储罐池火特性研究进展

总结了常见池火特性参数如燃烧速率、火焰形态、火焰脉动、热辐射通量的半经验公式,计算得出燃烧速率、火焰拖曳直径、火焰脉动随储罐直径变化规律,火焰倾角随风速变化规律,热辐射通量随距离的变化规律,确定了多个公式的适用范围,指出了多个特性参数存在的问题,并提出了未来的研究方向。     

横向风对油池火烧试验的影响

以模拟包装容器的油池火烧试验为例,利用FLUENT计算流体动力学模拟软件,对不同风速条件下直径为3 m的煤油池火灾进行三维定常模拟,获得了风速大小与火焰倾角和火焰锋面的变化关系,并拟合出了火焰倾角随风速变化的简化公式;分析了横向风对包装容器周围火焰热辐射通量分布产生的影响,验证了风速低于2 m/s对包装容器火烧试验不会产生较大影响的结论,对包装容器耐火特性试验的开展具有实际指导意义。     

不同产气量时井喷失控喷射火模拟仿真研究

运用计算流体动力学软件CFX对不同产气量时井喷失控喷射火进行了模拟仿真研究,得出在相同风速下随产气量的增大,喷射火垂直喷射高度和横向喷射距离增大,但弯曲程度减弱,同时火焰面变宽;预测相同风速不同产气量时的井喷喷射火伤害范围,分析得出随产气量的增加,致死区、重伤区、轻伤区的伤害半径变化较小,而危险区伤害半径呈线性增大趋势.此外,通过对实例的模拟分析,验证了模拟的可靠性.     

大型LNG全容罐安全阀火灾影响研究

为了研究LNG储罐翻滚事故下安全阀火灾热辐射影响,利用计算流体力学的方法对不同风速、风向下放空气火灾进行了模拟,得到火灾热辐射影响范围。结果表明:在目前安全阀高度15 m(距离罐顶平台)的设计条件下发生翻滚安全阀放空火灾,当大气风速超过5 m/s时,火灾热辐射会对LNG储罐顶部部分区域内的金属设备及管线造成损害。根据安全阀火灾热辐射评估结果,从安全设计审查和日常操作维护方面提出了预防控制措施。     

天然气门站内带喷射的天然气燃烧计算模型研究

选用Fluent软件的轻质可燃气体受障碍物阻挡的高速喷射扩散模型,对某天然气站内带喷射的天然气燃烧进行研究和计算,得出燃烧温度、热辐射通量、氧和二氧化碳浓度分布图,结果表明燃烧造成的高温区基本和喷射主气流区重合,如果发生火灾,门站的设备将全部损坏,并造成人员死亡。该结果可为企业设置进站截断阀与调压装置之间的最小距离提供依据。     

石化管道丁烷气体泄漏扩散数值模拟

为研究石化管廊管道气体的泄漏扩散规律,以某化工园区石化管廊丁烷输气管道作为研究对象,采用CFD软件的Realizable k-ε模型对不同环境风速和泄漏初始速度下石化管道丁烷气体泄漏的扩散规律进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明:无风状态下,丁烷泄漏气体以射流形式从泄漏口喷出,爆炸极限区域集中于泄漏口上方;随着环境风速的增大,丁烷气体高浓度区域面积缩小,处于爆炸极限范围区域的面积扩大,危险区域面积扩大,丁烷气云整体呈上浮趋势;丁烷气体泄漏初始速度越大,丁烷泄漏气体自由扩散的作用越强,处于爆炸极限范围区域的面积越大,丁烷气云沉降趋势明显、纵深增加。     

压力容器防火措施的改进

安全阀有利于防止压力容器由外部火灾引起的爆炸。由于美国石油学会(API)公布的两项“推荐技术RP520、RP521”肯定了安全阀的作用,因此许多工程师并没有认识到安全阀仅仅是总的防护措施中的一部分。本文评述了除采用安全阀之外的其他防护方法。首先应了解密闭容器中的工艺流体,它们可能是气体、液体或气体 液体,防护措施取决于其体积和在着火瞬间的热性能。下面讨论气体或准气体(quosi-gas)容器,概述存在的问题及解决办法。1　气体容器的安全阀受到外部火灾作用时,气体容器上的安全阀很有可能不能保护容器,而仅提供一种保护的假象。火焰…     

