气象因素对北京臭氧的影响

利用北京城区连续观测的O3及其前体物NOx和CO体积分数资料,分析了其时间变化特征,并结合气象要素进行了统计相关性分析.结果表明,在局地光化学反应的影响下,O3体积分数夏季超标严重.O3浓度呈单峰型日变化,在午后15:00左右出现日最大值,夜晚体积分数较低.受排放源强弱的季节变化影响,NOx和CO在冬季出现高值.NOx和CO体积分数呈现白天低,夜晚高的日变化过程.O3体积分数变化与温度,风速成正相关,与相对湿度成反相关,且存在季节变化,在夏季与温度相关性较高,在冬季与风速相关性较高.受上游污染源的影响,当北京盛行东南、偏南和偏西气流时,容易造成高O3体积分数.夏季O3体积分数主要受局地光化学反应控制,可以利用常规气象要素对O3体积分数趋势进行预测.     

北京大气中SO2、NOx、CO和O3体积分数变化分析

为了探讨北京市大气污染物的污染水平和变化特征,2004年8月—2005年7月对北京大气中SO2、NOx、O3和CO体积分数进行了连续观测,并对比分析不同季节的变化特征。结果表明,SO2体积分数呈双峰曲线日变化,在08:00和23:00出现峰值。SO2采暖季日振幅明显高于非采暖季日振幅,采暖季SO2体积分数要比非采暖季高出3倍以上。NOx、CO体积分数在早晨07:00和傍晚20:00左右出现峰值,NOx体积分数最大值可达130×10-9,而CO体积分数最大值可达3300×10-9。NO有明显的日变化和季节变化,而NO2白天夜晚都维持在同一水平,且季节变化也不大。O3体积分数夏季远远高于冬季,日变化均呈单峰型分布,午后14:00—15:00出现峰值。     

北京大气O3与NOx的变化特征

以2004年8月-2005年7月北京市区近地层大气中臭氧(O3)和氮氧化物(NOx)体积分数观测资料,研究了北京大气中O3和NOx体积分数的变化特征.研究表明:北京市O3体积分数较高,并呈季节性波动,大气光化学污染以夏季最为严重.受太阳紫外辐射和城市交通的影响,城市O3体积分数呈单峰型分布,并在午后15:00出现峰值,造成大气强氧化性.NO2的光解速率夏季最大,在正午出现日最大值.受城市车流量变化的影响,周末NOx体积分数高于工作日,O3体积分数周末与工作日白天差异较小,而夜晚O3体积分数上作日高于周末.     

天津夏季地面O3浓度变化规律与影响因素

臭氧是城市污染大气中的首要光化学污染物,其变化规律与前体物(NO、NO2和CO)和气象因素关系密切.利用2008年夏季天津城区地面大气O3、相关前体物和气象因素等观测数据,研究了O3浓度水平和时间变化规律,重点分析了7月3日-8月5日O3与NO、NO2和CO等前体物及气象因素(气温、相对湿度和风速)的相关性.结果表明,天津城区夏季O3存在一定的污染,超标时段多发生在13:00-19:00,这一时段对应高温、低湿、大风的天气条件;NO、NO2和CO作为O3的前体物,昼间其浓度与O3浓度呈线性负相关,夜间相互作用较为复杂,相关性显著降低;气象因素对O3浓度影响明显,高温、低湿利于光化学反应的进行,O3浓度与风速呈正相关表明可能有外来源的存在.     

非甲烷挥发性有机物(NMHCs)对北京大气臭氧产生的影响

以2005年北京大气中臭氧(O3)、氮氧化物(Nox)、一氧化碳(CO)和MHCs观测资料为基础,分析了夏季O3及其前体物的变化特征以及O3产生的影响因素.结果表明,北京夏季大气中O3体积分数较高,最高ψ(O3)为199.79×10-9.按丙烯等量体积分数计算,大气中NMHCs体积分数以苯乙烯体积分数最高.AHC占总NMHCs的大部分,而AHC中以R-AROM最高.大气氧化剂OX产生率随着Nox的增加而递增,平均产生率为12.5×10-9h-1,而03产生效率平均为4.0.O(3净产生率在正午12:00最大,O3产生的过程中以过氧氢自由基的光化学生成反应为主.敏感性试验发现,大气中O3体积分数主要受NMHCs体积分数的控制,其中以R-AROM和R-OLE对大气中O3产生的贡献最大.     

