containing functional groups in the RGO-nanocomposites.The microfiltration(MF) membrane was effective for the nanocomposites separation. In the continuous flow through submerged membrane photoreactor(sMPR) system, backwashing operation could efficiently reduce membrane fouling and recover TiO_2, and thus indirectly facilitate the PG removal.     

Photodegradation of soluble microbial products (SMPs) from membrane bioreactor by GO-COOH/TiO2/Ag

This study aimed to explore a new degradation method - photocatalysis technology to polish membrane bioreactor (MBR) effluent, using 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol (2,6-DTBP) as a model soluble microbial product (SMP). 2,6-DTBP is one of the predominant SMPs in MBR effluent, which is refractory and difficult to biodegrade. This study developed a novel carboxylated graphene oxide/titanium dioxide/silver (GO-COOH/TiO₂/Ag) nanocomposite to photodegrade 2,6-DTBP. GO-COOH/TiO₂/Ag was successfully synthesized, using l-cysteine as the linker bonding TiO₂/Ag to GO-COOH. The structural, morphological and optical properties of the GO-COOH/TiO₂/Ag nanocomposite were characterized using various techniques. Owing to synergistic effects, the GO-COOH/TiO₂/Ag nanocomposite exhibited enhanced photocatalytic degradation performance under solar light irradiation when compared to TiO₂, Ag and GO-COOH. To remove 25 mg/L 2,6-DTBP, the reaction time for GO-COOH/TiO₂/Ag was only 30 min, faster than the 90 min required for pure TiO₂ or Ag. In addition, the 200 mg/L GO-COOH/TiO₂/Ag nanocomposite aqueous solution showed the best performance under solar light, with 99% removal of 2,6-DTBP. This enhanced capability is likely due to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect contributed by Ag nanoparticles (NPs) doped onto the TiO₂. In addition, GO-COOH had a high effective surface area, which assisted in degrading the 2,6-DTBP through improved adsorption. The stability study showed that the photocatalytic activity of the GO-COOH/TiO₂/Ag was stable enough for recycling multiple times. The effective degradation performance and excellent stability demonstrates that the GO-COOH/TiO₂/Ag nanocomposite can be a promising photocatalyst in the field of effluent SMP photodegradation, which solves the problem of the difficult biodegradation of highly toxic 2,6-DTBP.     

Assessing the effects of surface-bound humic acid on the phototoxicity of anatase and rutile TiO2 nanoparticles in vitro

In this study,the cytotoxicity of two different crystal phases of TiO₂ nanoparticles,with surface modification by humic acid（HA）,to Escherichia coli,was assessed.The physicochemical properties of TiO₂ nanoparticles were thoroughly characterized.Three different initial concentrations,namely 50,100,and 200 ppm,of HA were used for synthesis of HA coated TiO₂ nanoparticles（denoted as A/RHA50,A/RHA100,and A/RHA200,respectively）.Results indicate that rutile（LC50（concentration that causes 50%mortality compared the control group）=6.5）was more toxic than anatase（LC₅0=278.8）under simulated sunlight（SSL）irradiation,possibly due to an extremely narrow band gap.It is noted that HA coating increased the toxicity of anatase,but decreased that of rutile.Additionally,AHA50 and RHA50had the biggest differences compared to uncoated anatase and rutile with LC₅0of 201.9 and21.6,respectively.We then investigated the formation of reactive oxygen species（ROS）by TiO₂ nanoparticles in terms of hydroxyl radicals（OH）and superoxide anions（O₂^-）.Data suggested that O₂^- was the main ROS that accounted for the higher toxicity of rutile upon SSL irradiation.We also observed that HA coating decreased the generation of OH and O₂^- on rutile,but increased O₂^- formation on anatase.Results from TEM analysis also indicated that HA coated rutile tended to be attached to the surface of E.coli more than anatase.     

Rubber sheet strewn with TiO2 particles:Photocatalytic activity and recyclability

A new method for the preparation of rubber sheet strewn with titanium dioxide particles (TiO₂-strewn sheet) is presented. This simple and low cost method is based on the use of TiO₂ powder (Degussa P25) being strewn onto the sheet made from rubber latex (60% HA) through a steel sieve. The characteristic of the TiO₂-strewn sheet was studied by using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM/EDS) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) techniques. The photocatalytic activity of TiO₂-strewn rubber sheet was evaluated using Indigo Carmine (IC) dye as a model for organic dye pollutant in water. The results showed that the TiO₂-strewn sheet could degrade IC dye solution under UV light irradiation. The effects of pH, initial concentration, and the intensity of UV light on the photodegradation were also investigated. Kinetics of the photocatalytic degradation was of the first-order reaction. The used TiO₂-strewn sheet can be recovered and reused. The recycling uses did not require any cleaning between successive uses and no decline in the photodegradation efficiency was observed compared with freshly prepared TiO₂-strewn sheet.     

