Green supply chain management: pressures,practices and performance within the Chinese automobile industry

Increasing pressures from a variety of directions have caused the Chinese automobile supply chain managers to consider and initiate implementation of green supply chain management (GSCM) practices to improve both their economic and environmental performance. Expanding on some earlier work investigating general GSCM practices in China, this paper explores the GSCM pressures/drivers (motivators), initiatives and performance of the automotive supply chain using an empirical analysis of 89 automotive enterprises within China. The results show that the Chinese automobile supply chain enterprises have experienced high and increasing regulatory and market pressures and at the same time have strong internal drivers for GSCM practice adoption. However, their GSCM implementation, especially with consideration of external relationships, is poor. Therefore, GSCM implementation has only slightly improved environmental and operational performance, and has not resulted in significant economic performance improvement. In furthering this analysis we investigate one specific organization in this supply chain, the Dalian Diesel Engine Plant, and how this pioneering company has addressed the issues identified by the broader empirical analysis.     

An inter-sectoral comparison of green supply chain management in China: Drivers and practices

The issue of green supply chain management (GSCM) has received increased attention in recent years among manufacturing practice and research. Yet, the corporate and environmental manufacturing issues in developing countries have not been as well investigated. This paper compares drivers and practices of GSCM in one developing country, China, focusing on three typical sectors, the automobile industry, the thermal power plants and the electronic/electrical industry. We sought to determine where the differences occur and which industries are further along. This study indicates that Chinese companies in different industries have differing drivers and practices. We tend to confirm that globalization and China's entry into the world trade organization have helped promote GSCM practices in manufacturing enterprises.     

How environmental management driving forces affect environmental and economic performance of SMEs: a study in the Northern China district

Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) form the core of societal and economic development. However, most people query on the implementation and performance of environmental management. In this paper, the manufacturing SMEs in Northern China with different pollution levels are studied to explore the main forces (e.g., government, society, market, and enterprise itself) driving SMEs for promoting environmental management. It focuses on the correlation between environmental management and economic performance for SMEs at different pollution levels. The results show that SMEs of different pollution levels have significant differences in the relationship of driving forces and performance. First, for SMEs with high-pollution levels, social and market driving forces and government incentives are revealed having a significant effect on their environmental performance. Driving forces from within the enterprise itself and the market provide a positive effect on the economic performance, while social forces have a negative effect. Second, for SMEs with light pollution, social and market driving forces, and government assistance play a supporting role on corporate environmental performance improvement. It is also found that the driving force of the enterprise itself does not have a significant effect on the environmental performance for SMEs with different pollution levels. In addition, the environmental performance and economic performance for SMEs with high or light-pollution levels are positively correlated. Further, it shows that the environmental performance is moderately correlated with financial indices, but not significantly with the non-financial indices.     

低温下磁性载体MBBR系统微生物群落特征和功能预测分析

为阐明低温下磁性载体对移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)处理能力的影响,探究了反应器内生物膜的微生物多样性、群落结构、功能特征和氮代谢通路.结果表明,与商用载体反应器(对照组)相比,磁性载体反应器具有更高的污染物去除率,其对NH⁺₄-N和TN的平均去除率分别提高了16.2%和12.1%.Illumina高通量测序结果显示,磁性载体生物膜的微生物多样性和丰富度更高.由于不同微生物的磁化率不同,导致两种载体生物膜微生物群落结构存在显著差异.磁性载体生物膜中硝化菌属(如：Nitrosomonas、Nitrospira)和反硝化菌属(如：Sphaerotilus、Zoogloea)的相对丰度显著增多.PICRUSt2功能预测分析显示,磁性载体生物膜的整体基因功能表达水平更高,在信号传导机制和细胞内运输、分泌和囊泡运输等方面优势更明显.此外,大多数与氮代谢相关基因在磁性载体生物膜中丰度更高,如涉及硝化过程的基因amo、hao和反硝化过程基因nap、nor等,使得生物膜的低温脱氮潜力增强.以上结果从微观生物学角度更好地解释了反应器处理能力的差异,为磁性载体强...     

Possibilities and limitations in cancer prevention

The possibilities and limitations in cancer prevention are shown by means of some examples and historical facts. A necessary prerequisite for effective prevention is to know the exact cause of cancer. This is known for some tumor types (e.g., bronchial cancer), while for others it is hardly known (e.g., breast cancer). There are many factors which influence the whole process of carcinogenesis. Exposure to environmental pollutants in a wide sense represents only one of many possible etiologies. This has to be taken into consideration.     

