改良剂对土壤Pb、Zn赋存形态的影响

采用室内模拟培养修复方法研究海泡石、骨炭、油菜秸秆和生石灰对土壤Pb、Zn赋存形态的影响,结果表明,酸性土壤中添加这4种改良剂均显著性地提高土壤的pH.添加油菜秸秆和生石灰处理可显著地降低土壤酸可提取态Zn含量,培养2个月后,土壤酸可提取态Zn含量分别比对照降低17.4%和34.6%.4种改良剂中,除了海泡石外,油菜秸秆、骨炭和生石灰处理均可以显著地降低土壤中酸可提取态Pb含量.添加油菜秸秆、骨炭和生石灰可使土壤可交换态Pb比对照分别降低87.1%、82.6%和25.6%(培养1个月),93.7%、73.3%和39.0%(培养2个月).油菜秸秆和骨炭是具有修复Pb污染土壤的潜力材料.     

腐殖酸和含磷物质对模拟铅污染农田土壤的钝化效应

利用磷酸二氢铵、过磷酸钙、羟基磷灰石与腐殖酸单独以及复配施用对模拟铅(Pb)污染农田土壤进行钝化处理,采用乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐(EDTA)浸提法、生物可利用性提取(physiologically based extraction test,PBET)评价Pb污染土壤的钝化效果,并通过BCR形态分级实验研究钝化前后土壤Pb形态的变化,探讨不同钝化剂的修复机理.结果表明,施用不同的钝化剂均能降低土壤EDTA和PBET提取态Pb的质量分数,腐殖酸与磷酸盐复配施用的效果优于单一钝化剂处理,腐殖酸与羟基磷灰石(P/Pb物质的量比为2.4)复配施用时效果最明显,土壤EDTA和PBET提取态Pb的质量分数分别降低了29.7%、18.1%;BCR形态分级实验表明,添加钝化剂可有效减少土壤活性较高的弱酸提取态Pb的含量,增加活性较低的残渣态Pb含量,与单一钝化剂处理相比,腐殖酸和磷酸盐复配施用效果更好,尤其是与难溶性的羟基磷灰石复配施用效果最显著.     

典型矿冶周边地区土壤重金属污染及有效性含量

对湖南长沙、株洲、衡阳、郴州等地区的典型矿冶污染土壤进行了采样分析与有效性含量提取,结果表明,土壤中重金属污染严重,矿区土壤主要污染元素为Pb、Zn、As、Cr、Cu,而冶炼业周边污染土壤中主要是Zn、Pb、Cr、As、Cu、Cd,其污染程度均远远高于国家环境质量二级标准;Pb、Cd和Zn污染主要来源于采矿、冶炼活动而As污染可能还与农业生产有关。不同浸提液对土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Cu有效性质量分数的提取能力(设其符号为u)依次为u(NH4NO3)>u(HCl)>u(CaCl2);而对有效性Cr,HCl提取量为最高;盐基离子,尤其是NH4、NO3效应和酸效应(H+)大大促+-进了土壤中重金属离子的环境危害行为。     

以设计精准修复方案为目标的土壤重金属形态分布研究

农田土壤原位钝化/稳定化修复是通过向土壤中添加化学药剂以降低重金属活性、抑制土壤重金属向农作物迁移进而降低重金属风险的一种修复技术。针对河南省某重金属污染农田土壤,为制定精准的原位稳定化修复方案,采集32个表层土壤样品测定其Cd、Pb、As、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr 7种元素全量,并利用BCR连续提取法测定弱酸提取态、可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态4种形态含量。结果表明:土壤Cd、Pb、As、Cu、Zn、Ni和Cr含量的平均值分别为1.90、144.91、7.33、32.24、91.40、28.80和19.76 mg·kg-1,Cd和Pb含量分别超过HJ/T 332—2006《食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准》的3.17和1.81倍。BCR形态分析表明,弱酸提取态Cd含量占全量比例较高,平均值为24.06%;土壤80.35%的Pb以可还原态存在,其余5种元素主要以残渣态存在。基于不同元素的弱酸提取态含量与全量建立回归分析模型,结果显示各元素的弱酸提取态含量随全量呈线性变化且两者的正相关关系显著;根据Cd、Pb 2种元素全量与弱酸提取态含量的空间分布差异对研究区域进行分区,基于土壤全量Cd和弱酸提取态Cd含量的分区结果有一定差异,而基于弱酸提取态Cd与弱酸提取态Pb含量的分区结果大致相同,能够为设计精准的修复方案提供依据。最后,分别以重金属全量与有效态含量为出发点对研究区域重金属的污染程度与存在风险给予评价,Hakanson风险评价结果表明土壤Cd存在极强的潜在生态风险,风险评价编码法评价结果则显示Cd为中等风险,两者之间的差异提示土壤重金属修复需综合考虑不同评价方法的评价结果,这为重金属的修复评价奠定基础。     