WC/TiO2纳米复合界面光催化剂制备及其光催化降解酚类污染物研究

设计并制备了新型WC/TiO2纳米复合界面光催化剂应用于酚类污染物的光催化降解反应中.采用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)技术分析了WC/TiO2纳米复合界面光催化剂的晶型和表面形貌.结果显示锐钛矿型TiO2纳米颗粒均匀地分散在WC纳米球表面并很好地构筑了WC/TiO2界面.研究了不同WC负载比例的WC/TiO2光催化剂在模拟太阳光照射下降解苯酚的光催化性能.结果表明:WC/TiO2复合界面的形成可以有效地提高TiO2光催化降解性能;其中,3%WC/TiO2(质量分数)光催化降解苯酚的活性最高.利用紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)和高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术(HPLC-MS)分析了WC/TiO2纳米复合界面光催化剂降解苯酚的中间产物,提出了苯酚在WC/TiO2界面上可能的降解机理.     

Fabrication of Bi2O3/TiO2 nanocomposites and their applications to the degradation of pollutants in air and water under visible-light

A nanoheterojunction composite photocatalyst Bi2O3/TiO2working under visible-light(λ 420 nm) was prepared by combining two semiconductors Bi2O3 and TiO2 varying the Bi2O3/TiO2molar ratio. Maleic acid was employed as an organic binder to unite Bi2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles. The SEM, TEM, XRD and diffuse reflectance spectra were utilized to characterize the prepared Bi2O3/TiO2nanoheterojunction. The nanocomposite exhibited unusual high photocatalytic activity in decomposing 2-propanol in gas phase and phenol in aqueous phase and, evolution of CO2 under visible light irradiation while the end members exhibited low photocatalytic activity. The composite was optimized to 5 mol% Bi2O3/TiO2. The remarkable high photocatalytic efficiency originates from the unique relative energy band position of Bi2O3 and TiO2 as well as the absorption of visible light by Bi2O3.     

TiO2复合催化剂弱光催化降解模拟海水中苯酚及其催化活性的影响

为了获得适用于海水中有机污染物光降解催化剂,分别选用纳米SiO_2粒子和氧化石墨烯GO为载体,利用吸附相反应技术并结合热处理过程制备了基于TiO_2的复合催化剂,研究了弱光(光强小于1mW·cm~(-3))激发下复合催化剂光催化降解模拟海水中苯酚.结果表明,吸附相反应技术结合焙烧得到的La~(3+)掺杂TiO_2-SiO_2,表面亲水性较强和对苯酚吸附能力较弱,难以克服盐离子的干扰并有效降解模拟海水中高浓度苯酚.而吸附相反应技术结合醇溶剂热还原处理后,La~(3+)掺杂TiO_2-SiO_2催化剂表面亲水性显著减弱,但该催化剂在模拟海水中不能形成稳定的悬浮体系.吸附相反应技术得到的TiO_2-GO和La~(3+)掺杂TiO_2-GO中,TiO_2粒子粒径小于10nm且均匀负载于GO的表面.醇溶剂热还原处理可使TiO_2形成晶型结构,从而提高其催化活性,同时还能将GO表面的含氧基团还原,降低催化剂表面亲水性.从而提升催化剂对苯酚的吸附能力和对盐离子的抗干扰能力.另外,还原GO与小粒径TiO_2粒子紧密结合,使光生电子能很快转移至还原GO表面,增大光生电荷分离率,进一步提升催化剂的光降解性能.     

Determination of the mechanism of photoinduced toxicity of selected metal oxide nanoparticles (ZnO, CuO, Co3O4 and TiO2) to E. coli bacteria

Cytotoxicity of selected metal oxide nanoparticles(MNPs)(ZnO,CuO,Co 3 O 4 and TiO 2)was investigated in Escherichia coli both under light and dark conditions.Cytotoxicity experiments were conducted with spread plate counting and the LC 50 values were calculated.We determined the mechanism of toxicity via measurements of oxidative stress,reduced glutathione,lipid peroxidation,and metal ions.The overall ranking of the LC 50 values was in the order of ZnO < CuO < Co 3 O 4 < TiO 2 under dark condition and ZnO < CuO < TiO 2 < Co 3 O 4 under light condition.ZnO MNPs were the most toxic among the tested nanoparticles.Our results indicate depletion of reduced glutathione level and elevation of malondialdehyde level correlated with the increase in oxidative stress.Released metal ions were found to have partial effect on the toxicity of MNPs to E.coli.In summary,the dynamic interactions of multiple mechanisms lead to the toxicity of the tested MNPs to E.coli.     