New environmental performance baseline for inland ports: A benchmark for the European inland port sector

This paper presents the results of a collaborative programme of action between the European Federation of Inland Ports (EFIP) and the EC PORTOPIA research project to assist EU inland ports to enhance further their environmental performance. In order to achieve this goal, an environmental survey was specifically designed to reflect the operational and geographical circumstances of inland ports and to help to accelerate the culture of the reporting of environmental performance.The survey was developed to be user-friendly and practicable, and based on established good-practice taking into account the suggestions and advice of EFIP and its members, as well as the experience of the EcoPorts Network. As a result of the survey, an initial baseline of environmental performance for the EU inland port sector was established.A total of 27 port authorities participated in the survey, representing a range of port profiles in terms of size, commercial profile and geography. All response details were treated in strict confidence and the benchmark performance was reported as a European average. Results show that approximately 70% of the respondent ports declare that they have the major components of an Environmental Management System (EMS) actively in place (e.g. policy, inventory of legislation). An environmental index (1–10) has been calculated reflecting the performance of the sector in terms of the application of major EMS components. The average index value for the EU inland port sector baseline resulted in 6.Almost 67% of respondent ports indicated that they conduct environmental monitoring of different aspects, with waste being the most common. The survey results have also delivered the first top-10 ranking of environmental priorities for the EU inland port sector. It is interesting to note that also almost 70% of the inland ports apply initiatives to implement green actions. The outcomes of this paper are likely to be of interest to a wide range of stakeholders and decision-makers.     

A schematic view of resources,technology and environment in agricultural development

Agricultural production systems can be viewed as consisting of three interrelated components: resources, technology, and environment (R-T-E). The quantities, qualities and terms of availability of resources condition the kinds of technology available to farmers and their choices among them. The technologies employed, in turn, may damage the environment, generating demands for policies to reduce the damages, and they also affect the future terms of availability of resources. The components of R-T-E systems are thus interdependent, and the relations among them change with time.In thinking about the future of world R-T-E systems in agriculture it is useful to group countries in four categories, given presently available technologies: (1) low productivity potential/high land potential; (2) high productivity potential/high land potential; (3) high productivity potential/low land potential; and (4) low productivity potential/low land potential. Given prospective increases in real prices, or scarcity of energy, fertilizer, and water for irrigation, farmers in Category 1 countries (e.g., the United States) are likely to respond by adopting more land-using technologies than in the past, and soil erosion is likely to be the most important resulting environmental problem. In Category 2 countries (e.g., Brazil) also, land-using technologies will appear attractive, but the use of agricultural chemicals will also increase sharply. Environmental problems of erosion, habitat loss and pesticide damage are likely to increase. Category 3 countries (e.g., India) will adopt more land-saving technologies despite rising prices of non-land inputs, and environmental problems associated with large irrigation systems are likely to become more important. The options for Category 4 countries (e.g., Western Europe) are more limited. The most likely response will be towards larger farms rather than major changes in technology. Environmental impacts of agriculture are not now of major importance in these countries and this is not likely to change.Governments have three broad options for dealing with energing problems of agricultural R-T-E systems. The traditional approaches rely on regulations or on a variety of financial inducements to move farmers towards more socially desirable patterns of resource use. A third, less traditional, approach is to invest in development of new technologies which simultaneously are economically attractive to farmers and less damaging to the environment.     

Environmental impacts of building materials and building services components for commercial buildings in Hong Kong

The growing concerns over the environmental impacts of buildings have led to increasing demands for more environmental friendly buildings and building materials. Hitherto, there are not any comprehensive studies that show the overall environmental impact profiles of building materials and building services components for buildings. This paper intends to bridge this gap by reporting overall lifecycle environmental profiles of buildings as well as the ranking orders of environmental impacts of all the building materials and building services materials and components for commercial buildings. Twenty-five commercial buildings in Hong Kong, which include three Grade A office buildings, four Grade B office buildings, one Grade C office buildings, four retail centers and three hotels, have been selected for our study. Based upon these collected samples, no statistical differences were found in the average lifecycle environmental impacts for different building types despite some minor variations were detected. Subsequently, 10 types of building materials and 10 types of building services components have been identified for their significant lifecycle environmental impacts on commercial buildings. Among all, concrete, reinforcement bar, copper power cables, and copper busbars were ranked to be the four most significant materials or components to the total lifecycle environmental impacts. These should form the major targets for improvements in environmental performance of commercial buildings.     