不同钝化剂对土壤环境中重金属有效性和微生物群落的影响

以云南省澜沧拉祜族自治县铅矿区农田污染土壤为研究对象,采用土培实验的方法,研究生物炭、腐殖土和海泡石单施及配施条件下,土壤Pb、Zn和Cd有效态含量、重金属形态分布及微生物群落的变化.结果表明,腐殖土和生物炭改良剂均能有效地降低生物有效态Pb、Zn和Cd的含量,低剂量海泡石的添加修复效果不明显.其中,腐殖土的施入使土壤中有效态Pb、Zn和Cd含量降低了42.27% 、45.38%和21.99% ;腐殖土和生物炭复合修复使有效态Pb平均降低了60.30% .土壤重金属各赋存形态的分级提取结果表明,生物炭和腐殖土会使Pb和Zn向趋于较稳定的形态转化,果木生物炭的单施和与腐殖土混施均增加了Pb和Zn残渣态所占比例. 5%复合剂(秸秆生物炭与海泡石)、2%复合剂(秸秆生物炭与腐殖土)修复后土壤微生物总量分别增加了80.29%和68.52% ;丛枝菌根真菌数量分别增加了92.39%和59.78% .因此,对于酸性土壤而言,生物炭与腐殖土复合改良剂更有利于土壤环境的修复.     

膨润土、褐煤及其混合添加对铅污染土壤钝化修复效应研究

土壤重金属污染原位钝化修复是通过向土壤中添加一些钝化修复材料,通过溶解沉淀、离子交换吸附、氧化还原、有机络合等反应来改变土壤中重金属的赋存形态,降低土壤中重金属的生物有效性,在重金属污染修复中具有重要意义。为探究膨润土与褐煤单一及其复配材料对Pb污染土壤的钝化修复效果,以采自河南省济源市某铅冶炼企业周边0-20 cm表层重金属污染土壤为研究材料,设置盆栽玉米(Zea mays L.)试验,采用正交试验处理将膨润土(S)和褐煤(P)按1.5%、3%、5%的浓度梯度单独添加,以及将二者正交混合添加,采用BCR连续提取法研究不同钝化剂处理对Pb污染土壤的修复效应。结果表明,膨润土单一施用对土壤中Pb的有效态含量降低不明显,而褐煤的单一施用能显著降低土壤中Pb的有效态含量,其中添加5%褐煤的处理中弱酸提取态含量降幅达48.7%。膨润土与褐煤混合处理使土壤中Pb的弱酸提取态含量降幅达19.1%-50.8%,残渣态含量增幅达4.8%-40.5%,其中1.5%膨润土+5%褐煤的复配处理对Pb污染土壤的钝化修复效果最佳。膨润土与褐煤配施处理使玉米茎叶中Pb含量降幅为3.4%-33.7%,而膨润土与褐煤的单一钝化处理效果不明显。膨润土与褐煤单一及其配施处理均能显著降低玉米根中Pb含量,降幅为41.5%-66.0%,对玉米根部富集Pb有良好的抑制效果。褐煤单一施用对Pb污染土壤的钝化修复效果整体优于膨润土,两者配施的修复效果因其配施比例而异。     

