基于复合节间组分关系的结缕草克隆植株形态可塑性特征分析

结缕草Zoysia japonica克隆植株的基本形态学单元是复合节间。分析复合节间组分关系,可以进一步揭示其形态可塑性的细微特征和资源传输与分配的差异,同时也可以为形态可塑性成因提供合理的生理生态学解释。本文对温室内、外两种环境条件下生长的结缕草克隆植株的复合节间组分进行测定和分析,结果表明：温室内、外植株主匍匐茎的长度和生物量的波动比一级分枝大,缩短节间长度比伸长节间长度稳定,但缩短节间生物量较伸长节间生物量变化幅度大。伸长、缩短节间长度、生物量分别与复合节序数呈二次函数关系。伸长、缩短节间生物量和分株生物量在一个生长季的生长方程亦均呈二次函数关系。主匍匐茎根数量、生物量随复合节数递增基本呈递增趋势。在两种环境下,A分株根数、生物量均大于B分株根数、生物量（在结缕草匍匐茎上,着生于每个复合节的基端和梢端缩短节间上的分株分别称为A、B分株）,且差异明显。温室内植株,在分株发育形成后,伸长、缩短节间的长度、生物量分别与匍匐茎根、A分株根数、B分株根数、生物量间相关性显著,温室外的相关性格局较复杂,且总体显著性低于温室内。结缕草克隆植株基本形态结构单元的复合节上的各个组成部分之间存在的密切相关关系,是导致结缕草克隆植物形成形态可塑性的细微特征格局的主要原因。     

典型草原群落特征及种群生态位对土壤类型响应研究——以锡林河流域为例

土壤类型对植物群落特征、种群生态位以及对资源的利用状况有着极大的影响,有关于典型草原不同土壤类型对植被生长影响的研究鲜见报道。为明晰锡林河流域不同土壤类型中种群生态位特征、物种的分布和生长状况,以及对有限资源的利用情况。以12种土壤类型下植物群落为研究对象,利用TWINSPAN群落分类法对研究区植被进行群落分类,运用经典生态位理论,探讨其群落组成的数量特征和各群落中的主要种群(各群落中的建群种+优势种)生态位特征。结果表明,研究区内草原主要划分为5个群落类型,依次为大针茅(Stipa grandis)+羊草(Leymus chinensis)+黄囊苔草(Cares korshinskyi)、羊草+大针茅+糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosas)、羊草+黄囊苔草+灰绿藜(Chenopodium glaucums)、羊草+糙隐子草+灰绿藜、糙隐子草+灰绿藜+猪毛菜(Salsola collina)。群落高度、密度、地上以及地下生物量的最大值分别出现在潜育黑土、石灰性黑钙土、石灰性黑土以及淋溶型栗钙土,其值分别为15.003 cm、707.667 plant·m~(-2)、146.217 g·m~(-2)以及15 700.18 g·m~(-3)。不同土壤类型中,植物高度的差异性最小。羊草占有绝对优势,淋溶型栗钙土中种群比较丰富,普通栗钙土中物种个体占比大,群落间共有种较少。其他土壤类型中,群落间共有种较多,物种个体所占比例较小。羊草和大针茅的生态位总宽度较大;灰绿藜的生态位重叠指数较高,双齿葱(Allium bidentatum)的较低。较高生态位宽度物种之间具有较高的生态位重叠,但在个别环境中,较窄生态位物种也会出现较大生态位重叠。     

