城市旅游景观美学质量及其与景观格局的关系研究——以南京市为例

当前,城市旅游景观美学质量已经日益成为影响城市旅游竞争的一个重要因素。以江苏省南京市为例,同时采用美景度评估法对景观美景度进行评价,采用GIS、RS方法对景观空间格局进行分析,利用SPSS对美景度评价结果及其与格局指数的关系进行统计。结果表明:1评价者对开朗与闭合不同视域的景观,自然、人文与复合类不同类型的景观的审美无偏好;对闭合类景观、自然类景观审美趋于一致。2景观美景度与斑块数量、斑块密度之间呈负相关关系。3景观美景度与水域、草地所占景观面积之比为正相关关系,与交通所占景观面积之比为负相关关系。基于以上分析,建议对城市旅游景观规划应采取以下措施:适当降低斑块密度,增加水体、草地等自然类景观。     

论城市旅游景观视觉形象的影响因素——以扬州市为例

在视觉影响因素的作用下,旅游者对实地感知的城市旅游景观视觉辨别和鉴赏形成了视觉形象感知。城市旅游景观的品质不同对视觉形象产生的影响不同,而不同社会背景的旅游者及居民对同类旅游景观视觉形象感知的影响也不同。分析得出性别、年龄、文化水平、职业等不同社会背景的旅游者和居民对扬州旅游景观视觉形象感知的影响不显著,据此提出了提升城市旅游景观视觉形象的方法和建议,期望对城市旅游的规划者、决策者提供参考,以便创造更多更美的城市旅游景观。     

四川省城市声环境质量状况与分析

根据四川省2007年城市功能区声环境、城市区域声环境和道路交通声环境数据,阐明全省城市声环境质量现状,分析城市声源构成、各等级声覆盖率及其变化趋势.与国内一般情况相比,四川省城市声源构成具有社会生活噪声影响范围更最广,交通噪声影响范围较小等特点.四川省城市环境质量状况总体上处于较好水平,且有逐年下降趋势.同时,存在部分不同程度的噪声污染区,甚至存在一定程度的重度污染区.     

成都市热力景观空间格局分析

城市热力景观空间格局是城市附属物和城市活动性在热场方面的综合表现。使用2008年11月23日的Landsat5/TM数据,将第6波段反演为亮温,并按温度值的高低把热力景观分为7个类型;借鉴景观生态学的原理和方法,以破碎度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数为评价指标,对成都市三环路内约200km2热力景观空间格局的研究结果表明：5个行政区的热力景观格局指数存在显著差别,如锦江区的破碎度指数最大,为0.924,成华区的最小,为0.559,指数大小与城市热力景观类型的分布特点密切相关。这些结果对于分析和研究城市整体格局、城市规划和环境保护等具有应用意义。     

石油开发对辽河油田湿地景观格局变化的影响分析

通过对1989-2009年20年间景观格局的空间分布、变化特征以及变化趋势分析,揭示了造成双台子河自然保护区环境变化的主要驱动力是人类活动和社会经济发展的影响,定量计算了石油开发对研究区域景观格局变化的影响。结果显示:1989-2009年双台河口自然保护区的土地利用类型发生了很大的变化,景观破碎度明显增加,人类活动导致保护区内的土地利用和景观格局也发生了明显变化,但油田开发在总的土地利用变化中的贡献率仅为4.6%。     

城市景观格局与大气颗粒物污染的关系研究

随着城市化和工业化发展,大气颗粒物对城市空气环境造成了严重污染,选取西安市作为研究区,分析不同时间和空间尺度下城市景观格局与大气颗粒物污染的关系。通过GIS软件、Fragstats4.2软件和SPSS软件对西安市2014年土地利用数据和2014年整年的大气颗粒物监测数据进行分析,结果显示,西安市土地利用类型分布较为集中;西安市大气颗粒物浓度的空间分布特征为浓度从市中心至城郊呈梯度递减趋势,在整体上呈现西北高于东南的倾向,大气颗粒物污染物浓度峰值基本都集中出现在建设用地范围内(PM10:102.7μg/m^3;PM2.5:99.7μg/m^3);相关性结果证实了城市景观格局与大气颗粒物浓度的空间分布特征。研究结果为中国西部内陆城市大气颗粒物污染控制、土地利用规划以及生态建设提供参考。     