单开口有限空间自然通风特性及其影响因素研究

通风是保障有限空间内作业人员安全的技术手段。以单开口有限空间为研究对象,采用CFD数值模拟的方法分析了单开口有限空间自然通风的流场特性,计算了自然通风的通风风量和有毒有害气体浓度降低的速度,并研究了外界风速、外界风向、有限空间内有毒有害气体组分、有限空间类型4种因素对单开口有限空间自然通风效果的影响。结果表明:自然通风过程中,外界风速越大,通风风量越大,单开口有限空间内有毒有害气体浓度降低的速度越快;对于进出口位于上部的单开口有限空间,在自然通风的过程中,相对于重质气体,轻质气体浓度降低的速度较快;相对于地上有限空间,地下有限空间自然通风的通风风量小,有限空间内有毒有害气体浓度降低的速度慢,实际通风时间需适当地延长。     

基于恶臭气体扩散数值模拟的垃圾中转站选址

城市垃圾中转站恶臭气体扩散问题是居民非常关注的焦点。采用计算流体力学方法对某拟建垃圾中转站和周围建筑物附近的流场和可能泄漏的恶臭气体的扩散进行了数值模拟,分析了不同风速和风向对流场结构和恶臭气体扩散特性的影响规律。结果表明:在相同风向不同风速下,无因次化流场结构基本相同;风速高时恶臭气体迅速扩散,不影响周围建筑物;接近静风时,恶臭气体能够扩散至垃圾中转站的连体建筑和南侧学生宿舍,但浓度已降低约3个数量级;风速接近静风的东风和南风条件下,恶臭气体扩散快,影响区域有限。总体上,该拟建垃圾中转站的选址合理。该研究过程可为类似项目选址的合理性评判提供科学参考。     

液化天然气罐车泄漏原因分析及事故后果模拟

收集和整理了2006年1月至2016年6月间81起液化天然气罐车事故案例,并针对交通事故后经常发生泄漏事故进行了原因分析及后果分析。以广东省某高速公路上发生液化天然气罐车泄漏为例,运用ALOHA软件对泄漏后引发的喷射火、蒸气云爆炸、沸腾液体扩展蒸气爆炸3种事故后果进行模拟,定量得出事故危害范围,并利用Google Earth进行可视化。同时,模拟了不同风速条件下对3种事故后果危害距离的影响情况,结果表明:当风速处在1.5~2.5 m/s时,风速的增大会使喷射火、蒸气云爆炸事故危害距离逐步增大;但风力的大小不会影响到沸腾液体扩展蒸气爆炸所形成的热辐射伤害区域。     

Autopoiesis: a review and a reappraisal

The aim of the paper is to review critically the notion of autopoiesis as presented by Maturana and Varela. In particular, recognizing that there are difficulties in obtaining a complete and clear picture from the primary literature, an effort is made to present a coherent view--also based on many years of personal contact with Francisco Varela. The paper begins with a few historical notes to highlight the cultural background from which the notion of autopoiesis arose. The basic principles of autopoiesis as a theory of cellular life are then described, emphasizing also what autopoiesis is not: not an abstract theory, not a concept of artificial life, not a theory about the origin of life--but rather a pragmatic blueprint of life based on cellular life. It shown how this view leads to a conceptually clear definition of minimal life and to a logical link with related notions, such as self-organization, emergence, biological autonomy, auto-referentiality, and interactions with the environment. The perturbations brought about by the environment are seen as changes selected and triggered by the inner organization of the living. These selective coupling interactions impart meaning to the minimal life and are thus defined by Maturana and Varela with the arguable term of "cognition". This particular view on the mutual interactions between living organism and environment leads these authors to the notion of "enaction", and to the surprising view that autopoiesis and cognition are two complementary, and in a way equivalent, aspects of life. It is then shown how cognition, so defined, permits us to build a bridge between biology and cognitive science. Autopoiesis also allows one to conceive chemical models of minimal cellular life that can be implemented experimentally. The corresponding work on "chemical autopoiesis" is then reviewed. The surprising impact of autopoiesis in the social sciences ("social autopoiesis") is also briefly discussed. This review also comments on why the theory of autopoiesis had, and still has, a difficult time being accepted into the mainstream of life-science research. Finally, it is pointed out that the new interest in system biology and complexity theories may lead to a reappraisal of autopoiesis and related notions, as outlined also by other authors, such as Tibor Ganti and Stuart Kauffmann.     