中小径级毛竹对林地轮休覆盖模式的可塑性响应

以中小径级的低产毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)林为研究对象,通过土壤轮休覆盖模式试验,分析毛竹克隆分株的产生规律及其地下鞭系统、间隔子行为和细根生物量垂直分布,探讨毛竹克隆种群的行为学机制及其对竹林生态系统的影响。研究发现,毛竹克隆分株萌发率处于(20.65±4.03)%~(35.26±1.18)%之间,其利用富足的营养爆发式萌发克隆分株,第1年覆盖和第3年覆盖的克隆分株数量分别达(35.2±7.7)和(27.8±4.2)株·m~(-2),打破了在漫长进化过程中形成的自身固有生长发育与繁殖的生活史节律,是一种被动适应;覆盖可增加眉围,随着覆盖时间的增加,眉围均值下降;覆盖极大地增加了幼鞭休眠芽数量,随着覆盖时间的增加,幼鞭和壮老鞭休眠芽的数量均会下降,轮休后,休眠芽数量有所恢复;轮休期一定程度上减少了幼鞭长度的比例,但随着轮休时间的增加,幼鞭长度比例有所上升,毛竹利用减小幼鞭直径、增加幼鞭长度和间隔子长度这种资源吸收结构的可塑性来达到开拓适宜生境的目的;第3年覆盖的平均细根生物量为第1年覆盖的64.07%,覆盖使细根生物量减少,并使其生物量分布趋向于土壤上层,轮休可使细根向较深土壤层生长,并使细根生物量回升;对照毛竹林在土壤表层和深层分配大量细根生物量,这与覆盖轮休模式只有1个峰值不同,说明细根针对不同的生境采取不同的生物量分配方式进行觅食。因此,覆盖第3年已出现衰退现象,轮休是覆盖的必要补充。     

入侵种喜旱莲子草对土壤养分的表型可塑性反应

对外来入侵种喜旱莲子草（Alternanthera philoxeroides（Mart．）Griseb．）在不同土壤氮养分处理中的表型可塑性反应进行了研究。结果表明：土壤中氮养分水平对喜旱莲子草克隆生长有显著影响，如分枝强度、苇节长度随氮含量升高均有不同程度的增加；氮养分最高的处理中根系生物量投资最小，而茎、叶生物量投资最大，对照处理中则表现山根冠比最大。研究结果表明，在不同土壤养分条件下，喜旱莲子草不同表型结构有可能同时对环境选择作出反应，在种群生存与维持、生长、繁殖等功能方面实现种群个体各器官生物量投资的优化配置来适应多样化的环境，以增强其入侵能力，     

锡林河流域草原植物群落分类及其多样性分析

研究锡林河流域草原群落的分类和群落多样性分布特征,可为寒旱区草原的合理利用和保护提供重要依据。基于流域植物群落的样方调查与TWINSPAN分类,得出锡林河流域主要植物群落类型以及影响群落类型和多样性变化的环境因子。结果表明,(1)锡林河流域草原可划分为5个群落类型,分别为大针茅Stipa grandis+羊草Leymus chinensis+黄囊苔草Carex korshinskyi群丛、羊草+大针茅+糙隐子草Cleistogenes squarrosa群丛、羊草+黄囊苔草+灰绿藜Chenopodium glaucum群丛、羊草+糙隐子草+灰绿藜群丛、糙隐子草+灰绿藜+猪毛菜Salsola collina群丛。(2)不同群落α多样性3种指数具有一致的变化趋势,而土壤类型、水分状况以及人类活动强度的差异导致了群落多样性的不同。(3)不同群落类型之间物种组成与更替速率不尽相同。从相异性指数来看,大针茅+羊草+黄囊苔草群落与羊草+黄囊苔草+灰绿藜群落之间共有种最多,物种组成差异性最低,相似性最高,群落间变异程度最小;在羊草+大针茅+糙隐子草群落与羊草+黄囊苔草+灰绿藜群落之间共有种最少,物种组成差异性最大,相似性最低,群落间变异程度最大。从Cody指数来看,羊草+大针茅+糙隐子草群落与羊草+糙隐子草+灰绿藜群落物种的更替速率最慢,而羊草+大针茅+糙隐子草群落与羊草+黄囊苔草+灰绿藜群落的更替速率最快。     

