一溴三氟丙烯-氮气复合灭火介质灭火性能研究

为了考察一溴三氟丙烯(简称BTP)与氮气(N2)复合灭火介质的灭火性能,首先,基于多组分分压原理论述了预混技术的可行性和喷头初始压力对同复合灭火介质灭火性能的影响,然后通过协同作用理论模型研究了一溴三氟丙烯与氮气复合灭火介质的协同作用.其次,通过临界灭火试验平台研究了不同比例BTP-N2复合灭火介质的灭火临界条件;通过喷头释放压力对复合灭火介质影响试验平台分析喷头压力对同比例复合灭火介质灭火性能的影响规律.结果表明,BTP-N2复合灭火介质的灭火过程中存在协同效应;同比例下的BTP-N2复合灭火介质,喷头压力与释放量及灭火时间呈负相关性.     

7FA临界灭火浓度的测定及7FA/BTP协同灭火作用研究

作为氢氯氟烃、氢氟烃和全氟烃的理想替代物,七氟环戊烷(7FA)因其具有环境友好性和环状结构而极具发展潜力.首先构建了临界灭火体积分数测定平台,采用杯式燃烧器法测得7FA熄灭乙醇火焰的临界灭火体积分数为8.4％.其次,为了规避其灭火体积分数稍高的缺点,将7FA和一溴三氟丙烯(BTP)按照一定的物质的量比进行了混合,结果表明,在7FA中加入少量的BTP可以显著提高其灭火能力并将其临界灭火体积分数降低到6％以下.最后,在此试验基础上对构建的理论预测模型的可靠性进行了验证,得出7FA与BTP之间存在协同灭火作用.     

氢氟烃洁净气体灭火剂的灭火性能及机理研究进展

氢氟烃(HFCs)灭火剂已成为目前最常用的洁净气体灭火剂.介绍了氢氟烃洁净气体灭火剂的灭火性能和使用特点,阐述了其物理灭火机理,从氢氟烃气体热分解和与火焰作用研究等方面综述了氢氟烃洁净气体灭火剂化学灭火机理研究进展,并展望了氢氟烃洁净气体灭火剂的研究趋势.     

冷激波灭火弹的灭火机理及应用研究

为了提高消防人员的安全,突破现有消防条件的限制,实施远程控火、灭火,本文提出一种新的灭火装置:冷激波灭火弹--爆炸冲击波与灭火介质相互作用破坏火场稳定燃烧条件,从而实现控火、灭火的目的.本文从理论方面介绍了冷激波灭火弹的灭火机理,并辅以相应的实验验证了冷激波灭火弹灭火的可行性、实用性.     

溴氟丙烯/13X沸石复合粉体抑制汽油火的试验研究

为提高粉体灭火介质的灭火性能,基于粉体灭火剂在火灾防治领域的重要性,通过减压吸附的方法,将洁净高效的气体灭火剂溴氟丙烯负载在13X沸石的孔洞之中,形成气-固复合粉体灭火剂。采用X-射线衍射仪、扫描电镜等对复合粉体的结构和组分进行表征。通过模拟试验研究溴氟丙烯含量不同的复合粉体对汽油油池火的灭火效果,并和普通的干粉灭火剂进行对比。结果证明,溴氟丙烯和13X沸石所形成的气-固复合粉体灭火剂针对汽油油池火具有很好的灭火性能,在同样的试验条件下,其灭火时间和灭火剂用量远少于普通的干粉灭火剂,且随着复合粉体中溴氟丙烯的含量增加,复合粉体的灭火性能逐渐提高。     

细水雾灭油池火时各种影响因素的相对重要度分析

采用实验的方法并与理论分析相结合，对细水雾在扑灭B类火时，占主导地位的灭火机理进行了研究。实验中发现，当液体燃料的闪点相差较大时，其灭火机理往往不尽相同。并且当细水雾的雾特性相差较大时，在灭火中起主导作用的灭火机理常常也各有不同。因而那种单纯以雾滴的粒径分布作为细水雾扑灭燃料闪点较高的油池火时，雾滴的动量分布对细水雾的灭火有效性影响更大。为此，本文还建立了一个简单的模型，试图得到在这种火灾场景下，对细水雾灭火的临界动量要求。     

