人工湿地循环处理的养殖水体中浮游动物动态变化

2004年3月～11月对人工湿地循环处理的养殖水体中浮游动物的动态变化进行了研究,探讨不同的处理方式和放养类型对水体中浮游动物的影响及生物多样性指数的变化.结果表明,养殖水体经人工湿地处理后,水质改善,对浮游动物去除率在60%以上,几乎没有影响到浮游动物的群落结构,循环水量最大的1号塘浮游甲壳动物隆腺溞占优势,密度较其他塘低,而生物量则高;放养类型相同的循环塘3号塘和静态塘4号塘,浮游动物种类基本相同,但种类数3号塘明显多于4号塘;辛普森多样性指数显示:1号塘>2号塘>3号塘>4号塘,说明循环塘水质好于静态塘.图4表5参21     

Zooplankton diversity and physico-chemical conditions in three perennial ponds of Virudhunagar district, Tamilnadu

Plankton diversity and physico-chemical parameters are an important criterion for evaluating the suitability of water for irrigation and drinking purposes. In this study we tried to assess the zooplankton species richness, diversity and evenness and to predict the state of three perennial ponds according to physico-chemical parameters. A total of 47 taxa were recorded: 24 rotifers, 9 copepods, 8 cladocerans, 4 ostracods and 2 protozoans. More number of zooplankton species were recorded in Chinnapperkovil pond (47 species) followed by Nallanchettipatti (39 species) and Kadabamkulam pond (24 species). Among the rotifers, Branchionus sp. is abundant. Diaphanosoma sp. predominant among the cladocerans. Among copepods, numerical superiority was found in the case of Mesocyclopes sp. Cypris sp. repeated abundance among ostracoda. Present study revealed that zooplankton species richness (R1 and R2) was comparatively higher (R1: 4.39; R2: 2.13) in Chinnapperkovil pond. The species diversity was higher in the Chinnapperkovil pond (H': 2.53; N1: 15.05; N2: 15.75) as compared to other ponds. The water samples were analyzed for temperature, pH, electrical conductivity alkalinity salinity, phosphate, hardness, dissolved oxygen and biological oxygen demand. Higher value of physico-chemical parameters and zooplankton diversity were recorded in Chinnapperkovil pond as compared to other ponds. The zooplankton population shows positive significant correlation with physico-chemical parameters like, temperature, alkalinity phosphate, hardness and biological oxygen demand, whereas negatively correlated with rainfall and salinity. The study revealed that the presence of certain species like, Monostyla sp., Keratella sp., Lapadella sp., Leydigia sp., Moinodaphnia sp., Diaptomus sp., Diaphanosoma sp., Mesocyclopes sp., Cypris sp. and Brachionus sp. is considered to be biological indicator for eutrophication.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in shrimp ponds and the measures for sustainable management

Six ponds of age 3 were selected 45 km north from Suzhou in the Tailake region, and research conducted on nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in P. vannanmei (Penaeus vannanme) ponds and M. nipponense (Macrobrachium nipponense) hatchery ponds under normal management. Two treatments each had three replications. The results confirmed that feed was the major path of nitrogen and phosphorus input, each accounted for 61.24% (193.81 kg ha(-1)) and 81.08% (45.20 kg ha(-1)) of the total nitrogen and phosphorus input for P. vannanme ponds; the values for M. nipponense ponds were 43.93% (86.31 kg ha(-1)) and 57.67% (14.61 kg ha(-1)), respectively. Water pumped into ponds contributed on average 83.57 kg ha(-1) nitrogen and 8.48 kg ha(-1) phosphorus for P. vannanmei ponds, and 87.48 kg ha(-1) nitrogen and 7.00 kg ha(-1) phosphorus for M. nipponense hatchery ponds. Shrimp harvest recovered 102.81 kg ha(-1) nitrogen (32.94% of the total nitrogen input) and 7.94 kg ha(-1) phosphorus (14.23% of the total phosphorus input) for P. vannanme ponds; and 43.94 kg ha(-1) nitrogen and 4.46 kg ha(-1) phosphorus for M. nipponense hatchery ponds. The sum of nitrogen losses through volatilization, denitrification and sedimentation was 173.62 and 122.39 kg ha(-1), 54.86% and 62.29% of the total nitrogen input for P. vannanme ponds and M. nipponense hatchery ponds, respectively. Sediment accumulated 41.46 and 14.63 kg ha(-1) phosphorus, 74.37% and 64.85% of the total phosphorus input for P. vannanm ponds and M. nipponense hatchery ponds. Draining and seeping caused 40.06 kg ha(-1) nitrogen (12.66% of total nitrogen input) and 6.36 kg ha(-1) phosphorus (11.40% of total phosphorus input) loss to the surrounding water from P. vannanme ponds in 114 days; 30.14 kg ha(-1) nitrogen (15.34% of the total input) and 4.45 kg ha(-1) phosphorus (17.57% of the total input) to channel water from M. nipponense hatchery ponds in 87 days, respectively. Countermeasures for sustainable pond management include improving feeds and feeding, sediment treatments, machine aerating, chemicals with no pollution, and integrated fish-shrimp cultivation. Management of water resources for pond and methods to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loading into surrounding water from drainage are elucidated.     