刈割时间对典型草原建群植物大针茅种群特征的影响

通过测定不同刈割时间处理(不刈割、8月1日刈割、8月16日刈割、8月31日刈割)下锡林郭勒盟典型草原大针茅(Stipa grandis)种群地上生物量和高度、密度、盖度、分枝数、每枝叶片数等5种个体性状以及大针茅种群粗蛋白含量、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维等营养物质含量之间的差异性及各项指标之间的相关性,为探究不同的刈割时间对锡林郭勒盟典型草原建群植物大针茅种群特征的影响提供理论依据,也为草地生态系统的合理利用提供技术支持。结果表明:不同时间刈割对典型草原大针茅种群特征有显著的影响。与不刈割对照相比,8月16日刈割处理大针茅种群的密度和盖度均达到最大值,分别为45.28%和16.64%;8月1日刈割处理大针茅种群的株高、分枝数、每枝叶片数等个体性状,生物量及营养物质含量均达到最大值;大针茅种群的生物量与植株高度、分枝数之间存在极显著的正相关关系(r~2=0.5130、P0.0001;r~2=0.9075、P0.0001),与盖度之间存在显著的正相关关系(r~2=0.3498、P0.05);大针茅的高度、分枝数、密度、盖度之间具有相互影响的内在关联性(P0.05)。     

不同底质和透明度下马来眼子菜的表型可塑性研究

马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianusMiq.)是目前太湖沉水植物优势种之一。文章比较分析了3种不同底质和透明度情况下马来眼子菜的生长特征,探索其在太湖不断扩展的原因及其适应性。分别选取粘土质粉砂、粉砂和下蜀黄土底质上生长的马来眼子菜进行观察试验。结果表明,这3种底质在粒度组成、营养盐和分布特征上具有显著差异。在太湖粘土质粉砂和粉砂底质上马来眼子菜的生物量比下蜀黄土底质上的马来眼子菜高,其生物量随着底质营养盐的增加而增加。马来眼子菜与觅光相关的形态指标,如高度、节间距、节数、叶数、叶长及叶面积均随着底质营养盐的增加而显著增加。马来眼子菜的冠层高度与水体的透明度呈显著负相关,表明其对剧烈变化的湖泊光环境具有很强的适应能力。马来眼子菜在不同底质上的形态可塑性是其优先占据湖泊资源成为优势种的重要原因。     

海带配子体克隆育苗生产中幼苗培育技术的研究

探索了海带配子体克隆育苗生产中的幼苗培育技术,试验证明,流水速度和洗刷压力是幼苗培育技术中的关键技术.其技术指标如下:在采苗结束时,(1)流水,应采取附苗后静水、24h后微流水(表层流速5cm/s以下)、72h后正常流水;(2)洗刷,在孢子体生长到8~16列c时开始以0.5kg/cm2的压力洗刷,以后随着孢子体的生长及附着力的提高逐渐增加洗刷强度和次数.结果显示,这样的措施可使配子体附着率达到80%以上、幼苗健壮、出苗质量达到国家一类帘标准,使克隆采苗自8~16列c期间的生长发育速度较常规孢子体采苗后的生长发育速度快20d.另外,还统计分析了克隆育苗和孢子体育苗两种大孢子体的主要经济性状,并从遗传角度证明前者种群变异程度明显小于后者.表6参16     

攀援角度对五爪金龙形态、生物量分配及相对生长速率的影响

对不同攀援角度五爪金龙的形态、生物量分配及生长特性等参数进行了分析.结果表明:随攀援角度的增加,五爪金龙主茎长度增加、总叶面积减少;其根生物量比(RMR)增加,叶生物量比(LMR)下降,茎生物量比(SMR)变化不明显.其中,0°攀援生长五爪金龙的叶生物量比是根生物量比的4.625倍;90°攀援生长五爪金龙的根、茎和叶的生物量分配差异最小,在0.318~0.363 g·g-1之间.攀援生长五爪金龙(30°~90°)的相对生长速率随攀援角度的增加而增大.对比0°和90°,30°和60°攀援生长五爪金龙的形态、生物量分配和生长参数均表现出较高的可塑性,对不同倾角支持物的适应能力很强.0°和90°攀援生长五爪金龙的叶面积指数(LAI)、相对生长速率(RGR)和净同化速率(NAR)均高于30°和60°.攀援角度对五爪金龙的形态、生物量分配及相对生长速率存在不同程度的影响,较高相对生长速率的五爪金龙具有较强的种间竞争能力和入侵性.     