EGTA淋洗和KH2PO4钝化联合修复重金属污染土壤

为进一步削减螯合淋洗后土壤残留重金属的环境风险,采用淋洗与钝化相结合的方法修复重金属污染土壤.研究了乙二醇双(2-氨基乙基醚)四乙酸(EGTA)淋洗、磷酸二氢钾(KH_2PO_4)钝化及两者联合修复对土壤重金属洗脱率的影响,并分别采用TCLP法和BCR法分析重金属浸出浓度及化学形态分布,构建了涵盖土壤重金属残留量、生物有效性和毒性的环境风险评价方法,对淋洗、钝化及其联合修复效果进行了评价.结果表明,EGTA对Cu和Cd具有较好的洗脱效果,降低了土壤Cu、Zn和Cd浸出浓度,提高了Pb浸出浓度,削减了可还原态Cu残留量、弱酸提取态和可还原态Zn残留量、可还原态Pb残留量以及弱酸提取态、可还原态Cd残留量.随着KH_2PO_4投加量的增加,Pb、Cd和Cu浸出浓度呈下降趋势,Zn浸出浓度先上升后下降.KH_2PO_4对重金属形态分布的影响主要表现为降低弱酸态或可还原态重金属占比,提高残渣态重金属占比.EGTA和KH_2PO_4联合修复显著降低了4种重金属的可还原态残留量和弱酸提取态Pb、Cd残留量,大幅度削减了Cd和Cu的浸出浓度和环境风险.Zn污染土壤宜淋洗修复,Pb污染土壤宜钝化修复,Cd和Cu污染土壤深度修复宜淋洗/钝化联合处理.     

铅锌矿区周边耕地土壤团聚体重金属污染状况及风险评估

为了解铅锌矿区耕地土壤团聚体污染状况,以贵州省都匀范家河铅锌矿区周围耕地土壤为研究对象,研究土壤团聚体中镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)3种重金属垂直分布特征和赋存形态。采用三步连续提取法(BCR)对污染土壤团聚体中3种重金属进行赋存形态分析,利用分布因子法(DFx)和地质累积指数法(Igeo)评估其环境风险。结果表明:土壤样品中重金属Cd、Pb和Zn的平均质量分数分别为23.25、518.40、3471.83 mg·kg^-1,已分别达到贵州土壤背景值的35.23、36.35、14.73倍,且3种重金属在土壤团聚体中的含量与其主要赋存形态特征均存在明显差异。研究区域剖面土壤中各粒径Cd主要以残渣态和可还原提取态的形式存在,各粒径Pb主要以残渣态和可氧化提取态的形式存在,80%及以上各粒径Zn为残渣态,综合得出研究区域土壤中重金属潜在影响程度为Cd>Pb>Zn。分布因子法结果表明:在0-100 cm剖面深度,Cd主要富集在0.25-1 mm的颗粒中,Pb主要富集在1-2 mm的颗粒中,Zn主要富集在0.053-2 mm的颗粒中;地质积累指数法结果显示,各粒径颗粒中Cd、Zn的污染水平主要为重污染,Pb主要为偏重污染。研究矿区周围耕地土壤已受到严重的重金属污染,应采取有效措施进行修复治理。该文为范家河铅锌矿区环境风险评价提供基础,旨在为矿区环境管理提供数据支撑。     

沸石、磷矿粉和石灰对土壤铅锌化学形态和生物可给性的影响

通过室内土壤培养实验,研究添加沸石、磷矿粉和石灰3种改良剂对污染土壤Pb、Zn化学形态和生物可给性的影响.结果表明,土壤Pb主要以Fe-Mn氧化物结合态为主,而Zn主要以残渣态为主.改良剂对土壤Pb、Zn化学形态的影响随着培养时间的不同而不同.培养1个月时,2%磷矿粉和2%石灰处理可分别导致土壤醋酸(HOAC)提取态Pb含量下降76.0%和25.6%,3种改良剂处理导致土壤HOAC提取态Zn含量比对照处理降低6.1%～17.0%.培养2个月时,磷矿粉和石灰处理分别导致土壤HOAC提取态Pb含量下降62.8%和39.0%,石灰处理导致土壤HOAC提取态Zn含量下降34.6%.3种改良剂对土壤Pb、Zn的生物可给性也有影响,也随着土壤重金属种类和培养时间的不同而异.培养1个月时,沸石和磷矿粉可分别导致土壤Zn的生物可给性降低15.9%和14.9%,但培养2个月后3种改良剂对Zn的生物可给性却没有影响.研究结果表明,在酸性Pb、Zn复合污染农田土壤中均可以选择这3种改良剂来进行土壤改良,减少重金属的污染风险.     