Limnology of Kharland (saline) ponds of Ratnagiri, Maharashtra in relation to prawn culture potential

The coastal saline soils, Kharlands, have great potential for their use in aquaculture. This study has been taken up to understand the limnology of the ponds in Kharland area for assessing their prawn culture potential. This study was carried out during September, 1999 to August, 2001. Each Kharland pond has an area of 0.045 hectare. During the study, depth of pond water was 47.7 to 120.0 cm, temperature varied from 25.7 to 34.5 degrees C; transparency from nil to 65.0 cm; specific conductivity from 1.78 to 94.5 microS.cm(-1); total dissolved solids from 0.89 to 27.55 ppt; pH 5.42 to 8.25; dissolved oxygen 1.6 to 8 mg.l(-1); free carbon dioxide 10.00 to 44.00 mg.l(-1); total alkalinity 5.00 to 142.00 mg.l(-1); salinity 0.45 to 39.55 ppt; total hardness 245.00 to 5945.00; calcium 56.05 to 1827.6; magnesium 110.74 to 4507.75 mg.l(-1); dissolved organic matter 1.45 to 9.68 mg.l(-1); ammonia 1.00-8.00 microg.l(-1); nitrite nil to 20.00 micro l(-1) and nitrate 7.5 to 17.5 microg.l(-1). These Kharland ponds are unique in physio-chemical characteristics during their seasonal cycle. From July to October, these ponds have nearly freshwater while from November to May pond water becomes saline. Thus, there is a great possibility of taking up monoculture of both the freshwater and brackish water prawns as well as polyculture of prawns and fishes in the Kharland ponds.     

Complex dynamics of toxin producing algal species and primary productivity in two water ponds of Faizabad

In order to develop a method of predicting and assessing pond eutrophication, which is a serious environmental problem, and to propose effective measure of improvement of water quality. The present study was performed to measure water quality variables, primary productivity, chl-a and biomass of toxin producing algal species and fish production. High nutrient influx and toxin producing algal species have been observed during June 1999 to May 2000 in two water bodies [Girija Kund (A) and Maqubara pond (B)] of Faizabad. The maximum chl-a concentration, toxins producing algal species biomass were found to be 415.00 and 515.00 in pond A, while 451.00 microg/l and 541.22 mg/l in pond B, respectively in the case of Microcystis aeruginosa. Ecological parameters to evaluate GPP, NPP and CR were found to be 297.00, 134.000 and 182.00 mgCm3/h in summer season in pond B, respectively which is higher than pond A. A poor association existed between chl-a and GPP. Temporal variation (Photosynthetic rate) in A(max) & P(max) was also observed to evaluate the productivity of pond. Annual fish production potential of the ponds A and B has been estimated to be around 342.00 Kg and 204. 00 Kg, respectively which may be due to the presence of toxin producing algal species.     