Identification of environmental aspects in an EMS context: a methodological framework for the Swedish National Rail Administration

Environmental aspects are basic elements in an Environmental Management System (EMS). The identification of environmental aspects is, however, recognized as one of the most complicated parts in establishing an EMS and has been subject to criticism concerning, e.g., lack of transparency and reproducibility. This paper evaluates the Swedish National Rail Administration's (Banverket) current practice for the identification of environmental aspects. A better link between activity, aspect and impact is needed. A more stringent identification procedure would improve Banverket's environmental management. The paper proposes a structured framework for the identification of environmental aspects at Banverket.     

Environmental implications of perfluorotributylamine—a potent greenhouse gas

Perfluorotributylamine (PFTBA), a newly discovered greenhouse gas with the highest radiative efficiency, may have been released into the environment from a variety of industrial and medical uses in small amounts, leading to the potential contribution to the global warming addressed in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Kyoto Protocol. The aims of this article are to review the physicochemical properties and commercial/potential uses of PFTBA reported in the current available literature and also discuss its environmental implications based on its molecular structure. Results showed that PFTBA had extremely low solubility in water and relatively high vaporization from the water bodies, suggesting that this long-lived greenhouse gas will sink into the atmosphere. This paper also addressed the possible loss pathways through reactions with highly reactive ions in the upper atmosphere and toxic decomposition products (e.g., hydrogen fluoride, fluorine, and carbonyl fluoride) emitted when heated at high temperature. In this regard, there is a need for PFTBA emission reduction strategies due to its increasing usage in many professional applications and its potential contribution to anthropogenic climate forcing in the near future.     

三峡库区消落带土壤溶解性有机质溯源:基于氮/碳比值的线性双端元源负荷分析

土壤溶解性有机质(soil DOM)作为陆地系统天然有机质的重要组成部分,以其活跃的生物地球化学性质,在污染物的环境行为中扮演着极其重要的作用.而了解其来源和结构组成是进一步明确其"结构-反应活性"的关键和前提.本文以三峡库区消落带土壤DOM为研究对象,基于传统氮/碳比值(N/C)及衍生的双端元源负荷模型,讨论该溯源方法在分子水平上的合理性;同时采用光漂白试验,进一步讨论各样本反应活性与其源负荷的相关性.结果表明,N/C值和双端元线性混合模型值均表明土壤DOM具有"陆源"和"内源"的双重特性——这与其他高级分析技术溯源结果基本一致.这种传统溯源分析结果在分子水平上具有合理性,但仅仅反映DOM结构和来源在特定面相上的信息,只能证明库区土壤DOM属于"混合型来源",却无法提供分辨率更高的特定组分来源信息.另外,N/C元素比值及源负荷分别和光漂白动力学过程极显著相关,因此可作为较方便的指标,快速简单判断DOM的光化学反应活性.但在关注DOM本身生物地球化学的研究工作中,仍建议使用多重方法的比较分析,以便于提高单一解析方法的分辨率.     

肠道菌群的环境毒理学研究:现状与展望

肠道菌群对人类和动物的健康发挥着重要作用,已经成为近年来国内外环境毒理学研究的又一新兴课题.由于肠道和肠道菌群系统是大部分污染物进入生物体后第一个暴露接触点,污染物必然要通过这层屏障进一步诱导毒性效应.因此,研究环境污染物对肠道菌群的影响及其与宿主健康互作关系具有重要意义.结果表明:①污染物对肠道菌群丰度和多样性的干扰作用是目前研究的焦点,个人护理品、医用药物、重金属、农药、新污染物、空气污染物、持久性有机污染物等七大类常见污染物的毒理学研究中均发现肠道菌群的改变.②有益菌群可以彼此影响并与肠道系统相互作用,参与调控宿主营养物质消化、免疫系统反应、内分泌调节、神经元活动等多方面的生理过程;相关分析表明,对拟杆菌、厚壁菌、乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌等有益菌群的改变是污染物毒性效应的关键途径.③环境污染物暴露可以影响肠道菌群结构和代谢活动,通过肠道菌群的介导作用,进而破坏肠道屏障功能和完整性,影响免疫反应、代谢调控、内分泌信号通路、神经发育等一系列生理生化过程最终影响宿主健康.研究显示,肠道菌群可以作为环境毒理学研究中的新型终点,对深入研究污染物的毒性效应和作用机制具有重要意义.      