Advances in photocatalytic disinfection of bacteria: Development of photocatalysts and mechanisms

Photocatalysis has attracted worldwide attention due to its potential in solar energy conversion. As a “green” advanced oxidation technology, it has been extensively used for water disinfection and wastewater treatment. This article provides a review of the recent progress in solar energy-induced photocatalytic disinfection of bacteria, focusing on the development of highly efficient photocatalysts and their underlying mechanisms in bacterial inactivation. The photocatalysts are classified into TiO₂-based and non-TiO₂-based systems, as TiO₂ is the most investigated photocatalyst. The synthesis methods, modification strategies, bacterial disinfection activities and mechanisms of different types of photocatalysts are reviewed in detail. Emphasis is given to the modified TiO₂, including noble metal deposition, non-metal doping, dye sensitization and composite TiO₂, along with typical non-TiO₂-based photocatalysts for bacterial disinfection, including metal oxides, sulfides, bismuth metallates, graphene-based photocatalysts, carbon nitride-based photocatalysts and natural photocatalysts. A simple and versatile methodology by using a partition system combined with scavenging study is introduced to study the photocatalytic disinfection mechanisms in different photocatalytic systems. This review summarizes the current state of the work on photocatalytic disinfection of bacteria, and is expected to offer useful insights for the future development in the field.     

Effects of environmental factors on sulfamethoxazole photodegradation under simulated sunlight irradiation: Kinetics and mechanism

To advance the knowledge of the environmental fate of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), we systematically investigated the effects of natural water constituents and synthetic substances (i.e., TiO₂ nanoparticles (nTiO₂) and Ti-doped β-Bi₂O₃ (NTB)) on the photodegradation kinetics of SMX under xenon lamp irradiation. The photolysis of SMX in aqueous solution followed first-order kinetics. Our results showed that higher concentrations of SMX, fulvic acid, suspended sediments, NTB and higher pH value decreased the photodegradation rates of SMX, whereas H₂O₂ improved the SMX photodegradation. TiO₂ nanoparticles had a dual effect on photodegradation due to their photocatalytic activity and photoabsorption of photons. No intermediates more toxic toward Vibrio fischeri than SMX were produced after direct photolysis and photocatalytic degradation for 3 hr. The photolysis of SMX involved three pathways: hydroxylation, cleavage of the sulfonamide bond, and fragmentation of the isoxazole ring. This study lays the groundwork for a better understanding of the environmental fate of SMX.     

原位植入TiO2纳米颗粒改性聚砜超滤膜及其抗生物污染性能研究

选用TiO_2纳米颗粒通过原位植入法对聚砜超滤膜表面进行改性,通过调节p H及沉淀浴中TiO_2浓度制备出不同TiO_2覆盖率的改性聚砜超滤膜,并分别用扫描电子显微镜、接触角测定仪、激光共聚焦显微镜等对改性膜性能进行评价.结果表明,p H为4时TiO_2分散良好并植入到聚砜膜表面,改变沉淀浴的浓度可以有效控制TiO_2在聚砜膜表面的覆盖率.聚砜膜的亲水性随TiO_2覆盖率的提高而不断增强.在纯水通量下降不明显的情况下,TiO_2改性超滤膜的抗生物污染性能均优于未改性膜,随着覆盖率的提高,抗生物污染性能呈现先增强后减弱的趋势,在覆盖率介于22.4%~27.7%之间时改性膜具有最优的抗生物污染性能,可使微生物粘附减少93%,黑暗培养24 h的生物膜厚度减少70%以上.     

TiO2诱导下左旋氧氟沙星的可见光降解及其机制

左旋氧氟沙星是一种新型污染物.单一的左旋氧氟沙星(LFV)和Ti O2无可见光响应,但二者共存下左旋氧氟沙星能发生显著的可见光降解.为此研究Ti O2用量、溶液p H以及左旋氧氟沙星浓度对Ti O2/Vis(可见光)降解左旋氧氟沙星的影响及机制.结果表明,左旋氧氟沙星能吸附在Ti O2表面,吸附服从准二级吸附动力学和Langmuir吸附等温线.吸附左旋氧氟沙星的Ti O2漫反射UV-Vis光谱进一步表明二者形成表面复合物.左旋氧氟沙星的Ti O2/Vis降解动力学符合LangmuirHinshelwood方程.合适的Ti O2浓度和中性p H有利于光解过程的进行.自由抑制实验、N2保护下左旋氧氟沙星的Ti O2/Vis降解实验揭示·O-2是该过程中的主要活性物种.同时,无氧左旋氧氟沙星-Ti O2悬浮液光照不同时间的UV-Vis光谱证明体系中存在电子向Ti O2导带的注入.依据实验结果提出吸附在Ti O2表面的左旋氧氟沙星与Ti O2形成表面复合物,在可见光照下发生电子迁移,从而引发左旋氧氟沙星降解.本研究表明利用污染与Ti O2形成表面复合物诱导其可见光降解可用来去除水中某些有机污染物.