双流体细水雾对木垛火的灭火特性研究

使用气泡雾化喷头和氮气、空气及二氧化碳3种雾化气体对木垛火进行双流体细水雾灭火试验,研究了双流体细水雾与木垛火的相互作用特点及细水雾和雾化气体的协同灭火机理.结果表明,水流率足够的条件下,双流体细水雾可以快速抑制木垛火,但完全扑灭木垛内部的火焰需要较长时间;喷头施加的水流率越大,灭火时间越短;雾化气体起到了辅助灭火的作用,且雾化气体本身的灭火能力越强,对应的双流体细水雾的灭火时间越短.     

局部蒸汽系统抑制熄灭油池火的实验研究

选取乙醇为燃料试样,进行不同条件下蒸汽灭火的全尺寸实验,研究了局部蒸汽系统抑制熄灭油池火的有效性及其影响因素,并探讨其灭火机理.实验结果表明:喷口直径是影响蒸汽灭火的关键因素,中等直径的喷口具有较好的灭火效率;喷口方位和燃料浓度也会影响灭火有效性;局部蒸汽系统的有效保护面积大于直接覆盖面积,对可燃气和氧气的稀释置换作用...     

固定式CAFS装置灭火试验及其工程应用研究

以直径11 m油池为灭火对象,分别采用压缩气体泡沫灭火装置和负压式泡沫灭火装置进行了灭火测试,对比分析了2种泡沫灭火方法的灭火能力。试验结果表明,压缩气体泡沫灭火系统可在较低的泡沫供给强度下完成油池灭火;压缩气体泡沫灭火能力优于负压式泡沫灭火系统,在相同泡沫混合液流量下,压缩气体泡沫灭火系统的灭火时间仅为负压式泡沫灭火系统的57%。实现大流量高压供气后,压缩气体泡沫灭火技术可应用于储罐灭火。     

开放空间蒸汽熄灭油池火灭火机理研究

对蒸汽熄灭油池火进行了模拟试验研究,通过设置对比试验,研究了全淹没保护方式和局部保护方式下的不同灭火效果,分析了开放空间中蒸汽熄灭油池火的主导灭火机理.结果表明,局部保护条件下,蒸汽能快速熄灭油池火;全淹没保护条件下,利用同样的蒸汽供给强度及更小的火源,蒸汽灭火效率则相对较低.基于对比试验、灭火过程及火焰结构的分析表明,蒸汽的动力学作用为开放空间内蒸汽熄灭油池火的主导灭火机理.最后从理论基础上对蒸汽的动力学作用进行了验证和初步分析.     

Fire-Extinguishing Effectiveness of 1-Bromo-3,3,3-Trifluoropropene/Inert Gaseous Mixture Evaluated by Cup Burner Method

1-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene with low extinguishing concentration has been identified, but it has high boiling points and is not suitable replacements for halon 1301. However, mixtures of 1-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene in an inert gas could produce fire-extinguishing agents with many of the desirable properties of halon 1301. To study binary fire suppressants, one has to determine the extinguishing concentration of the 1-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene/inert gas mixtures. In this study, a method based on cup-burner was used to estimate the extinguishing concentration of 1-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene/inert gas mixtures. A mechanism for mixing 1-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene with inert gas before applying to fire was proposed. The results show that addition of small amount of 1-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene in inert gas reduces the extinguishing concentration of inert gas considerably, and 1-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene/inert gas mixture suppressant shows strong synergistic interactions at low mole concentration of 1-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene.     

基于集成学习的改进灰色瓦斯浓度序列预测*

为有效提高煤矿瓦斯浓度动态预测精度,基于微分方程理论和最小二乘法,从灰色预测模型静态灰色作用量出发,优化灰色作用量,推导幂指数型灰色作用量的改进灰色瓦斯浓度预测算法,推导基于集成学习不同灰色作用量幂指数型灰色瓦斯预测模型,进而研究吉林八连城长期和短期瓦斯浓度监控数据预测精度。结果表明:瓦斯浓度时间序列近似线性时,基于集成学习的改进灰色瓦斯浓度预测算法优于传统灰色瓦斯浓度预测算法,使瓦斯浓度预测值和实际值的均方根误差降低,均方根差最大降低2.25%。研究结果可有效提瓦斯浓度预测精度。     