惠来县景观格局与动态变化分析

在GIS技术和卫星遥感资料的支持下，利用景观格局分析软件FRAGSFATS3．3分析了揭阳市惠来县1994-2001年的土地景观格局的动态变化，并分别在类型水平上和景观水平上选择了部分景观指数。计算结果表明，破碎度趋向加深，景观结构和斑块形状复杂性增加（尤以林地和其它用地严重）；景观稳定性增加，优势度减少；景观多样性有所提高，受人类干扰程度加深，说明惠来县城市化速度快，处于城市发展的初期；各景观要素又有不同的景观动态特征。     

城市景观生态规划:内涵分析与研究展望

从城市景观生态规划的概念和内容出发,论述了规划应遵循的主要原则,分析了目前我国城市景观生态规划存在的诸多问题,简要指出了今后研究的重点方向。展望了城市景观生态规划的未来走向,提出加强景观预测预报功能,发展定量模拟,适应低碳经济模式的城市景观格局研究将成为未来城市景观生态规划的主要趋势。     

我国城市绿地景观缓解城市热环境效应的研究进展

快速城市化过程导致城市热环境问题加剧,而城市绿地景观具有净化空气、吸附粉尘、减弱噪音以及调节温度等多种功能,不仅能改善城市热环境问题,还能提高城市宜居性,丰富城市景观。文章通过总结近20年来国内关于城市绿地景观与热环境效应的研究成果,分别从我国城市绿地景观缓解城市热环境效应的研究现状、方法及进展等方面进行详细阐述并指出其不足之处,突出不同尺度绿地景观与热环境效应分析,为缓解热环境效应带来的环境压力、城市绿地景观规划建设提供科学依据和系统框架。     

绿色开放空间系统特征分析及功能效应评价——以呼和浩特建成区为例

生态城市发展水平的高低有赖于绿色开放空间系统质量的优劣,生态城市建设应首先着眼于绿色开放空间系统的结构优化和功能提升。选择呼和浩特建成区为研究对象,从分析绿色开放空间系统的结构特征和评价功能效应入手,找出城市人居环境改善的科学依据。以梳理系统要素为基础,应用RS、GIS等技术,从系统格局层面的空间变化和景观格局层面的指数变化等不同方面,剖析绿色开放空间系统的空间特征,建构绿色开放空间系统功能效应评价体系,结合雷达图表模型评价其功能效应。结果表明:近年来,防护绿地对水系空间的保护和附属绿地对呼和浩特市人居环境的提升作用显著,但绿色开放空间系统要素结构的较大变化削减了系统的功能效应。     

Greenhouse Gas Inventory Progress of Petroleum and Petrochemical Industries（ 1）

Petroleumand petrochemical producers are high energy- consuming enterprises and also are one of the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gas emissionstatistics, calculation and monito- ring can provide the basic information for participation in carbon trading, promote the sustainable development and achieve emission reduction tar- gets. High awareness of domestic and international greenhouse gas accounting standards weredescribed inthis paper, and petroleum and petrochemical indus- try inventory standardsissued and implemented were summarized and com- pared. On this basis, suggestions and measures such as improving greenhouse gas inventory standards, strengthening the verification of greenhouse gas e- missions and the establishment of greenhouse gas statistical and management systems were proposedforpetroleum and petrochemical industries     

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OF OIL ＆ GAS FIELDS

This article classifies the atmospheric pollution sources according to the distribution of time, space and production conditions and summarizes the characteristics and hazards of all kinds of pollution sources. Through the analysis of environment impacts caused by pollu- tants, prevention measures for air pollutionin different stages of oil- field development are proposed, in an effort to control regional atmos- pheric environmental quality.     

