基于实时数据库技术的HAZOP专家系统框架设计

首先简要介绍了专家系统的基本概念和组成,然后分析确定了HAZOP专家系统的功能及结构。设计指出了HAZOP专家系统包含八个组成部分:用户界面、知识库、实时数据库、推理机、人机接口、系统数据库接口、知识获取机制和解释机制,并着重从知识库、实时数据库和推理机三个部分讲述专家系统的详细设计情况。其中知识库的设计包括知识库的表示与组织、知识库的管理两个方面,接着提出实时数据库的设计思想并进行框架结构设计,最后采用正向推理方式实现推理过程。     

A novel knowledge database construction method for operation guidance expert system based on HAZOP analysis and accident analysis

An expert system for operation guidance will contribute to identifying the operatoration problems and indicating the resolutions thereof, because the information stored in the expert system can be utilized to resolve the corresponding technical problems. However, there are several problems that should be solved in the practical application of the expert system, such as lack of corresponding knowledge or resolutions utilized to cope with the problems, inapplicable resolutions, too many resolutions for the operators to choose from to obtain the best one in the first time, etc. Obtaining and storing as much as information in the database of the expert system are important issues in the construction process of the expert system. The accident analysis results contain a limited number of accident cases and the HAZOP analysis only refers to a single deviation analysis. This paper has presented a novel knowledge database construction method for an operation guidance expert system based on the HAZOP analysis and the accident analysis, which can be used to resolve the above problems. The HAZOP analysis results are combined with the accident analysis results and the combination information can be stored in the database of the expert system, and can be employed to forecast accidents or identify accident causes. The structures of the operation guidance table and the accident investigation table have been illustrated. The residuum hydrotreating process expert system is taken as an example to illustrate the knowledge database construction method. With the aid of this expert system, the operators will well understand the operations and adopt the best resolutions to deal with the abnormal situations. Also the operators can identify potential risks existing in the plant which will result in accidents according to the accident analysis results associated with the HAZOP analysis results.     

安全仪表系统等级划分与HAZOP分析的结合应用

介绍了安全仪表等级的划分和HAZOP分析,并用此方法分析了苯酐装置。大多数现役或在建苯酐装置的氧化反应器存在较大的火灾、爆炸危险性,一旦在操作、控制和管理上稍有疏忽,就可能发生火灾、爆炸事故。HAZOP方法针对指定系统进行结构化和系统化的审查,辨识系统中潜在的危害和潜在操作问题,基于HAZOP给出安全仪表等级是今后安全设计的一条新路。     

解读GB/T 45001—2020

备受瞩目的GB/T 45001—2020/ISO 45001:2018《职业健康安全管理体系要求及使用指南》已于2020年3月6日由国家市场监督管理总局和国家标准化管理委员会联合发布,并同时在我国正式实施。该标准是对GB/T 28001—2011/OHSAS18001:2007《职业健康安全管理体系要求》和GB/T 28002—2011/OHSAS 18002:2008《职业健康安全管理体系实施指南》的修订。     

PHA-Pro软件指导HAZOP分析的工程应用

应用PHA-Pro软件指导HAZOP分析,在传统HAZOP分析的基础上增加了风险等级的概念,使安全评价更加深度、完备、高效和规范.本文简要介绍了应用PHA-Pro7 软件进行HAZOP分析的要点和步骤,并对壳牌(Shell)煤气化工艺(SCGP)中的关键设备气化炉进行了分析.结果表明,氧煤比和水氧比的稳定是保障气化炉安全生产的最重要因素.     

HAZOP、LOPA和SIL方法的应用分析

通过概括介绍危险与可操作性分析(HAZOP)、保护层分析(LOPA)和安全完整性等级分析(SIL)三种方法的特点,总结三种分析方法之间的关系.LOPA分析是HAZOP分析的继续,可以解决HAZOP分析中残余风险不能定量化的不足,是对HAZOP分析结果的丰富和补充;SIL分析则在LOPA分析的基础上,进一步对需要增加的安全仪表系统(SIS)进行设计,并对LOPA分析结果进行验证,即HAZOP、LOPA分析是SIL分析的前期准备工作.因此,在详细介绍SIS的组成、安全生命周期阶段、SIL的选择确定方法以及SIL分析流程之前,也简要介绍了HAZOP、LOPA分析方法,梳理了两种方法的分析流程.最后通过引入示例来展示三种分析方法之间的关系.     