Flash points measurements and prediction for binary miscible mixtures

Flash point is one of the most important parameters used to characterize the potential fire and explosion hazards for flammable liquids. In this study, flash points of twenty eight binary miscible mixtures comprised eighteen flammable pure components with different compositions were measured by using the closed cup apparatus. The obtained experimental data are further employed to develop simple and accurate models for predicting the flash points of binary miscible mixtures. Based on the vapor–liquid equilibrium theory, the normal boiling point, the standard enthalpy of vaporization, the average number of carbon atoms, and the stoichiometric concentration of the gas phase were selected as the dominant physicochemical parameters that were relevant to the overall flash point property of liquids. With these parameters for pure components as well as the compositions of mixtures, the new form of characteristic physicochemical parameters for mixtures were developed and used as the input parameters for the flash point prediction of mixtures. Both the modeling methods of multiple linear regression (MLR) and multiple nonlinear regression (MNR) were employed to model the possible quantitative relationships between the parameters for mixtures and the flash points of binary miscible mixtures. The resulted models showed satisfactory prediction ability, with the average absolute error for the external test set being 2.506 K for the MLR model and 2.537 K for the MNR model, respectively, both of which were within the range of the experimental error of FP measurements. Model validation was also performed to check the stability and predictivity of the presented models, and the results showed that both models were valid and predictive. The models were further compared to other previously published models. The results indicated the superiority of the presented models and revealed which can be effectively used to predict the FP of binary miscible mixtures, requiring only some common physicochemical parameters for the pure components other than any experimental flash point or flammability limit data as well as the use of the Le Chatelier law. This study can provide a simple, yet accurate way for engineering to predict the flash points of binary miscible mixtures as applied in the assessment of fire and explosion hazards and the development of inherently safer designs for chemical processes.     

惰性气体抑制瓦斯爆燃火焰传播特性实验研究*

为研究惰性气体抑制瓦斯爆燃火焰传播特性,在自行搭建的中尺度爆炸激波管道上,采用数据采集系统、压电式传感器、火焰传感器、同步控制系统和激光纹影测试系统,通过对比4种不同喷射压力（0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5 MPa）的实验工况,选用N2做为惰性介质时抑制火焰的传播特性与喷射压力密切相关,火焰传播速度随着喷射压力增加呈现先增加后减弱的趋势。研究结果表明:少量N2在管道中扩散,加剧了未反应预混气体的扰动状态,造成火焰阵面褶皱的卷吸能力增强,进而加速化学反应进程,促进预混气体燃烧;喷射压力为1.5 MPa时,火焰阵面拉升、变形最强,火焰传播速度提高,最高可达到250 m/s;喷射压力为3.5 MPa时,火焰阵面出现明显三维凹陷结构,运动发生明显滞后现象,火焰传播速度大幅度降低至5.4 m/s,惰性气体抑制火焰传播效果明显。     

Estimation of turbulent flame speed during DME/air premixed gaseous explosions

DME is thought to be a good alternative fuel due to its cleanliness and more excellent fuel economy. Although the prediction and loss prevention of flammability hazard is very important for safety of DME installations, the evaluation method with sufficient accuracy has not been established. In this study, a numerical combustion model is constructed and a 3-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of a premixed DME/air explosion in a large-scale domain is conducted. The main feature of the numerical model is the solution of a transport equation for the reaction progress variable using a function for turbulent flame velocity which characterizes the turbulent regime of propagation of free flames derived by introducing the fractal theory. The model enables the calculation of premixed gaseous explosion without using fine mesh of the order of micrometer, which would be necessary to resolve the details of all instability mechanisms. The value of the empirical constant contained in the function for turbulent flame velocity is evaluated by analyzing the experimental data of LPG/air and DME/air premixed explosions. The comparison of flame behavior between the experimental result and numerical simulation shows good agreement.     