Limnological studies of Papnash pond, Bidar (Karnataka)

The Papnash pond is an oldest pond of Bidar, Kamataka state. It is situated at 77 degrees-32 longitude and 17 degrees-55 latitude, located 551 m above mean sea level. It has been used daily for bathing and washing of clothes by large number of pilgrims. The samples were collected fortnightly during October 1999 to September 2000 to analyze physico-chemical and biological status of water, such as temperature, pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, chloride, organic matter, nitrite, phosphate, sulphate and algal flora. Variations in physico-chemical parameters were noted. The results also revealed that the pond water was hard, alkaline and polluted. Totally 39 species of algae were reported from the four classes.     

高位池养虾对土壤微生物脂肪酸和土壤酶活及其表征的土壤质量的影响

为评价高位池养虾对土壤质量的影响,通过脂肪酸分析和土壤酶活测定比较海南岛白马井镇高位池土壤与原始土壤微生物群落结构与活性的变化.结果显示,高位池土壤的pH值和盐分含量显著升高,有机质和总N显著下降(P<0.05).脂肪酸分析表明,高位池土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌和微生物总量都显著下降(P<0.05),尤其真菌急剧下降(P<0.05),放线菌未检测到.土壤脱氢酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性在高位池土壤中也显著下降(P<0.05).总之,微生物群落结构显著变化,微生物生物量和活性在高位池土壤中都显著下降,表明长期的高位池养虾导致了土壤质量的下降.     

Role of probiotics on the environment of shrimp pond

Recent disease outbreak in shrimp farming caused mainly by bacteria, virus, fungi or a combination of these etiologic agents is attributed to disturbance in the environment of pond. To combat this, different antibiotics and chemicals are being used which are reported to be not environment friendly. Of late, a new and unique biotechnological product called "Probiotics " is being used widely by all the shrimp farmers worldwide, which is found to be more effective and environmentally safe also. In the present study 2 probiotics were used in a small 0.7 ha shrimp farm near Pattukottai in Tamil Nadu State for one culture period for the management of pond environment and also the gut ecology of Penaeus monodon. The environmental parameters analysed were within the acceptable limits. It was evident from the results that the production was better in the experimental pond where the probiotics were used. The biological parameters such as the average body weight, FCR and total harvest achieved were better in the experimental pond than the control pond, all due to congenial environment, which obtained in the former mainly due to the use of probiotics.     

A comparative hydrobiological study of a few ponds of Barak Valley, Assam and their role as sustainable water resources

A hydrobiological study conducted in nine different ponds of a rural area of Barak Valley, Assam, showed that the concentrations of chemical parameters like dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, pH, conductivity alkalinity nitrate, phosphate, calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc are within the permissible levels of drinking water quality standard of WHO and ISI. However iron content was higher in most of the ponds. A clear indirect relationship between iron concentration and euglenoids has been observed. Major phytoplankton taxa present in the ponds are Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Euglenophyceae. The study reveals that rural ponds can be a very good source of water for drinking, domestic use and fishery and should be conserved at any cost.     

Physico-chemical characteristics of the Vellar estuary in relation to shrimp farming

All the physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, LEC, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen and nutrients like total phosphorus, inorganic phosphate, nitrite and silicate studied in relation to shrimp farming. There are as many as 42 shrimp farms situated on the banks of Vellar estuary. These farms discharge the used water into the estuary, which may influence the biota there. In the present study the physico-chemical feature in relation to shrimp farming were studied in 3 stations of the estuary. When compared with the previous data from Vellar estuary there was no much difference in physico-chemical characteristics due to shrimp farming.     

