Strategic Thinking for Sustainable Development of Mining-Based Cities in China

Abstract

Cities based on mining are distinctive from other cities in China. Their heavy dependence on minerals, a relatively undiversified industrial structure, seriously damaged ecological environment and the rather low degree of openness have all reduced their competitiveness, and severely constrained and hindered their sustainable development. In this paper the authors will study mining-based cities from the perspective of sustainable development, first by having a critical review of their features, and then by researching into strategic options to support their sustainable development.     

A Research on Problems for Sustainable Development of Mining Cities in China

As a significant issue, mining cities, especially the resource-exhausted mining cities have already been given intensive attention by academia and government. This article discusses the intrinsic and extrinsic reasons for problems of the mining cities from the perspective of sustainable development, quantitatively analyzes the economic benefit of the mining cities with statistical data, and presents the strategies and measures for sustainable development of the mining cities based on the theoretical discus-...     

中国资源型城市循环经济发展水平的聚类实证研究

由于粗放型的发展模式受到严格限制,资源型城市的发展普遍面临严峻困境,发展循环经济,是资源型城市实现可持续发展的必然途径.对资源型城市循环经济发展水平进行计量实证研究,找出其发展共性和差异具有很强的现实意义和理论价值.通过构建资源型城市循环经济发展评价指标体系,收集涵盖全国34个典型资源型城市、17个资源枯竭城市的39个地级资源型城市和参照城市北京的22个原始指标数据,用功能互补的因子分析和聚类分析进行实证研究:首先用因子分析法对原始数据进行分析,用得到的8个因子代替原来的22个指标,进一步进行K-means聚类分析,对资源型城市的循环经济发展水平做了较为完整的评价,结果显示:资源型城市循环经济发展整体水平不高,循环经济发展理念有待深入,东营、克拉玛依等城市经济发展状况很好,为循环经济发展提供了良好的经济基础,晋城在循环经济的某些领域取得了较好的效果,白山的循环经济发展水平相对最低.     

长三角地区可持续发展测度与演化分析

长三角地区作为我国人口最为密集、经济最为发达、综合竞争力最强的城市化区域，同时也面临着产业结构趋同、人口老龄化、资源环境脆弱性凸显等问题。以长三角地区为研究对象，建立可持续发展评价的指标体系，引入可持续发展指数和系统协调指数对长三角地区城市可持续发展进行测度，通过细分城市发展模式并利用演化树模型分析不同发展模式的可持续发展演化进程。研究认为：长三角地区城市可持续发展总体水平接近，城市之间系统内部协调性差距较大，子系统中经济与社会发展格局较为一致，而与环境状况趋异；以人均收入、城市化率和三产结构可以将长三角地区城市聚类为4种具有不同现状特点和发展轨迹的城市发展模式，归属不同发展模式的城市可持续发展的演化轨迹不同，以苏锡常地区为代表的发展模式可持续发展变化最为剧烈，发展与协调并重是关键；苏中、浙中地区等经济发展的边缘地带，寻求适合的经济发展路径是其首要任务     

城市可持续发展的综合评价

本文从可持续发展概念出发，建立了城市的发展持续度、发展协调度和发展水平综合评价的指标体系，应用模糊综合评价法和层次分析法，对乌鲁木齐市、新疆、全国城市可持续发展进行了定量评价，并确定了可持续发展目标伍，为城市可持续发展评价理论研究提供了科学依据。     

我国城镇可持续发展实验区建设的理论与实践

可持续发展综合实验区是我国实施可持续发展战略的重要行动。本文在分析、总结我国城镇可持续发展实验区实践的基础上,提出了建设城镇可持续发展实验区的基本思路     

基于能值理论的中国矿业城市发展程度分析

矿业城市是我国城市的重要组成部分,其发展程度评价与分析一直是矿业可持续发展领域的研究热点之一。如何运用科学合理的评价理论和指标体系,对矿业城市的发展程度进行评价分析,进而指导矿业城市发展显得尤为重要。本文以能值理论为基础,将其方法、基本步骤和评价指标引入到矿业城市发展评价中,提出了矿业城市发展程度的能值分析方法,建立了能值分析步骤,即通过对矿业城市进行系统的分析,构建中国矿业城市发展的能值评价指标体系,计算各个矿业城市的能值指标值,进而对不同类型的矿业城市及其与其他区域之间的能值指标值进行对比分析,有效地解决了传统评价方法在不同类型矿业城市及与其他区域之间不易进行发展对比评价的缺陷。最后通过收集整理中国矿业城市2006年度发展数据,运用能值分析方法计算其能值指标值,对其发展程度进行对比分析,从而表明该评价方法是可行的,同时也为我国制定矿业城市可持续发展策略提供科学指导。     