不同海拔高度短穗兔耳草克隆生长及克隆繁殖特征

研究了青藏铁路和青藏公路沿线 5个不同海拔高度样地中短穗兔耳草克隆生长和克隆繁殖的特征.结果表明,不同海拔高度短穗兔耳草匍匐茎数量、匍匐茎长度、基株干重、匍匐茎干重和无性系分株干重等均存在极显著差异(P<0. 01);匍匐茎数量与海拔高度之间存在明显的负线性相关性(P=0. 046 4);匍匐茎长度、基株干重、匍匐茎干重、单位长度上匍匐茎干重、无性系分株干重和匍匐茎分株总干重 /基株干重比值均与海拔高度之间存在极显著的二次多项式相关性(P<0. 01),但匍匐茎长度、匍匐茎分株总干重 /基株干重随海拔高度的变化趋势与基株干重、匍匐茎干重、单位长度上匍匐茎干重、无性系分株干重随海拔高度的变化趋势相反.在短穗兔耳草分布的海拔范围内,其克隆繁殖和克隆生长有一个“最佳”海拔高度,远离这一高度,其克隆繁殖和克隆生长会受到一定限制. 图 6表 2参 18     

Large scale parameter study of an individual-based model of clonal plant with volunteer computing

Understanding clonal strategies (i.e. the ability of plants to reproduce vegetatively) is particularly important to explain species persistence. A clonal individual may be considered as a network of interconnected ramets that colonizes space. Resources in this network can be shared and/or stored. We developed an individual-based model (IBM) to simulate the growth of an individual clonal plant. Typically a realistic IBM requires a large set of parameters to adequately represent the complexity of the clonal plant growth. Simulations in the literature are often limited to small subsets of the parameter space and are guided by the a priori knowledge and with heuristic aims of the researcher. The aim of this paper was to demonstrate the benefit of volunteer computing in computational ecology to systematically browse the parameter space and analyze the simulation results in order to draw rigorous conclusions. To be specific, we simulated clonal plant growth using nine growth rules related to the metabolic process, plant architecture, resource sharing and storage and nineteen input parameters. We chose 2-4 values per input parameter which corresponded to 20 millions of combinations tested through volunteer computing. We used three criteria to evaluate plant performance: plant total resource, ramet production and maximum length of one branch. The 1% top-performing plants were sorted according to these criteria. Plant total resource and ramet production were correlated while considering the top-performing plants. The maximum length of one branch was independent from the other two performance traits. We detected two processes promoting at least one of the plant performance traits: (i) a relatively high metabolic gain (high photosynthetic activity and low production cost for new growth units), a low resource storage and long integration distance for resource sharing; (ii) short spacer lengths and the predominance of elongation of existing branches over branching. Interactive effects between parameter values were demonstrated for more than half of the input parameters. Best performance was reached for plants with slightly different combinations of values for these parameters (i.e. different strategies) rather than a single one (i.e. unique strategy). This modeling approach with volunteer computing enabled us to proceed to large-scale virtual experiments which provided a new quality of insight into ecological processes linked with clonal plant growth.     