秸秆生物炭对矿区污染土壤重金属形态转化的影响

以小麦秸秆制备的生物炭作为修复材料,通过室内培养试验研究不同生物炭施用量(w分别为0、1%、2%和5%)对矿区复合污染土壤Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb赋存形态的影响。结果表明,经过150 d的培养,施用生物炭可明显提高土壤p H值和有机碳含量,比对照分别增加0.96%~2.62%和9.1%~38.6%。土壤中酸提取态Cu、Zn和Cd含量随生物炭施用量的增加而降低,与不施用生物炭相比下降幅度分别为7.0%~16.9%、6.7%~11.8%和5.3%~9.6%,酸提取态Pb含量无明显变化。生物炭可不同程度地减少可还原态Cd和可氧化态Cu、Zn、Pb含量。施用生物炭处理残渣态Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb含量明显提高,与不施用生物炭相比增加幅度分别为10.6%~46.8%、5.9%~15.7%、40.9%~191.9%和1.5%~2.6%。相关性分析表明,土壤p H值、有机碳含量与酸提取态和残渣态重金属含量显著相关。综合而言,生物炭能够促进供试污染土壤Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb由酸提取态、可还原态和可氧化态向残渣态转化。     

期施用有机肥对棕壤中主要重金属积累的影响

以沈阳农业大学棕壤长期定位试验地为研究对象,分别选取不同年限CK、M_2、M4、N_4P_2、M_4+N_4P_2等10个处理的0～20 cm土壤,测定土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd等重金属的含量.结果表明:随着年限的增长,土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的含量均呈现增加的趋势,以施用有机肥M4和Mz及有机肥化肥配施M_4+N_4P_2对土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd含量影响最为明显,而在无肥对照CK和单施化肥N_4P_2处理下四种元素均有少量增加;几种重金属元素增长的相对大小为:Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb,其中目前Cu含量还未达到国家二级环境质量标准,Cd含量超标应引起足够重视.几种元素的相关分析表明,Cu、Zn之间具有极显著相关性,表明它们的来源具有一定的相关性. u、zn、Pb和Cd等重金属的含量.结果表明:随着年限的增长,土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的含量均呈现增加的趋势,以施用有机肥M4和Mz及有机肥化肥配施M_4+N_4P_2对土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd含量影响最为明显,而在无肥对照CK和单施化肥N_4P_2处理下四种元素均有少量增加;几种重金属元素增长的相对大小为:Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb,其中 前Cu含量还未达到国家二级环境质量标准,Cd含量超标应引起足够重视.几种元素的相关分析表明,     

水库疏浚底泥农用对芥菜生长和品质的影响

疏浚底泥重金属污染是限制底泥农用的主要因素。采用土培盆栽试验,研究了底泥与土壤按不同质量比混合,对芥菜生物量、重金属、硝酸盐、维生素C（Vc）、以及可溶性糖含量的影响;并研究了m（底泥）：m（土壤）=2：1时,施加20mg·kg-1的碳酸钙对土壤有效态重金属含量影响,以及对芥菜生物量和品质的影响。结果表明：加入水库底泥可以显著促进芥菜的生长,随着底泥加入比例的增加,芥菜地上部生物量表现出先上升后降低的趋势,以m（底泥）：m（土壤）=2：1芥菜地上部生物量最高,是对照的1.71倍。底泥处理均能显著地增加芥菜地上部重金属含量,其中以全底泥处理芥菜地上部鲜质量Zn、Cd质量分数最高,分别是53.3、0.595mg·kg-1,是食品卫生标准的2.67、2.98倍。施用底泥可以提高芥菜地上部Vc、降低其硝酸盐含量。在m（底泥）：m（土壤）=2：1的土壤上,施入20mg·kg-1的碳酸钙处理可以显著降低土壤有效态重金属质量分数,有效态Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd质量分数分别下降到对照的58.7%、75.4%、59.8%、44.0%,从而有效地降低了芥菜对重金属的吸收积累,施加碳酸钙处理后,芥菜地上部Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd分别下降66.1%、83.2%、70.5%、53.1%。施加碳酸钙处理不仅可以促进芥菜生长还可以提高芥菜品质,与对照相比施加20mg·kg-1的碳酸钙处理后,芥菜生物量、可溶性糖质量分数、Vc质量分数分别增加了3.2%、6.0%、27.5%,而地上部硝酸盐质量分数降低了24.4%。     