Evaluating the low-carbon development of urban China

Facing the ever-increasing serious pollution from carbon emission and the pressing need for sustainable development, China initiated the strategy of low-carbon development in 2010. Since then, eight cities and five provinces have been selected as pilot areas to develop a low-carbon economy. Under such a circumstance, this study aimed to construct a indicator system and evaluating model so that the low-carbon development levels of the pilot cities can be quantified. Therefore, this study, based the on Driving Force–Pressure–State–Impact–Response model, established a regional low-carbon development indicator system. Second, the weight of each indicator was calculated by taking the entropy method. Third, the low-carbon development levels were measured and evaluated by taking the comprehensive approach of Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution. Then, taking 10 cities from those 13 pilot areas as case studies, this study measured and compared the low-carbon development levels of those 10 cities before and after being pilot areas. The research findings showed that though the low-carbon development levels changed greatly, only five pilot cities’ growth rate is positive. The reasons for changes in the low-carbon development levels were analyzed. The urbanization level and energy consumption elasticity coefficient were the main factors affecting the low-carbon development levels. Additionally, the study traced the effective policies hidden behind the indicators, which provided policy insights to help decision makers prepare their low-carbon development strategies, including legislation efforts, economic instrument, renewable energy and energy-saving technology improvement and low-carbon transportation.     

资源型城市可持续发展能力的演变与调控

作为特殊的经济区，资源型城市的衰落与振兴日益成为社会关注的热点。本文从分析资源型城市可持续发展能力入手，论述了资源型城市发展能力的成长阶段及演变特征，提出了资源城市可持续发展能力调控的模式和途径。     

论生态优先与城区环境保护规划

面向可持续发展的环境保护规划要求先进的原则和理念作指导，而应用生态优先原则指导环境保护规划对实现城市可持续发展具有重要意义，本文全面，系统分析了生态优先原则特点和内涵，并结合了广州市南沙地区，对生态优先原则指导下的环境保护规划进行了深入研究和探索，与传统环境保护规划相比，基于生态优先原则的城区环境保护规划更加强调生态保护规划，在水环境保护规划中优先考虑生态用水，在大气环境保护中注重清洁能源使用，而固体废防治规划中则重视物质的循环再生。     

资源型城市转型升级:压力测算与方向选择

在绿色增长理念和“分类引导、特色发展”的指导原则下,如何科学地识别资源型城市经济可持续增长的压力,从而确定未来转型升级方向,是引导资源型城市摆脱传统发展模式的关键。本文在绿色增长的理论框架下构建了资源型城市转型升级的能源节约、附加值提升和环境友好三维空间,从方向向量内生化、引入相对距离和外生权重三个方面对方向距离函数加以改进,提出资源型城市转型升级压力的测算方法,讨论了经济可持续发展的方向选择问题,进而以2008—2016年中国283个城市(包括115个资源型城市和168个非资源型城市)为样本进行了实证检验。结果发现:①资源型城市的绿色全要素生产率水平在0.4~0.5区间内,明显低于非资源型城市;②根据修正后的转型升级压力测算结果,考虑能源和环境因素后资源型城市转型升级压力巨大,80%以上处于中效区和低效区,49个城市选择单向转型,53个城市选择多向转型;③来自不同地理区位和成长阶段的测算结果表明,东部资源型城市的绿色生产率水平最高,东北地区要致力于附加值提升和节约能源,衰退型资源型城市应选择多向转型,不同主导资源型产业的城市则需因地制宜,选择差异化的转型升级策略。     

Sisters in sustainability: municipal partnerships for social,environmental, and economic growth

While debates about sustainable development tend to focus on national- and international-scale problems, sustainability programs and research generally focus on the regional, county, municipal, or even household level. Less research has focused on evaluating the benefits of pairing two cities (i.e., sister city partnerships) with different needs and capabilities to jointly enhance the potential for sustainable practices between the cities. Given shrinking state and federal budgets and the nascent national climate policy, how might US cities use existing resources to achieve greater levels of sustainability? This paper presents a new data-driven mathematical tool—the partnership assessment for intra-regional sustainability—that city planners can use to explore the prospects for improving sustainability practices by leveraging existing resources and establishing synergistic partnerships with neighboring cities. The efficacy of the tool is assessed through the presentation of a Southern California case study and the results of a psychological survey of Southern California residents. Results indicate that cities of different size and scale would benefit from synergistic sustainability programs that pool the resources and needs of both cities. The paper concludes with a discussion of potential societal implications, methodological issues, and barriers to implementation.     

Cooperative Game Among Cities in Urban Agglomerations and Economical Sustainable Development

Abstract

This paper analyses redounded profits of cooperation and non-cooperation among cities in urban agglomerations based on game theory. It discusses the problems of economical development among cities with feeble cooperation, and deduces the conclusion that only cooperation of cities produces the maximum profits and realizes Pareto efficiency for cities and urban agglomerations. The paper states that cooperation is the cornerstone of economic sustainable development in urban agglomerations in profits produced by cooperation among cities. Some suggestions to accelerate cooperation among cities are proposed.     