Hybrid economy research in remote Indigenous Australia: seeing and supporting the customary in community food economies

Hybrid economy research in remote Indigenous Australia is what Gibson-Graham [2008. Diverse economies: performative practices for “other worlds”. Progress in Human Geography, 32 (5), 613–632] describe as a performative ontological project. This research seeks to address the marginalisation of customary economic activities that contribute to the well-being of Indigenous Australians. It aims to make the customary sector more real, more credible and more viable as an object of policy and activism, challenging the dual dominance of the state and the market as the focus of development (cf. Gibson-Graham 2008 Gibson-Graham, J. K. 2008. Diverse economies: performative practices for “other worlds”. Progress in Human Geography, 32(5), 613–632. doi: 10.1177/0309132508090821[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). This paper outlines how hybrid economy research has sought to broaden views of the economic landscape in remote Indigenous Australia amid the withdrawal of key policy and programmatic support by the Australian Government. This research draws on Canadian national surveys of Indigenous peoples, harvest studies and programmatic support for customary harvest – hunting, fishing and gathering of bush foods – to identify ways in which the Australian Government might better see and support Indigenous community food economies.     

An Ecology of Prestige in New York City: Examining the Relationships Among Population Density,Socio-economic Status,Group Identity,and Residential Canopy Cover

Several social theories have been proposed to explain the uneven distribution of vegetation in urban residential areas: population density, social stratification, luxury effect, and ecology of prestige. We evaluate these theories using a combination of demographic and socio-economic predictors of vegetative cover on all residential lands in New York City. We use diverse data sources including the City’s property database, time-series demographic and socio-economic data from the US Census, and land cover data from the University of Vermont’s Spatial Analysis Lab (SAL). These data are analyzed using a multi-model inferential, spatial econometrics approach. We also examine the distribution of vegetation within distinct market categories using Claritas’ Potential Rating Index for Zipcode Markets (PRIZM?) database. These categories can be disaggregated, corresponding to the four social theories. We compare the econometric and categorical results for validation. Models associated with ecology of prestige theory are more effective for predicting the distribution of vegetation. This suggests that private, residential patterns of vegetation, reflecting the consumption of environmentally relevant goods and services, are associated with different lifestyles and lifestages. Further, our spatial and temporal analyses suggest that there are significant spatial and temporal dependencies that have theoretical and methodological implications for understanding urban ecological systems. These findings may have policy implications. Decision makers may need to consider how to most effectively reach different social groups in terms of messages and messengers in order to advance land management practices and achieve urban sustainability.     

Planning for global environmental change in Bangkok's informal settlements

Government agencies in cities across Asia recognise that municipalities must take steps to adapt to projected climate changes if people and places are to be kept above water. This paper focuses on planning for climate change in Bangkok because it ranks among the top 10 port cities vulnerable to climate change related flooding. It is also understood that the most devastating impacts of climate change will be suffered by the city's most vulnerable residents: the poor. Not only do impoverished people occupy physically vulnerable space, such as riverbanks, but they are also the least equipped to recover from the disruption of their livelihoods.

Several scholars have identified “institutional traps” that prevent the Thai government from successfully aiding poor and marginalised flood victims in the past. These include poor coordination, lack of monitoring and evaluation, rigidity, crisis management and elite capture. Lebel, Manuta, and Garden (2011, 56) Lebel, L., J.B. Manuta, and P. Garden. 2011. “Institutional Traps and Vulnerability to Changes in Climate and Flood Regimes in Thailand.” Regional Environmental Change 11 (1): 45–58.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] pose the crucial question: “How have individuals – from local community leaders through to national level politicians and bureaucrats – successfully influenced policy and programmes to avoid institutional traps and improve adaptive capacities to climate change?”

In this paper, we begin to address this question through examining emergent methods of “community based adaptation” and reviewing case studies of adaptation action from other vulnerable communities in the Global South. These lessons – such as overcoming institutional rigidity and avoiding elite capture – are important for Bangkok and other cities in the Global South that face many different challenges by global environmental change.     