Influence of fertilizer and sewage sludge compost on yield and heavy metal accumulation by lettuce grown in urban soils

Previous research has demonstrated that many urban soils are enriched in Pb, Cd and Zn. Culture of vegetable crops in these soils could allow transfer of potentially toxic metals to foods. Tanya lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was grown in pots of five urban garden soils and one control agricultural soil to assess the effect of urban-soil metal enrichment, and the effect of soil amendments, on heavy metal uptake by garden vegetables. The amendments included NPK fertilizer, limestone, Ca(H₂PO₄)₂, and two rates of limed sewage sludge compost. Soil Cd ranged from 0.08 to 9.6 mg kg^–1; soil Zn from 38 to 3490 mg kg^–1; and soil Pb from 12 to 5210 mg kg^–1. Lettuce yield on the urban garden soils was as great as or greater than that on the control soil. Lettuce Cd, Zn and Pb concentrations increased from 0.65, 23, and 2.2 mg kg^–1 dry matter in the control soil to as high as 3.53, 422 and 37.0 mg kg^–1 on the metal-rich urban garden soils. Adding limestone or limed sewage sludge compost raised soil pH and significantly reduced lettuce Cd and Zn, while phosphate fertilizer lowered soil pH and had little effect on Zn but increased Cd concentration in lettuce. Urban garden soils caused a significant increase in lettuce leaf Pb concentration, especially on the highest Pb soil. Adding NPK fertilizer, phosphate, or sludge compost to two high Pb soils lowered lettuce Pb concentration, but adding limestone generally did not. On normally fertilized soils, Pb uptake by lettuce was not exceptionally high until soil Pb substantially exceeded 500 mg kg^–1. Comparing garden vegetables and soil as potential sources of Pb risk to children, it is clear that the risk is greater through ingestion of soil or dust than through ingestion of garden vegetables grown on the soil. Urban dwellers should obtain soil metal analyses before selecting garden locations to reduce Pb risk to their children.     

蜈蚣草对Pb、Zn复合污染的响应

为探明蜈蚣草修复重金属复合污染土壤的能力,本实验利用水培实验研究Pb、Zn交互作用下蜈蚣草对Pb、Zn积累变化以及蜈蚣草对Pb、Zn的解毒机理.实验结果显示,在Pb、Zn复合污染情况下,重金属Zn在0—10 mg.L-1下可促进蜈蚣草根、茎对Pb的富集能力,降低蜈蚣草对Pb的转运能力;而Pb则促进蜈蚣草对Zn的转运系数,提高蜈蚣草茎、叶对Zn的富集能力,并呈现出蜈蚣草对Pb的富集能力大于对Zn的富集能力.实验结果进一步显示,随着重金属复合暴露浓度增加,蜈蚣草叶绿素含量先上升后下降,丙二醛含量先下降后上升,淀粉、蔗糖、O2-含量则逐渐上升.这说明淀粉、蔗糖、O2-.等具有一定的解毒作用,能增强植物对重金属的抗性.实验结果还显示,蜈蚣草对Pb、Zn具有较强的耐性和富集能力,可利用蜈蚣草修复Pb污染土壤以及低Zn浓度的Pb-Zn复合污染土壤.     