浅议海洋沉积物POPs标准物质研制技术

环境标准物质是以环境监测为用途,主要以环境基质为候选物,并对其中目标污染物进行定值的一类标准物质,海洋沉积物持久性有机污染物（POPs）标准物质是其重要的组成部分。本文重点综述了海洋沉积物POPs环境标准物质的研制技术。主要对海洋沉积物POPs标准物质研制程序如候选物、分析与定值方法及加工检验等进行了分析及论述,并对海洋沉积物POPs标准物质研制技术进行了展望。     

环境态度及其与环境行为关系的文献评述与元分析

为总结梳理环境态度定义、测量方法、影响因素及其对环境行为的影响,采用文献综述与元分析（meta-analysis）的方法,检索Elsevier ScienceDirect数据库、Web of Science Core Collection数据库、中国人民大学中文学术资源发现平台和中国知网（CNKI）中有关环境态度的文献,并从检索出的652篇相关文献中筛选出202篇核心文献、提取出43篇实证文献,对环境态度与4类环境行为之间的关系进行定量分析.结果表明,从环境态度定义和测量方式来看,国内外研究者对环境态度有着诸多定义,但都集中在“情感”“信念”“行为意图与倾向”等心理学方面;环境态度的测量方式也较多,诸多测量量表被开发,其中新环境范式量表和新生态范式量表在该领域占据着重要地位.从环境态度的影响因素来看,众多研究者从心理学和社会人口学方面进行研究,国外研究者对这两大方面有着广泛研究,价值观和道德、性别、年龄、收入、教育和知识皆为研究热点,而国内研究者比较注重环境知识这一影响因素.环境态度与环境行为之间综合相关系数为0.309（P < 0.001）,环境态度与环境行为之间呈显著正相关关系.分别考察环境态度与回收行为、能源消费行为、绿色购买行为以及出行行为等4类环境行为间的关系发现,环境态度与绿色购买行为综合相关系数为0.334（P < 0.001）,高于回收行为、能源消费行为和出行行为.研究还显示,在4类环境行为中,绿色购买行为与环境态度的相关性最强:一方面,环境态度有利于促进环境行为,因此可以通过教育、宣传等干预手段提高公众的环保态度,从而促进各类环保行为.另一方面,环境态度对于不同类型环保行为的促进效果是不同的,因此为促进公众的绿色购买行为,可以考虑增加对环境态度的教育和宣传,提高公众的环境态度;而对于促进节约用水、用电等能源消费行为,则不仅需要提高公众的环境态度,还需要结合其他更有效的干预手段（如价格干预、提示标志等）.      

Governance across the land-sea interface: A systematic review

Governance across the land-sea interface is an emerging challenge. The propensity for, and intensity of social-ecological interactions across this interface (e.g., eutrophication, sedimentation) are being exacerbated by cross-system threats (e.g., climate change). We draw on a systematic review of 151 peer-reviewed papers on governance and land-sea connections to (1) outline the current state of the literature, (2) examine the predominance of different approaches to address land-sea interactions, (3) characterize how governance is conceptualized within these approaches, (4) investigate governance challenges, and (5) provide insights into effective governance. The review finds that the number of relevant papers published per year has generally been increasing, and most of these papers are found in interdisciplinary journals. Ecosystem-based management is the most predominant approach found in the literature as a means to address land-sea interactions. Papers referring to ecosystem-based management are more likely than those referring to alternative management approaches (e.g., integrated management) to highlight science-policy integration and the need to account for interactions between ecosystem components as elements of effective governance. The main governance challenges include determining boundaries, addressing cross-scale effects, and accessing knowledge. However, few empirical studies of governance across the land-sea interface have been completed. A richer conceptual framework of governance is required to improve our ability to navigate the rapid social and environmental change occurring across the land-sea interface.     