公众环境意识与可持续发展关系初探

目前,国内存在的各种环境问题,归根到底是由于发展战略的不同所致,人们开始重新去认识和评价传统发展战略的局限性,标志着人类文明即将步入一个被称之"环境文明"新的历史时代.历史文化传统和经济发展水平决定公众环境意识,公众的环境意识直接影响可持续发展战略的实施,如何增强,提出决策和建议,通过大力开展环境宣传教育,提高公众环境意识,可持续发展,实现可持续发展的战略.     

Self-Injection of a Dipteran Parasitoid into a Spider

 A host invasion strategy hitherto unknown from other insect parasitoids was observed in the dipteran Acrocera orbicula (Fabricius) (Diptera: Acroceridae) parasitizing the wolf spider, Pardosa prativaga (L. Koch) (Araneida: Lycosidae). In laboratory experiments the free-living first instar acrocerid larvae attached themselves firmly to the spiders' integument by the mouthparts, cutting a tiny hole through the integument. No first instar larvae invaded the host. A week later the parasitoids molted, and a small, flexible, and glabrous second instar larva left each of the attached first instar exuviae and invaded the host through the attachment hole of the first instar larva. The novel host invasion pattern observed may reduce physical damage to the host in the initial phase of endoparasitism, enhancing parasitoid survival. Received: 14 April 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 2 July 1999     

Attributes of a hopper-predator community in a rice field

A hopper-predator community in an experimental rice field was observed weekly with regard to information content (H′), formation of a geometric series or the grade of orderly distribution of component taxa (R²), and clumping index (I). These community attributes changed with time in close association with one another, and attained the highest values around the heading time of the rice. Significant correlations were found between the density of prey and that of predators when a certain time-lag was assumed for the increase of predators.     

Performance of a novel vertical-flow settler: a comparative study

By increasing particle concentration and G value （root-mean-square velocity gradient） to enhance flocculation, a novel vertical-flow settler was designed to increase sedimentation effectiveness, and to simultaneously improve operational stabilization. Due to the gradual decrease in upward flow-rate of raw water, a floes blanket would form and suspend in the middle section of the settler, not at the bottom as in a conventional clarifier. Enough large floes, resulted from flocculation or fltration, would continuously settle out of the floes blanket, and simultaneously, the floes in raw water or those forming above the blanket would ceaselessly enter the floes blanket. As a result, the floes concentration in the blanket could keep a dynamic balance. The hydrodynamic shear in the blanket was improved by flow separation, which was induced by the abrupt change in flow channel. Due to the floes blanket and improved hydrodynamic shear, flocculation would be enhanced, which was helpful for removing fine particles in raw water. A comparative study showed that the novel vertical-flow settler had a much better performance in the removal of the particles in raw water than a conventional one, when they treated kaolin suspensions of different concentrations （500, 100 and 50 mg/L, respectively） coagulated by polyaluminum chloride（PAC1） at the up-flow rates of 1 and 2 mm/s, respectively.     

建设绿色重庆构建和谐社会

"十一五"是我国经济社会发展的重要战略机遇期,也是环境保护工作极具挑战的时期.我们将以党的十六届五中全会精神为指针,以建设"绿色重庆"为目标,以"预防为主、综合治理,不欠新账、多还旧账,创新机制、强化监管,突出重点、分类指导,典型示范、带动全面"为基本原则,发展循环经济,解决突出问题,改善环境质量,建立工作机制,努力构建环境友好型社会.     

建设宁静家园 营造和谐环境——厦门市思明区创建“安静居住小区”的做法和体会

创建安静居住小区,是以营造安静和谐的宜居生活环境为目标,通过强化噪声监管、开展宣传教育等方式,改善城区声环境质量,提高居民环保意识,提高城市文明水平的一种有效方式.2009年以来,厦门市思明全区开展创建“安静居住小区”工作.目前,25个创建小区中共有24个通过验收达标.“安静居住小区”创建以来,小区居民对居住环境质量的满意率达到97％,小区噪声污染得到有效治理,居民的环保意识得到极大提高.     

When a year takes 18 months: evidence for a strong circannual clock in a shorebird

During the last three of 20 years kept as a pet, a red knot (Calidris canutus) went through two complete 'circannual' cycles of body mass and plumage. With a record cycle length of 18 months, this individual shorebird provides evidence for an exceptionally strong circannual clock system. The absence of synchronisation to outdoor but visible periodic cues suggests that the constant, socially-induced, day-night environment was of overriding importance. So far, only for songbirds is there firm experimental evidence that annual cycles are orchestrated by an endogenous circannual clock system. In constant environments the circannual cycles of these passerines tend to have periods that are shorter, rather than longer, than a year.