Effects of Pond Draining on Biodiversity and Water Quality of Farm Ponds

Farm ponds have high conservation value because they contribute significantly to regional biodiversity and ecosystem services. In Japan pond draining is a traditional management method that is widely believed to improve water quality and eradicate invasive fish. In addition, fishing by means of pond draining has significant cultural value for local people, serving as a social event. However, there is a widespread belief that pond draining reduces freshwater biodiversity through the extirpation of aquatic animals, but scientific evaluation of the effectiveness of pond draining is lacking. We conducted a large‐scale field study to evaluate the effects of pond draining on invasive animal control, water quality, and aquatic biodiversity relative to different pond‐management practices, pond physicochemistry, and surrounding land use. The results of boosted regression‐tree models and analyses of similarity showed that pond draining had little effect on invasive fish control, water quality, or aquatic biodiversity. Draining even facilitated the colonization of farm ponds by invasive red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), which in turn may have detrimental effects on the biodiversity and water quality of farm ponds. Our results highlight the need for reconsidering current pond management and developing management plans with respect to multifunctionality of such ponds. Efectos del Drenado de Estanques sobre la Biodiversidad y la Calidad del Agua en Estanques de Cultivo     

啤酒废水的生物净化与利用研究

以啤酒废水为主的城市污水,通过多级模拟生物净化系统,污水中的有机污染物得到明显转换和去除． Ｂ Ｏ Ｄ５ 、 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ、 Ｎ、 Ｐ等污染指标去除率在７９ ．４５ ％ ～９９ ．７０ ％ 之间．随水质的改变,藻类的种类、数量、生物量、叶绿素含量及多样性指数不断上升,清洁种类逐渐增多．在净化后的污水中,鱼虾优质饵料生物—大型蚤数量ｎ达２３４ Ｌ－ １ ,即平均有２ ．６７ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ 的 Ｃ、０ ．６２ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ 的 Ｎ、０ ．０９ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ 的 Ｐ转移到蚤体中．相关分析表明,大型蚤食量与加入藻的量呈正相关关系,与剩余藻的量呈负相关关系．     

复合塘-湿地系统水生植物时空分布对氮磷去除的影响

利用复合生态塘-湿地处理系统水生植物时空格局异质性,研究了水生植物分布对氮、磷去除影响.结果表明,水生植物种类和数量的分布差异导致各单元氮、磷去除呈现不同的周期变化;水生植物主要通过改变硝化/反硝化进程、自身代谢和化学沉降速率影响NH3、NOx-、有机氮和总磷的去除.系统不同单元中氮、磷去除机制差异决定了NH3和总磷主要在曝气养鱼塘(去除率分别为29.5%、30.1%)、鱼塘(16.9%、17.8%)和水生植物塘(24.5%、19.4%)去除;NOx-主要在芦苇湿地(出水<0.4 mg/L)去除;而有机氮则主要在复合兼性塘(32.3%)和鱼塘(28.1%)去除.此外,生态塘出水中水生植物绝大部分被芦苇湿地所截滤,它们的腐败/释放导致湿地中NH3和总磷的表观去除率偏低(分别小于8.5%和11.5%).     

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycling in Shrimp Ponds and the Measures for Sustainable Management

Six ponds of age 3 were selected 45 km north from Suzhou in the Tailake region, and research conducted on nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in P. vannanmei(Penaeus vannanme) ponds and M. nipponense(Macrobrachium nipponense) hatchery ponds under normal management. Two treatments each had three replications. The results confirmed that feed was the major path of nitrogen and phosphorus input, each accounted for 61.24%(193.81 kg ha^–1) and 81.08%(45.20 kg ha^–1) of the total nitrogen and phosphorus input for P. vannanme ponds; the values for M. nipponense ponds were 43.93%(86.31 kg ha^–1) and 57.67%(14.61 kg ha^–1), respectively. Water pumped into ponds contributed on average 83.57 kg ha^–1 nitrogen and 8.48 kg ha^–1 phosphorus for P. vannanmei ponds, and 87.48 kg ha^–1 nitrogen and 7.00 kg ha^–1 phosphorus for M. nipponense hatchery ponds. Shrimp harvest recovered 102.81 kg ha^–1 nitrogen (32.94% of the total nitrogen input) and 7.94 kg ha^–1phosphorus (14.23% of the total phosphorus input) for P. vannanme ponds; and 43.94 kg ha^–1 nitrogen and 4.46 kg ha^–1phosphorus for M. nipponense hatchery ponds. The sum of nitrogen losses through volatilization, denitrification and sedimentation was 173.62 and 122.39 kg ha^–1, 54.86% and 62.29% of the total nitrogen input for P. vannanme ponds and M. nipponense hatchery ponds, respectively. Sediment accumulated 41.46 and 14.63 kg ha^–1 phosphorus, 74.37% and 64.85% of the total phosphorus input for P. vannanm ponds and M. nipponense hatchery ponds. Draining and seeping caused 40.06 kg ha^–1 nitrogen (12.66% of total nitrogen input) and 6.36 kg ha^–1 phosphorus (11.40% of total phosphorus input) loss to the surrounding water from P. vannanme ponds in 114 days; 30.14 kg ha^–1nitrogen (15.34% of the total input) and 4.45 kg ha^–1 phosphorus (17.57% of the total input) to channel water from M. nipponense hatchery ponds in 87 days, respectively. Countermeasures for sustainable pond management include improving feeds and feeding, sediment treatments, machine aerating, chemicals with no pollution, and integrated fish-shrimp cultivation. Management of water resources for pond and methods to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loading into surrounding water from drainage are elucidated.     