A new intelligent assistant system for HAZOP analysis of complex process plant

There are several problems that should be solved in the practical application of HAZOP analysis, such as the inheritance instrument of experience knowledge, the classification of accident reasons, the recurrence of analysis process and the verification of analysis results. This paper presents a new HAZOP assistant program named HELPHAZOP, which can be used to cope with these problems. With the aid of this program, a number of influence relationship models, which can be utilized to present the relationship structure of the whole system, can be established, and a variety of spread paths, which can be employed to describe the occurrence of the accidents, can be identified. These models and paths can help analyzers to understand the analysis process of different chemical processes and to verify the analysis results. Experience knowledge or information of process parameters stored in this program, including deviations, abnormal reasons, consequences and disaster-causing ways, can contribute to the analysis of some new plants. The program has been applied in the HAZOP analysis process of residuum hydrotreating process. The probability of the human errors which would be happened because of the misunderstanding or the deficiency of plant experience in the HAZOP analysis has been reduced and the accuracy, practicability and analysis efficiency of the accident forecast have been greatly improved.     

HAZOP技术在炼油火炬系统工艺危害分析中的应用

为系统辨识火炬系统存在的危险有害因素,提高火炬系统的安全设计及运行水平,采用危险与可操作性（HAZOP）分析对火炬系统开展了工艺危害分析。以火炬筒体为例,分析了火炬筒体的控制参数,给出了筒体火焰小、高空点火器点火不成功、地面爆燃点火系统点火失败等偏差的HAZOP分析结果,并针对高风险的偏差提出了相应的建议措施。从分析效果来看,HAZOP技术可用于炼油火炬系统的工艺危害分析,能系统地辨识炼油火炬系统存在的隐患,有助于提高装置工艺安全水平。     

基于模糊信息融合的HAZOP技术应用

随着企业自动化水平的不断提升,机器对人的要求更加严格,因此人员操作可靠性的研究也就显得格外重要.在系统分析人员误操作的原因之后,提出了一种基于模糊数学定量分析的新方法,全面系统地分析整个过程中人的操作可靠性.     

HAZOP风险分析在环氧乙烷罐区的应用

介绍了环氧乙烷罐区风险分析方法,并采用该方法对环氧乙烷罐区进行了分析.HAZOP风险分析方法利用事故的频率和后果等级,在5×7风险矩阵中计算事故的风险等级.对风险等级高的事故,在事故风险分析表中进行了描述和分析,计算了采用建议措施后的风险等级.通过对环氧乙烷罐区的风险分析可以辨识环氧乙烷罐区中的隐患,计算隐患的风险,有助于企业优先整改风险高的隐患.     

HAZOP 实施效果的影响因素与对策

企业实施HAZOP分析的能力，从空白到熟练运用可分为6个层次，每个层次均有不同的表现和特点。实施能力处于低层次时，企业不能发挥HAZOP的作用与效果。分析归纳了6个层次的特点，总结出HAZOP技术实施影响因素结构图，并针对实施环境、HAZOP团队、HAZOP技术适宜性等三方面影响因素进行了详细分析，提出了解决思路和方法，从而为企业提高HAZOP分析的实施能力提供技术路线。     

Integration of safety instrumented system with automated HAZOP analysis: An application for continuous biodiesel production

Integration of a human-machine interface (HMI) with hazard and operability (HAZOP) analysis is proposed in this work. This concept can potentially lead to the identification of some unexpected deviations, and radically decreases the time necessary for hazard identification. A continuous biodiesel production was simulated. This can be divided into two cases, covering both conventional and reactive distillation. Soybean oil (trioleic, trilinoleic and tripalmitic) at 1000 kg/h as raw material is converted to 99 wt% pure biodiesel. The HMI was designed to improve these processes by combining automatic HAZOP analysis. With this approach, users can receive sufficient information from the simulation to analyze the optimum operation and safety. Severity levels are also provided to classify the actions in the process. Severity levels 1 and 2 are concerned with operating conditions, which are 58-64 °C, and 50-150 kPa. If the analysis shows severity level 3, the safety instrumented system (SIS) will automatically manage the operation in order to reduce/restrain the amount of damage at this level. This proposed system could minimize the damage and also improve the overall quality of the process.     