谷子根系对群体压力胁迫的生物学响应

采用根管土柱栽培的方法,比较了在相同根管土柱体积上种植不同株数谷子时谷子根系的主要特征,如根系数量,根系入土最大深度,根系SOD、POD活性,总根长,根系MDA含量及根系总吸收面积与活性吸收面积等对群体密度变化的可塑性.结果表明,不同群体下,谷子单株根数前期差异小,中后期差异大;而单位土体中的根量前期差异大,后期差异小.群体大(密度高),谷子根量、总根长及根系总吸收面积与活性吸收面积达到高峰的时间早,但衰亡时期也早,且入土深度较浅.群体小根量高峰出现得迟但维持的时间较长,根系在土体中的延伸深度也较大,有利于后期营养的获取和产量的提高.群体在作物生长中起着量的决定作用,而个体生长发育由于群体不同而引起质的差异.在生产上要想获得理想的产量,既要有足够量的保证,又要求达到一定质的标准,以使群体与个体协调发展.表4图2参18     

Multiple disturbances accelerate clonal growth in a potentially monodominant bamboo

Organisms capable of rapid clonal growth sometimes monopolize newly freed space and resources. We hypothesize that sequential disturbances might change short-term clonal demography of these organisms in ways that promote formation of monotypic stands. We examined this hypothesis by studying the clonal response of Arundinaria gigantea (giant cane, a bamboo) to windstorm and fire. We studied giant cane growing in both a large tornado-blowdown gap and under forest canopy, in burned and unburned plots, using a split-block design. We measured density of giant cane ramets (culms) and calculated finite rates of increase (lamda) for populations of ramets over three years. Ramet density nearly doubled in stands subjected to both windstorm and fire; the high ramet densities that resulted could inhibit growth in other plants. In comparison, ramet density increased more slowly after windstorm alone, decreased after fire alone, and remained in stasis in controls. We predict that small, sparse stands of giant cane could spread and amalgamate to form dense, monotypic stands (called "canebrakes") that might influence fire return intervals and act as an alternative state to bottomland forest. Other clonal species may similarly form monotypic stands following successive disturbances via rapid clonal growth.     

Clonal extent,apical dominance and networking features in the phalanx angiosperm <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zostera noltii</Emphasis> Hornem.

Disaggregating seagrass meadows and studying its components separately (clones, ramets, shoots) can provide us insights on meadow dynamics and growth patterns. The clonal growth, dependent upon clonal rules may regulate and impose constraints to plant architecture and, therefore, determine how individual clones evolve into the environment. In order to investigate the relationship between clonal growth rules and clone architecture, the belowground network architecture of single-clones of the seagrass Zostera noltii was studied. Networks were traced in situ after washing out the overlying sediment, and network characteristics were measured using digital analysis: area covered by clone, total rhizome length, type of rhizomatic axes (main, secondary, tertiary, quaternary), number and length of the internodes, branching angles and branching frequencies. This approach revealed that Z. noltii is able to develop into large clones integrating up to 300 internodes, 676 cm of rhizome, 208 shoots and 4,300 cm² of plant area. Internodal length depended on both, the distance to the apical shoot (time effect) and the axes type (apical dominance effect). However, average branching angle was independent of axis type (average 58.3 ± 0.75), but varied significantly depending on the distance from the apical shoot. This average branching angle allows Z. noltii maximize the rate of centrifugal expansion, maintaining a high density in colonized areas to produce close stands but also minimizing the investment in belowground biomass and ramets overlapping. The clonal architecture of Z. noltii seems to be regulated by the interaction of both, apical dominance strength and clonal integration distance. Moreover, clonal growth rules and growth pattern seem to constrain clonality through (clonal) plant architecture regulations (i.e. branching is restricted in secondary axes, similar average branching angles regardless the axes, the higher the distance to the apex the higher the number of internodes in secondary axes, shorter internodes in secondary and tertiary axes). Future research efforts should focus on how these complex relationships between apical dominance and clonal integration interact to elucidate the temporal (seasonal) and spatial scales of both processes and the outcome at the plant architectural level.     

Population growth rate and carrying capacity for springtails Folsomia candida exposed to ivermectin.