福州市CO时空分布特征与影响因素

国家环境保护部2012年修订的"环境空气质量标准"将CO列入环境空气污染物基本项目,因预报业务迫切要求构建福建省重点城市福州CO的预报概念模型。利用2011─2013年福州市6个环境空气国控点CO小时质量浓度观测资料,结合NO2、O3等污染物浓度、气象常规观测资料以及通过聚类分析法将天气进行环流分型,分析CO的时空分布规律,与其它污染物浓度的相关性以及天气形势、气象要素等对CO质量浓度变化的影响。结果表明,福州CO年平均质量浓度的高值出现在工业源较多、交通源密集的监测点;市区浓度高于郊区和高山站点,24 h平均质量浓度没有出现过超标现象。冬季平均质量浓度最高,其次是春季、秋季,夏季最低是冬季的0.68倍;峰值出现在1月和4月,冬半年CO质量浓度整体高于夏半年。日分布高峰出现在7:00─10:00和17:00─20:00,低谷出现在13:00─16:00,白天浓度值波动大,夜间稳定处于低值区。CO与NO2质量浓度呈现显著的正相关性,秋季最高相关系数0.658;与O3质量浓度呈现反相关性(夏季除外)。CO质量浓度出现相对高值的天气型依次是锋前暖区高压后部切变、高空槽地面倒槽;出现相对低值的天气型依次是副热带高压台风(热带辐合带)外围台风(热带辐合带)副热带高压边缘高压脊高压底部。大气扩散条件的好坏、光化学作用是否明显以及风速的大小是决定CO质量浓度高低的主要因素,与降水量关系不大。     

北京大气中CO体积分数与风速关系

CO是城市大气中一种重要的污染物,在城市的光化学反应中扮演着重要的角色.以2004-08-2005-07期间北京中科院大气物理研究所连续观测的CO体积分数和风速数据为基础,研究了北京市大气中CO体积分数与风速的分布特征.结果表明,北京大气中CO体积分数受排放源和大气扩散能力的影响呈现冬季高,夏季低的季节变化特征.白天8 h (09:00-16:00) CO体积分数与风速分布频率存在负的统计相关性,相关系数r=0.93,K值为3.5±0.5.受观测点地理位置和周边道路机动车分布的影响,偏东气流控制时的CO体积分数是偏西气流的2.3倍.     

长三角区域背景地区SO2和NOx本底特征

本研究对代表长三角区域背景地区的临安大气本底站2006-2007年的SO2和NOx数据进行分析,结果表明,实验期间,SO2和NOx年均浓度均无明显差异;SO2,NOx季节变化特点和一些城市地区的研究结果一致,都是在冬季浓度较高,夏季浓度较低,不同的是,在邻近临安本底站的上海市,SO2与NO2最高月浓度与最低月浓度的比值小于临安区域本底站SO2与NOx最高月浓度与最低月浓度的比值,说明背景地区污染物浓度更容易受到气象条件变化的影响;SO2和NOx小时浓度日变化和城市地区的双峰双谷型分布形态不同,呈现出单谷型分布形态,午后的14点左右,SO2和NOx小时浓度达到24 h中的最低值,SO2和NOx分别在凌晨0点左右和晚上20点左右达到24 h中的最大值.     