我国典型土壤上重金属污染对番茄根伸长的抑制毒性效应

采用盆栽试验观测了我国3种典型土壤——黄泥土、褐土、红壤上不同重金属(铜、锌、铅)作用下敏感植物番茄的根伸长,其中黄泥土和褐土上重金属添加量范围为Cu(0～2000mg·kg-1)、Zn(0～4000mg·kg-1)和Pb(0～5000mg·kg-1),红壤上为Cu(0～400mg·kg-1)、Zn(0～750mg·kg-1)和Pb(0～2000mg·kg-1).对不同土壤上Cu、Zn、Pb对番茄的根伸长抑制率进行了比较,以阐明不同土壤上重金属种类及用量对蔬菜根生长的抑制及毒性效应.结果表明,相同Cu、Zn、Pb污染水平(添加量)下,土壤中重金属对番茄的根伸长抑制率大小顺序基本表现为:红壤>黄泥土>褐土.番茄对红壤中的重金属最敏感,其次是黄泥土,再次是褐土.番茄对不同重金属的毒性响应不同,对Cu最敏感,Zn和Pb次之.土壤中有效态重金属含量与番茄根伸长呈显著(p<0.05)或极显著(p<0.01)负相关,表明有效态重金属含量是影响蔬菜根伸长的重要因素.     

4种草对铅锌尾矿污染土壤重金属的抗性与吸收特性

盆栽试验的结果表明,高羊毛、早熟禾、黑麦草、紫花苜蓿在纯尾矿污染土壤或经处理的尾矿污染土壤上都能生长,但在处理的土壤上生长的植物长势明显优于对照,其中紫花苜蓿的生物量所受影响比其他几种草坪草更大,说明其重金属抗性低于其他几种植物。单位面积上 4 种植物体内重金属质量分数高低均为 w(Zn)>w(Pb)>w(Cu)>w(Cd),但每种植物对 Cd、Pb、Zn 和 Cu 的吸收质量分数和分布均不相同,一般为根系质量分数大于茎叶。加入改良剂(CaCO3)和有机肥(菜枯)使生长在铅锌尾矿污染土壤上的 4 种草坪草生物量显著增加,植物体中的 Cd、Pb、Zn 质量分数下降,但 Cu 质量分数反而上升,结果单位面积上草坪草吸收各重金属元素的量均有所增加,可见利用改良措施与草坪草相结合的方法来修复重金属污染土壤具有可行性。     

Mobilization of heavy metals from contaminated paddy soil by EDDS,EDTA, and elemental sulfur

For enhanced phytoextraction, mobilization of heavy metals (HMs) from the soil solid phase to soil pore water is an important process. A pot incubation experiment mimicking field conditions was conducted to investigate the performance of three soil additives in mobilizing HMs from contaminated paddy soil (Gleyi-Stagnic Anthrosol): the [S, S]-isomer of ethylenediamine disuccinate (EDDS) with application rates of 2.3, 4.3, and 11.8 mmol kg⁻¹ of soil, ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA; 1.4, 3.8, and 7.5 mmol kg⁻¹), and elemental sulfur (100, 200, and 400 mmol kg⁻¹). Temporal changes in soil pore water HM and dissolved organic carbon concentrations and pH were monitored for a period of 119 days. EDDS was the most effective additive in mobilizing soil Cu. However, EDDS was only effective during the first 24 to 52 days, and was readily biodegraded with a half-life of 4.1 to 8.7 days. The effectiveness of EDDS decreased at the highest application rate, most probably as a result of depletion of the readily desorbable Cu pool in soil. EDTA increased the concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd in the soil pore water, and remained effective during the whole incubation period due to its persistence. The highest rate of sulfur application led to a decrease in pH to around 4. This increased the pore water HM concentrations, especially those of Zn and Cd. Concentrations of HMs in the soil pore water can be regulated to a large extent by choosing the proper application rate of EDDS, EDTA, or sulfur. Hence, a preliminary work such as our pot experiment in combination with further plant experiments (not included in this study) will provide a good tool to evaluate the applicability of different soil additives for enhanced phytoextraction of a specific soil.     