气室连通管调压技术调控矿井采空区瓦斯涌出实践

在煤矿无煤柱开采过程中,采煤工作面及其作业空间往往因处于空气压能相对低位,受到邻近采空区内瓦斯等有害气体侵入的威胁。通过研究和实施气室连通管调压技术,合理改变采煤工作面邻近老空区外围的压能关系,调控老空区瓦斯涌出方向和涌出量,有效阻止老空区高浓度瓦斯侵入回采工作面作业空间。     

操作规程HAZOP分析技术原理与应用分析

目前国内外危险与可操作(HAZOP)分析方法主要用于工艺过程风险分析,而很多伤害事故是由于人员操作过程出现偏差引起的,采用头脑风暴式的HAZOP分析可对操作规程安全性进行系统全面的系统化的审查.结合实例对比分析了操作规程HAZOP分析与工艺过程HAZOP分析的差异,对操作步骤与引导词的关系、分析成员差别、操作规程HAZOP分析风险等级确定和分析重心等问题等进行了研究分析.     

HAZOP 分析在酸性水汽提装置上的应用与研究

危险与可操作性分析对于石化装置的工艺安全管理具有重要意义,介绍了HAZOP分析方法在工艺装置上的应用流程,并讨论了HAZOP分析与风险矩阵的结合运用。以克拉玛依石化公司的80吨/小时酸性水汽提装置为例,详细阐述了HAZOP分析的流程及其与半定量分析相结合的方法在实践中的应用,并针对危险源给出了风险削减措施。基于HAZOP分析在实践中的应用情况,总结了一些客观存在的问题,并提出了意见和建议。     

在役装置HAZOP的应用分析及问题探讨

HAZOP分析方法已经在国内的石化企业得到了广泛应用,其分析方法已经被大家熟知,但仍有很多人对HAZOP方法存在某些片面的理解,这在一定程度上影响了HAZOP分析的效果.首先以丙烷脱沥青装置进行的HAZOP分析为案例,介绍了HAZOP分析对于在役装置工艺安全管理的意义.进而,根据HAZOP分析方法的特点及不足以及HAZOP准备阶段出现的问题,讨论了如何完善分析效果、强化分析作用,从而使HAZOP分析更好地服务于在役装置工艺安全管理.     

唐钢整合型管理体系建立与实践

唐山钢铁集团有限责任公司2002年通过GB/T19001-2000版标准转换认证.2003年初,公司领导决策,在质量管理体系通过认证的基础上,适时组织实施环境管理体系和职业健康安全管理体系的认证,并将3个管理体系整合在一起运行.本文就整合型管理体系文件结构的策划,文件的编写以及应遵循的原则进行探讨,为准备建立并实施整合型管理体系的组织提供参考.     

An expert system for the quantification of fault rates in construction fall accidents

Introduction. Expert witness reports, prepared with the aim of quantifying fault rates among parties, play an important role in a court's final decision. However, conflicting fault rates assigned by different expert witness boards lead to iterative objections raised by the related parties. This unfavorable situation mainly originates due to the subjectivity of expert judgments and unavailability of objective information about the causes of accidents. As a solution to this shortcoming, an expert system based on a rule-based system was developed for the quantification of fault rates in construction fall accidents. The aim of developing DsSafe is decreasing the subjectivity inherent in expert witness reports. Methodology. Eighty-four inspection reports prepared by the official and authorized inspectors were examined and root causes of construction fall accidents in Turkey were identified. Using this information, an evaluation form was designed and submitted to the experts. Experts were asked to evaluate the importance level of the factors that govern fall accidents and determine the fault rates under different scenarios. Based on expert judgments, a rule-based expert system was developed. The accuracy and reliability of DsSafe were tested with real data as obtained from finalized court cases. Result. DsSafe gives satisfactory results.     

Application of risk based inspection in refinery and processing piping

In refineries and processing plants, the enormous amount of piping is more complex in distribution than other types of equipment. In general, compared with other types of equipment in these industries, more difficulty in inspection planning is encountered.

However, under-inspection or over-inspection can occur due to the lack of jurisdictional requirements on the inspection interval and method for piping, or the inspection interval being based only on piping service classifications in the existing regulations, such as API 570. This can result in unacceptable risks, along with costly loss of resources.

To lessen the piping risk level, more and more companies have adopted and applied risk based inspection (RBI) methodology, leading to risk reduction and cost benefits since the last decade. This study applied RBI methodology to optimize the inspection strategy of the piping in a refinery and petrochemical plants in Taiwan. Two actual case studies were corroborated better with quantitative RBI methodology than without the methodology in terms of risk and cost reductions.