Blood metabolites and hemocyanin of the white shrimp,<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Litopenaeus vannamei</Emphasis>: the effect of culture conditions and a comparison with other crustacean species

Oxyhemocyanin (OxyHc), blood protein, glucose, acylglycerol (AG), and lactate of Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles were investigated. Statistical analyses were done on baseline values for each metabolite and on OxyHc from shrimp cultured in outdoor (20-m² ponds) and indoor (90-l tanks). The values obtained were compared with blood metabolites reported in the literature for L. vannamei maintained under similar conditions. Normal distribution was only found for samples from indoor shrimp. The distribution values for blood metabolites from shrimp cultured in outdoor ponds and indoor tanks were right or left skewed. OxyHc, blood proteins, and glucose levels were higher in shrimp cultured in outdoor ponds than those observed in shrimp maintained in indoor tanks. These differences were attributed to availability of live food in outdoor culture ponds. The OxyHc/protein ratio showed that 60% of blood protein is OxyHc in outdoor-cultured shrimp and was lower than in indoor-cultured shrimp, and this ratio was lower than that found (97%) in indoor-cultured shrimp. The type of food was identified as a dominant factor affecting blood metabolites. AG in outdoor-cultured shrimp was significantly lower than that observed in indoor-maintained shrimp. Blood lactate concentration of shrimp was not affected by the culture conditions. The blood levels for protein, glucose, and lactate reported here are similar to those reported previously for other crustacean species, indicating that these can be used as a reference for evaluating the physiological status of L. vannamei. When we compared the OxyHc, blood protein, glucose, and lactate levels of L. vannamei juveniles with other crustacean species, we observed that crabs, lobsters (low-activity species), and closed-thelycum shrimp species (mean-activity species) had lower values in comparison to those observed in open-thelycum shrimp species, including L. vannamei juveniles. Possibly the blood metabolites and OxyHc could be reflecting the morphological and physiological adaptation of crustaceans, because these metabolites will depend on energetic demands.     

快速城市化地区塘的消减过程研究--以广州市天河区为例

塘是我国南方地区常见的、分布广泛的景观类型,也是相对独立的水生生态系统,在生态系统服务和人类经济文化活动中扮演着非常重要的角色。国际学者对其在保护生物多样性、防涝排水、提升景观及改善人居环境等方面的生态功能研究较多,但国内对塘的形成、消减过程、生态环境功能效应等科学问题一直认识不足,在人口和土地的快速城市化胁迫下,为了增加建设用地使用面积而将水塘填埋的行为广泛存在。文章以广州市天河区为研究区,以1996、2000、2004、2007、2011年5期遥感影像为数据,通过目视解译获取研究区的土地利用特征,提取水塘信息,依据塘的主要功能对塘进行分类,通过缓冲区分析、主成份分析和转移矩阵分析探索快速城市化地区水塘消减过程的数量和空间分布特征。结果表明：（1）研究区内水塘景观在15 a间显著消减,数量由109个减至20个,面积由36.30 hm2降至13.18 hm2,个体减少率为81.65%,面积减少率为63.69%;（2）不同时段、不同功能类型的水塘消减过程存在明显差异,养殖塘、风水塘、山塘和灌溉塘面积急剧减少,景观塘面积先降后增;（3）各时段的塘转换主要去向为居住用地、商业及工矿用地等,周边土地利用格局有交通用地、荒草地的塘更易于被转换成建设用地等其他土地利用类型;（4）在城市人居环境建设中,水塘具有保持生物多样性、调节气温、改善气候、防旱排涝、改善人居环境等生态价值,又具有历史文化、景观美化等人文价值,但水塘已成为快速城市化地区居住、商业、工矿用地的主要侵占对象。作为冷岛的水塘生态系统,在城市化进程和各项规划中都应受到重视与保护。     