Effect of red mud addition on the fractionation and bio-accessibility of Pb,Zn and As in combined contaminated soil

Using soil incubation experiments, the effect of red mud addition on the fractionation and bioaccessibility of Pb, Zn and As in combined contaminated soil was studied. The results showed that red mud addition could significantly decrease the concentration of HOAc-extractable Pb and Zn in soil. Compared with the control, 5% red mud addition could significantly reduce the concentrations of HOAc-extractable Pb and Zn in soil after 1, 2 and 3 months of incubation [62.5, 65.3 and 73.5% decrease (Pb), 56.7, 65.8 and 67.4% decrease (Zn)]. Whereas adding red mud could remarkably increase the concentrations of specific absorbed As and residual As in soil. The result of a simple bioavailability extraction test (SBET) indicated that all treatments with red mud addition markedly reduced the concentration of bioaccessible Zn but increased the concentration of bioaccessible As in soil, while having little effect on the concentration of bioaccessible Pb in soil. After 3 months incubation, all treatments including 1, 2 and 5% red mud addition reduced the concentration of bioaccessible Zn by 53.1–56.7% compared with the control, but increased the concentration of bioaccessible As by 1.81–6.25 times. The results suggested that red mud is an additive with potential for the remediation soil contaminated soil by combinations of heavy metals, although it should be added based on the different heavy metals in the soil. Combined use of red mud and hyperaccumulators to remediate heavy metal contaminated soil needs further study.     

Phenolic compounds in leaves of Salix species and hybrids growing under different soil conditions

The leaves of eight Salix species/hybrids were collected from two sites with different soil conditions including metal concentrations to investigate the concentration of Cu, Zn and Pb, phenolic profile and antioxidant scavenging activity. Cu, Zn and Pb, phenolic content and scavenging activity in leaves from the control area (lower concentration of metals in soil) (site C) were lower than in plants cultivated in site G (higher concentration of metals in soil). The content of Cu, Pb and Zn in leaves was in the range 9.21 (site G)–52.36 (site G), 0.41 (site C)?12.03 (site C) and 27.23 (site C)–214.44 (site G) mg?kg^?1, respectively. Total phenolic content ranged between 18.19 (site C) and 84.71 (site G) mg gallic acid equivalent per gram of dry matter. Total flavonoid content was between 7.98 (site C) and 54.48 (site G) mg catechin g^?1?d.m. The scavenging effect on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl˙ ranged between 33.6% (site C) and 56.3% (site G). Phenolic acids, myricetin and quercetin were quantified in leaves. The results show that phenolics are involved during adaptive mechanisms under elevated content of Cu, Pb and Zn in soil. Changes in the phenolic composition in leaves can be suggested as indicators of metal stress in Salix plants.     

Uptake and accumulation of potentially toxic metals (Zn, Cu and Pb) in soils and plants of Durgapur industrial belt

Uptake and accumulation of metals in crops may cause possible health risks through food chain. A field survey was conducted to investigate the accumulation of potentially toxic metals contamination in soil and plants irrigated with complexed industrial effluents. Concentration of Zn, Cu and Pb was 205-255,101-130,118-177 microg g(-1) in rhizosphere soils and 116-223, 57-102 and 63-95 microg g(-1) d. wt. in root and 95-186, 44-75 and 27-58 microg g(-1) d. wt. in shoot, respectively. The trend in Cu and Pb was in the order: soil > root > shoot > seed while in Zn it was soil > root > seed > shoot. Roots accumulated a larger fraction of soil Cu (70%) > Zn (67%) > Pb (54%). Bioaccumulation coefficient of soil to root ranged from 51-98 for Zn, 54-85 for Cu and 43-63 for Pb.Analysis of variance showed marginal change in bioaccumulation coefficient, noticed between plants (p > 0.05) while it varied significantly (p < 0.01) between tissues and metals. It increased from root to seed/fruit (root > shoot > seed/fruit) while decreased between metals from Zn to Pb (Zn > Cu > Pb). Out of the three, two Cu and Pb accumulated to phyotoxic levels while Zn was within threshold limit of phytotoxicity.