渗透汽化膜分离技术在环保中的应用

渗透汽化膜分离技术 (PV)和传统的分离技术相比 ,它具有技术可靠、工艺简单、操作方便及费用经济等优点。主要应用于有机溶剂脱水、有机混合物的分离等 ,并部分实现了工业化。随着高分子科学以及膜合成技术的发展 ,PV逐渐应用到一些新的领域。主要介绍了渗透汽化膜分离的基本原理 ,以及它在环保领域的新应用。     

库尔勒－鄯善输油管道工程环境风险分析与管理

管道环境风险分析与管理是预防管道泄漏事故发生的一个重要途径。利用遥感图像目视解译与实地勘察相结合的方法,对库尔勒－鄯善原油输送管道工程沿线进行环境风险因素识别;利用类比、模拟方法进行环境风险的统计分析及管线原油泄漏事故对环境的影响预测;进行环境风险的定性分析和用事故树分析方法的半定量评价;得出分段管道环境风险的相对排序;提出针对该管线环境风险管理的措施和对策。     

植物促生菌在重金属生物修复中的作用机制及应用

重金属污染是导致生态和环境退化的主要因素之一.土壤重金属污染会降低土壤质量、农作物产量和品质,甚至威胁人类健康.因此,优化土壤重金属污染治理措施,对于农业高产优质可持续具有重要意义.诸多国内外学者在重金属污染植物修复方面开展了大量研究,但由于受土壤和气候环境条件的影响,其修复效率受到制约.微生物与植物的协同修复被认为是环境胁迫条件下提高重金属污染修复效率的一种有效手段.耐重金属的植物促生细菌（PGPB）不仅可以促进植物生长,提高对生物胁迫（如病原菌）和非生物胁迫（如干旱、高盐、极端温度和重金属等）的抗性,还可以改变土壤中重金属的生物利用度和毒性,从而提高植物对重金属的修复效率.系统地梳理了耐重金属的PGPB在促进植物生长,增强植物抗逆性和影响重金属生物利用度方面的作用机制,并进一步综述了近年来国内外关于PGPB在生态修复中的应用和研究进展.     

Climate change, aerobiology, and public health in the Northeast United States

The epidemiological implications with respect to climate change and public health (e.g., shifts in disease vectors) are beginning to be acknowledged. Less recognized however, are the potential links between climate, plant biology and public health. In addition to being affected by climate (e.g., temperature determines plant range), carbon dioxide (CO₂) represents the raw material needed for photosynthesis and its rapid increase in the atmosphere is expected to stimulate plant growth. While there are a number of means by which plant biology intersects with human health (e.g., plant nutrition), one of the most widely recognized is aerobiology; specifically, the ability of plants to both produce pollen and to serve as a substrate for molds/fungi (e.g., sporulation). The current review represents an initial attempt to coalesce what is known regarding the likely impacts of climate/CO₂ on plant pollen/fungal spores and associated allergic disease that are, or could be, specific to the Northeast United States. Although the current results indicate a number of potentially unfavorable effects, we wish to stress that the current data are based on a small number of experiments. Additional data are crucial to both reduce epidemiological uncertainty and to derive a robust set of mitigation / adaptation strategies.     

藿类生物标志物及其对海洋碳氮循环过程的指示

由微生物介导的海洋碳氮生物地球化学循环对全球气候变化具有重要影响.五环三萜的藿类化合物（hopanoids）,包括以细菌藿多醇（BHPs）为主的生物藿类和藿烷等地质藿类,是指示近现代环境和重建古环境中碳氮循环过程的重要类脂生物标志物.本文总结了藿类化合物的生物合成途径和生理功能,及在海洋碳氮循环关键过程（固氮、硝化、厌氧氨氧化、甲烷氧化和陆源有机质输入）中的指示作用.微生物膜脂中的藿类化合物主要由hpn基因编码的藿类合成和修饰酶调控,与微生物理化特征及环境条件具有密切关系.2-甲基藿类、2-甲基环醇醚和不饱和环醇醚等藿类化合物可调节细胞膜的氧渗透性以发挥固氮酶保护作用,可指示环境中固氮蓝细菌及其固氮过程.细菌藿四醇异构体之一的BHT-x是海洋厌氧氨氧化菌Candidatus Scalindua的专属产物,可指示海洋厌氧氨氧化和低氧环境.土壤标志物BHPs及陆源输入指标R_soil可追踪陆源有机质向海洋环境的输入和迁移.35-氨基BHPs和3-甲基（氨基） BHPs可指示好氧甲烷氧化活动.细菌藿六醇和3-甲基细菌藿六醇可指示亚硝酸盐型甲烷氧化活动.未来,随着分子生物学、基因组学和仪器分析技术的不断发展,藿类化合物在指示海洋碳氮循环过程方面势必会发挥更加重要的作用.