西安市雁塔区大气NO_x垂直分布及影响因素

根据2013年3月西安市雁塔区高层建筑的昼夜观测资料,分析近地层大气ρ(NOx)的垂向变化及其影响因素。结果表明,观测期间ρ(NOx)日均值为0.100~0.120 mg·m-3,逐日波动不大;其值随高度上升而增大,但不同时段存在差异,在53~65 m高处达到最大值;≤29 m高处在14:00—16:00达到最大值,22:00—00:00降至最低;35~65 m高处白天持续升高,20:00达到最大值,22:00降至最低值后缓慢升高;71~83 m高处则在22:00—00:00降至最低后又很快升高。认为ρ(NOx)变化受人为源排放、大气稳定度、天气形势、城市冠层及其他气象条件的综合影响,与气压、风速呈显著负相关,与气温呈显著正相关。     

桂林岩溶表层带土壤 CO2体积分数时空变化规律及其意义

通过2010—2011年的监测建立了桂林盘龙洞坡地和洼地不同深度土壤 CO2体积分数的季节性变化.监测土壤 CO2体积分数空间上变化为:坡地80 cm>50 cm>30 cm;洼地80 cm >100 cm >50 cm>30 cm.监测土壤 CO2体积分数时间上变化为2010年7月和2011年6月未 CO2体积分数达到最高值,2010到2011年冬季为土壤 CO2达到最低值.由于受到大气降水量急剧减少的影响2011年土壤 CO2体积分数整体比2010年低.显示大气降水量也是影响土壤 CO2体积分数的重要环境因素.为我国固碳减排科学的选择时间和空间提供有力的依据     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Seaweed for climate mitigation,wastewater treatment,bioenergy, bioplastic,biochar, food,pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics: a review

The development and recycling of biomass production can partly solve issues of energy, climate change, population growth, food and feed shortages, and environmental pollution. For instance, the use of seaweeds as feedstocks can reduce our reliance on fossil fuel resources, ensure the synthesis of cost-effective and eco-friendly products and biofuels, and develop sustainable biorefinery processes. Nonetheless, seaweeds use in several biorefineries is still in the infancy stage compared to terrestrial plants-based lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, here we review seaweed biorefineries with focus on seaweed production, economical benefits, and seaweed use as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, biochar, bioplastics, crop health, food, livestock feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Globally, seaweeds could sequester between 61 and 268 megatonnes of carbon per year, with an average of 173 megatonnes. Nearly 90% of carbon is sequestered by exporting biomass to deep water, while the remaining 10% is buried in coastal sediments. 500 gigatonnes of seaweeds could replace nearly 40% of the current soy protein production. Seaweeds contain valuable bioactive molecules that could be applied as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, and in other cosmetics and skincare products.

     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.     

Fragmentation of Phragmites Habitats, Minimum Viable Population Size, Habitat Suitability, and Local Extinction of Moths, Midges, Flies, Aphids, and Birds

Results from populations of insects and birds inhabiting Phragmites habitats were used to analyze effects of fragmentation. Flush-crash cycles of the stem-boring moth Archanara geminipuncta (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) showed regionally concurrent, local extinctions despite an originally enormous population size (more than 180,000 adults), emphasizing the importance of metapopulation dynamics. Further, A. geminipuncta could be considered a keystone species, since shoot damage facilitated more than twenty species of herbivores, saprovores (of the caterpillars' feces), and their parasitoids. The gall midge Lasioptera arundinis could survive only in side shoots induced by shoot damage of A. geminipuncta .
Small Phragmites stands had thinner shoots (due to a water or nutrient deficiency) and shoots with more leaves (due to a better light supply) than large stands, thereby influencing species-specific demands for habitat suitability and nutritiousness of reed tissue. In other words significance of habitat fragmentation could not be assessed by area alone. For example, two chloropid flies depending on thin, yellowish shoots survived only in small habitats or in the unmown edges of large habitats.
Local persistence of Phragmites herbivores depended on much larger population sizes than could be expected from a population size sufficient to maintain genetic variation. At least 11,000 adults of the gall midge Giraudiella inclusa (or more than 84,000 galls) were necessary to avoid local extinction.
With regard to conservation management of reed habitats, nature reserves should consist of old and unmown reeds, have fewer disturbed (particularly, fewer mown) habitat edges, measure more than two hectares (priority should go to the largest remaining fragments), and be surrounded by nearby reed habitats providing reservoir populations and diverse shoot types.