Problems and Strategies of Industrial Transformation of China's Resource-based Cities

Resource-based cities face vital economic, social, and environmental problems during their industrial transformation. Urban industrial structure is a traditional primary industrial pattern, which is resource-based and resource-intensive economy with low level technology and efficiency. They encounter tremendous pressure of unemployment and social security. Resources of such cities are on the verge of extinction, in addition, the environmental pollution and ecological conditions are becoming worse. The cities have significant institutional issues and their innovation capacity is inadequate. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out strategic innovations to realize the successful economic transformation of resource-based cities. The strategic innovations include innovation of development goals, equalization of social welfare, sustainable economic development, coordinative development between eco-environment and socioeconomy, and circular economy development strategies optimizing diversified industrial structures. In addition, forming eco-industrial system and changing traditional growth pattern, strategy of resource and industrial substitution and supplement, scientific and technological innovation strategy —late-comer's advantages of development of new high-tech ecocity development strategy and innovation of institutional mechanism and systems.     

Cooperative Game Among Cities in Urban Agglomerations and Economical Sustainable Development

This paper analyses redounded profits of cooperation and non-cooperation among cities in urban agglomerations based on game theory. It discusses the problems of economical development among cities with feeble cooperation, and deduces the conclusion that only cooperation of cities produces the maximum profits and realizes Pareto efficiency for cities and urban agglomerations. The paper states that cooperation is the cornerstone of economic sustainable development in urban agglomerations in profits produced by cooperation among cities. Some suggestions to accelerate cooperation among cities are proposed.     

山东可持续发展试验带的经济学分析

在介绍国家和山东省可持续发展实验区建设的基本情况的基础上．论述了山东省构建可持续发展试验带的必要性。利用区位论的基本原理，结合可持续发展实验区建设经验，综合考虑城市间的距离、经济聚集规模及对资源依赖程度等因素，分析了山东省17个市的相互作用潜力．计算出淄博、济南、烟台、青岛、潍坊、威海、泰安、东营、济宁、滨州、临沂等11个城市具有划入山东省可持续发展试验带的潜力．为规划山东的区域可持续发展提供了理论基础。     

Coal-based transformation of cities in Shandong Province,China

This article primarily discusses the issue of realizing sustainable development in Shandong Province, China through transformation. It compares the global energy structure to China’s, as well as among regions and provinces within China. The article takes six cities in Shandong Province as typical objectives, and then using principal component analysis it calculates their flexibility in regard to city shift and restructuring. The main purpose was to quantify the impact of economic activities triggered by the coal industry, a.k.a the energy economic nexus, and to assess the flexibility and sustainability in transformation among the observed coal-based cities.     

武汉城市圈土地利用变化系统仿真模拟与驱动力分析

土地利用变化是全球环境变化与可持续研究的重要内容,驱动力研究是土地利用变化研究中的核心问题。现有土地利用变化驱动力研究多针对单一的城市区域展开,无法解释城市群地区,城市一体化战略指导下城市交互作用对土地利用变化的影响。运用系统动力学(SD)方法,综合考虑经济、人口、城市化、政策等主要人文因素,并将城市交互作用因素引入SD,以武汉城市圈为例,构建土地利用变化系统SD模型,运用1997~2006年的历史数据进行检验,并对武汉城市圈2010~2020年不同情景下的土地利用变化进行模拟。结果表明,建立的SD模型是有效的,两种情景下土地利用变化表现出差异性,说明城市交互作用是除经济、人口城市化等社会经济因素外,土地利用变化的又一重要影响因素。     

城市旅游发展的动力:理论分析与案例研究

20世纪80年代之初，深圳和珠海旅游发展的内外部条件极为类似，但是20年来两个城市旅游的发展模式却完全不同。本文研究发现：城市旅游发展取决于需求结构和相对优势两个因素的共同作用。基于旅游体验本质的需求结构的变化，决定了同一类型的旅游城市具有相似的变化规律；不同类型的旅游城市变化规律差异较大。另一方面，城市旅游驱动机制决定了相对优势的变化，旅游驱动机制演变轨迹的不同正是建成各个城市旅游目的地旅游发展模式差别的主因。由此可见，城市旅游要实现可持续发展就必须用随外部环境的变化（主要是需求结构的变化），适时培育和转变驱动机制。     

大城市应对气候变化的可持续发展研究——以上海为例

在全球气候变化背景下,社会城镇规划与自然气候变化之间的关系越发密切,城镇规划体系需要纳入气候变化的影响并考虑适应气候变化的策略。首先以发达国家及世界著名大城市为参考,对美国、德国和日本在应对气候变化的城镇可持续发展规划方面的成功经验和实践措施分别进行了综述和提炼;然后,以上海为例,对照分析了我国大城市在城镇化过程中面临的气候变化挑战及存在的脆弱性,包括城镇发展规划与气候环境的相容性考虑不够、城镇化过程对气候环境的影响缺乏充分论证、城镇基础设施抵御气象灾害的能力较低、气候变化对城镇人体健康的影响未给予高度关注等;最后,指出了我国大城市应对气候变化的城镇可持续发展思路及重点方向,即充分考虑区域气候容量、大力构建生态绿色通风廊道;深入开展城镇功能布局的气候可行性论证和气象灾害风险评估;加强城市气候变化研究和实验,不断更新城市规划设计参数和标准规范;加大对脆弱人群和外来常住人口生命安全和人体健康监测预警;积极完善城镇化适应气候变化的机制等,以期为城镇发展体系的编制和应用提供参考和借鉴。