A dynamic mathematical model for wastewater stabilization ponds

A dynamic mathematical model was developed to predict the effluent quality of facultative wastewater stabilization ponds. For a sound representation of sediment–water column, water column–atmosphere interactions and stratification due to variations in dissolved oxygen concentrations, a two-dimensional hydraulic model was employed considering dispersed flow and diffusion in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. Resulting partial differential equation system was solved using finite difference methods and matrix manipulation techniques. The model has been calibrated and evaluated on the basis of collected data from a full-scale facultative stabilization pond in Selçuk, Izmir. Variations of COD, NH₄-N, PO₄-P, dissolved oxygen, bacteria and algae concentrations with time and the dimensions of the pond were estimated by using the dynamic model. The model can be used for design of new stabilization ponds and also, for improving the effluent quality of existing ponds.     

Energy flow model of an oxygen-deficient estuary on the Swedish west coast

The estuary Byfjord (Sweden) is characterized by high primary production, a well developed meiofauna compared to the macrofauna, high epifaunal biomass, a low number of herbivorous copepods and a small fish stock. A simplified energy flow model of the ecosystem of the fjord is given. The energy transfer is approximated to 15%. About one-fourth-300 (metric) tons of carbon — of the annual primary production is suggested to be directly consumed and to produce 5 tons of zooplankton carbon and 40 tons of epifaunal (mainly Mytilus edulis) carbon. About 500 tons of carbon from the detritus pool are probably utilized in animal production. This amount will produce 5 tons of zooplankton carbon, 6 tons of meiofaunal carbon, and 3 tons of carbon from the benthic macrofauna. Production of fish is estimated at 0.3 ton carbon per year. M. edulis seems to be the only food resource in the fjord worth harvesting by man.     

不同种肥料对虾池浮游植物群落的影响

在海水池塘围隔生态系中实验研究了施粪肥（鸡粪）、化肥和这两种的混合肥对浮游植物群落构成、生物量、初级生产力和种类多样性的效应．结果表明：施粪肥围隔蓝藻占优势，生物量的动态主要取决于蓝藻的变动；施化肥围隔硅藻和甲藻为优势类群，群落组成的动态主要表现为这两类植物的变动；施混合肥围隔在生物量和优势类群动态方面都表现为两种肥料协同效应的结果．群落的初级生产力与水体氮磷总量正相关．施混合肥围隔中的初级生产力和多样性指数最高，以此为指标评价肥料效果．认为混合施肥优于单施1种粪肥或化肥．     

虾池环境生物修复作用菌的分离与筛选

为修复对虾养殖环境，从山东各地虾池底泥中分离出331株细菌，通过测定其对对虾饵料降解能力，筛选到虾池有机污染物降解菌10株，这些菌能以对虾饣料为唯一碳源和氮源生长，对对虾配合饵料和蛤蜊肉具有较强降解能力（72h内CODMn去除率分别在60％和70％以上），并可在虾池环境条件下良好生长，对养殖动物安全性试验证明，这些菌株对养殖对虾没有致病作用，且其中6株可提高对虾的成活率，这些降解菌具有快速消除虾池底部有机污染、修复对虾养殖环境的潜力。