原油管道氮气抑爆实验研究

为了探究不同浓度下的氮气对管道受限空间内油气爆炸的影响作用，通过原油实验管道测得不同油气浓度下的最大爆炸压力值，研究氮气对原油管道爆炸特性的抑制作用。研究结果表明:实验原油管道油气浓度在4.32%~14.25%区间管道油气发生爆炸，在低油气浓度的爆炸区间内，相近油气浓度的爆炸压力等爆炸特性上升较快，高浓度的爆炸区间内，变化较缓慢，在9.23%的油气浓度时爆炸特性变化最明显；在爆炸区间内充入浓度为0%~30%的不同浓度的氮气，随原油管道内氮气浓度的扩充，实验所测得爆炸区间不断压缩，在26%的氮气浓度时几乎不发生油气爆炸，且实验研究的爆炸特性均有所减弱。     

基于多源数据融合的煤矿工作面瓦斯浓度预测*

为了解决瓦斯浓度预测使用的单一数据在预测中影响还不够深入的问题,提出基于LSTM神经网络的多源数据融合瓦斯浓度预测模型。模型将上隅角瓦斯浓度、采煤机速度、工作面吨煤瓦斯涌出量等不同数据融合作为输入层参数,使用Adam优化算法更新LSTM网络层参数,利用Attention机制突出关键影响瓦斯浓度的因素,开展多源数据融合的瓦斯浓度预测,结合某矿1008工作面的实际数据,分析不同数据在瓦斯浓度预测中的作用。研究结果表明:单变量下的Attention-aLSTM预测效果相比LSTM提升14.2%;多源数据融合下的Attention-aLSTM相比自身提升了5%。     

管道内甲烷/空气预混火焰加速传播特性研究

搭建了基于可视化燃烧管道的预混火焰精细结构实验台,通过理论分析和实验等手段对预混火焰的瞬态传播过程及加速传播特性进行了研究,分析得出了不同甲烷含量的预混火焰加速传播规律及预混火焰由层流向湍流的转变规律.     

基于证据理论的煤矿瓦斯涌出组合预测

为提高煤矿瓦斯涌出量预测的准确度,引入证据理论组合预测方法。根据瓦斯涌出量及其主要影响因素间的实验数据,采用3个不同的粒子群神经网络模型对涌出量进行初步预测。并由BP、RBF网络对预测误差及预测点的影响因素进行分析建模,以获取每个模型的可信度。再利用证据理论对其进行合成,确定组合模型的权值,最终实现对瓦斯涌出量的组合预测。实例结果表明,该组合预测方法的平均绝对误差、均方误差分别为18.5%、5.8%,均小于神经网络组合法及等权平均法的相应预测误差,适用于煤矿瓦斯涌出量预测。     

Effects of premixed methane concentration on distribution of flame region and hazard effects in a tube and a tunnel gas explosion

Study of flame distribution laws and the hazard effects in a tunnel gas explosion accident is of great importance for safety issue. However, it has not yet been fully explored. The object of present work is mainly to study the effects of premixed gas concentration on the distribution law of the flame region and the hazard effects involving methane-air explosion in a tube and a tunnel based on experimental and numerical results. The experiments were conducted in a tube with one end closed and the other open. The tube was partially filled with premixed methane-air mixture with six different premixed methane concentrations. Major simulation works were performed in a full-scale tunnel with a length of 1000 m. The first 56 m of the tunnel were occupied by methane–air mixture. Results show that the flame region is always longer than the original gas region in any case. Concentration has significant effects on the flame region distribution and the explosion behaviors. In the tube, peak overpressures and maximum rates of overpressure rise (dp/dt)_max for mixtures with lower and higher concentrations are great lower than that for mixtures close to stoichiometric concentration. Due to the gas diffusion effect, not the stoichiometric mixture but the mixture with a slightly higher concentration of 11% gets the highest peak overpressure and the shock wave speed along the tube. In the full-scale tunnel, for fuel lean and stoichiometric mixture, the maximum peak combustion rates is achieved before arriving at the boundary of the original methane accumulation region, while for fuel rich mixture, the maximum value appears beyond the region. It is also found that the flame region for the case of stoichiometric mixture is the shortest as 72 m since the higher explosion intensity shortens the gas diffusion time. The case for concentration of 13% can reach up to a longest value of 128 m for longer diffusion time and the abundant fuel. The “serious injury and death” zone caused by shock wave may reach up to 3–8 times of the length of the original methane occupied region, which is the widest damage region.