Forecasting the effects of stressors on the dynamics of natural populations requires assessment of the joint effects of a stressor and population density on the population response. The effects can be depicted as a contour map in which the population response, here assessed by population growth rate, varies with stress and density in the same way that the height of land above sea level varies with latitude and longitude. We present the first complete map of this type using as our model Folsomia candida exposed to five different concentrations of the widespread anthelmintic veterinary medicine ivermectin in replicated microcosm experiments lasting 49 days. The concentrations of ivermectin in yeast were 0.0, 6.8, 28.8, 66.4, and 210.0 mg/L wet weight. Increasing density and chemical concentration both significantly reduced the population growth rate of Folsomia candida, in part through effects on food consumption and fecundity. The interaction between density and ivermectin concentration was "less-than-additive," implying that at high density populations were able to compensate for the effects of the chemical. This result demonstrates that regulatory protocols carried out at low density (as in most past experiments) may seriously overestimate effects in the field, where densities are locally high and populations are resource limited (e.g., in feces of livestock treated with ivermectin).     

Competitive organization of the soft-bottom macrobenthic communities of southern California lagoons

The sandy-bottom macrobenthic community of Mugu Lagoon, a relatively pristine southern California (USA) marine lagoon, demonstrated (1) nearly constant community composition over 37 months of observation, (2) relatively little temporal variability in the population densities of the most abundant species over 37 months, and (3) a pattern of depth stratification in which very little vertical overlap existed among the six most abundant species. The only two species whose vertical distributions overlapped broadly showed horizontal spatial segregation, each abundant in different areas within the sand habitat. These community characteristics imply the importance of biological factors in structuring the sand benthos. The relatively large volume required for living space by these macrofauna suggests that competition for space may be the biological factor most important in determining the observed temporal and spatial abundance patterns. The muddy-sand community and the mud community of Mugu Lagoon also revealed similar patterns of stratification: new abundant species replaced species at the same sedimentary level while not greatly affecting species populations at other non-overlapping levels. In the sand community of Tijuana Slough, two of the abundant species of Mugu Lagoon's sand community were nearly absent as an apparent result of human over-exploitation. Probably in response, densities of species living at the sedimentary levels normally occupied by the missing species were much higher than would be predicted if competition for space were unimportant. In field experiments, removal of the deposit feeder Callianassa californiensis resulted in high recruitment of Sanguinolaria nuttallii, whereas control areas showed no S. nuttallii recruitment. Experiments also suggest that negative intraspecific interactions between Cryptomya californica individuals may explain the observed rapid emigration from areas of artificially high density. Perhaps the relatively great environmental predictability of southern California lagoons has permitted competitive interactions to play a singnificant role in determining the temporal and spatial abundance patterns of the soft-bottom macrobenthos.     

Using the functional response of a consumer to predict biotic resistance to invasive prey

Predators sometimes provide biotic resistance against invasions by nonnative prey. Understanding and predicting the strength of biotic resistance remains a key challenge in invasion biology. A predator's functional response to nonnative prey may predict whether a predator can provide biotic resistance against nonnative prey at different prey densities. Surprisingly, functional responses have not been used to make quantitative predictions about biotic resistance. We parameterized the functional response of signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) to invasive New Zealand mud snails (Potamopyrgus antipodarum; NZMS) and used this functional response and a simple model of NZMS population growth to predict the probability of biotic resistance at different predator and prey densities. Signal crayfish were effective predators of NZMS, consuming more than 900 NZMS per predator in a 12-h period, and Bayesian model fitting indicated their consumption rate followed a type 3 functional response to NZMS density. Based on this functional response and associated parameter uncertainty, we predict that NZMS will be able to invade new systems at low crayfish densities (< 0.2 crayfish/m2) regardless of NZMS density. At intermediate to high crayfish densities (> 0.2 crayfish/m2), we predict that low densities of NZMS will be able to establish in new communities; however, once NZMS reach a threshold density of -2000 NZMS/m2, predation by crayfish will drive negative NZMS population growth. Further, at very high densities, NZMS overwhelm predation by crayfish and invade. Thus, interacting thresholds of propagule pressure and predator densities define the probability of biotic resistance. Quantifying the shape and uncertainty of predator functional responses to nonnative prey may help predict the outcomes of invasions.