The Stakeholder Preference for Best Management Practices in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region

A qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews with 92 farmers and 42 policy managers in Wuxi County, the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, was conducted to identify stakeholder preferences for alternative best management practices (BMPs) and to determine the factors that affect their acceptance. Policy manager support for most of the practices was relatively stronger than support by farmers, except for the grade stabilization structure (GSS), hillside ditch (HD) and constructed wetland alternative, owing to their perceptions of soil benefits, economic advantages and environmental advantages. Farmers opposed those practices that occupied cultivated lands or changed the conventional planting methods, such as field border, conservation tillage (CT) and contour buffer strips. They tended to accept the BMPs with off-farm pollution reduction, such as GSS, riparian forest buffer and HD, and the BMPs associated with soil benefits, such as nutrient management and Terrace. The result that almost all respondents did not accept CT differed from reports in the existing literature. There is a significant correlation between the acceptance of some BMPs and the townships where the farmers lived (P ≤ 0.05). The environmental conditions and social factors would affect farmer support for BMPs, including local soil conditions, farming methods, economic income, education level and age. The economic advantages of the BMPs were the main motivation for farmers to accept the practices. Furthermore, intensive education efforts, financial incentives or economic subsidies may promote the adoption of the BMPs in our study area.     

New national parks for Scotland: coalitions in conflict over the allocation of planning powers in the Cairngorms

The introduction of national parks in areas where existing authorities have traditionally been responsible for developing policies, preparing plans and making decisions on development proposals, can be a threat to longstanding interests. This paper explores this problem by examining the struggle for control of planning in one of Scotland's first national parks, the Cairngorms. Recent research (McCarthy et al., 2002 McCarthy J Lloyd G Illsley B (2002) National parks in Scotland: balancing environment and economy Research briefing European Planning Studies 10 (5) pp. 665–670 [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]) has established the policy context for this investigation. Informed by research focusing on the consultation process which led to the establishment of the national park, this paper analyzes how alternative approaches to the allocation of planning powers were captured in competing storylines, around which polarized coalitions of interest formed. Opening such insights into the considerations that shape institutional design—a combination of contested problem framing and straightforward political struggles over the locus of regulatory power—starkly reveals the challenges to the new park authority as it seeks to establish consensus between conflicting interests.     

The Leading Canadian NGOs’ Discourse on Fish Farming: From Ecocentric Intuitions to Biocentric Solutions

The development of the aquaculture industry in Canada has triggered a conflict of a scope never seen before. As stated in Young and Matthews’ The Aquaculture Controversy, this debate has “mushroomed over the past several decades to become one of the most bitter and stubborn face-offs over industrial development ever witnessed in Canada” (Young and Matthews in The aquaculture controversy in Canada. Activism, policy and contested science. UBC Press, Vancouver, p 3, 2010). It opposes a wide variety of actors: from industrial investors, scientists, politicians and environmentalists to Native associations and communities, citizens groups and local stakeholders. The opposition is fierce between those in favor of a flourishing and modern aquaculture of industrial nature and those who fear the dreadful consequences of such an industry. In particular, the possible implementation of biotechnology innovations, such as a genetically modified salmon, has made this debate coextensive with the GMO debate, thus multiplying the opposition’s spectrum of arguments against the industry. Throughout the debate, Canadian environmental NGOs like the Suzuki Foundation and Greenpeace Canada have assumed leadership over the opposition to aquaculture development with certain success. Their participation in the debate features numerous ethical concerns related to environmental health, a respect for wilderness and local human communities. Such a position can be associated overall with a form of ecocentric ethics or concern. Nevertheless, a careful examination of the technical solutions proposed by these NGOs reveals their embeddedness in biocentrism. Through the example taken from the Canadian debate on aquaculture development, this paper aims to highlight the conceptual difficulty of enacting ecocentric ethical positions beyond formal arguments. Because ecocentrism implies a true paradigm shift, not only in mentality, but also in the way we conceive our technical interventions in nature, biocentrism remains an important practical method to enact ethical positions related to environmental concerns in public debates.