生态系统数据管理中的数据文档文件

生态系统的数据结构不同于商用数据结构。本文参考美国ＬＴＥＲＮ的Ｓｅｖｉｌｌｅｔａ站生态系统的数据管理模式，结合中国科学院封丘农业生态实验站的实际情况，着重介绍了生态系统的数据文档文件的特点、结构和应用，而这些都是研究生态系统数据管理的最基础工作。     

应用SAS软件处理CERN野外站气象数据

中国生态系统研究网络各生态站气象自动采集系统采集的数据不能直接应用，需要经过数据的提取与转置过程才能应用，因为所采集的数据量非常大，如果用常规的EX－ECL软件进行这些处理，不但工作量大，而且容易出错，作者运用SAS软件编写了一套程序，使这一工作变的非常简单，省时，省事，该文详细介绍了用SAS软件处理数据的程序流程及其源程序代码，可用于CERN生态站气象数据的处理。     

基于MODIS GPP/NPP数据的三江源地区草地生态系统碳储量及碳汇量时空变化研究

陆地生态系统碳循环研究是全球变化与地球科学研究领域的前沿与热点问题,准确地评估陆地生态系统碳储量和碳汇量是估算未来大气 CO2浓度,预测气候变化及其对陆地生态系统影响的关键。已有相关研究多集中于对区域生态系统碳储量和碳汇量的量的估算,而缺乏针对时间尺度上的变化过程的分析,以及对变化特征空间差异性的分析。本研究基于MODIS NPP数据,结合土地利用数据及土壤有机碳密度分布数据,对三江源地区2000─2010年草地生态系统碳储量时空变化特征进行了分析,同时,基于MODIS GPP数据及China FLUX和America FLUX数据,建立草地生态系统呼吸估算模型,对其碳汇量的时空变化特征进行了分析,以期明确该地区的碳储存能力及其变化过程,为该区域草地生态系统保护和管理提供科学依据。研究结果表明：（1）三江源地区草地生态系统总碳储量为53.38×108 t,平均碳密度为14.94 kg·m-2（以C计）。土壤和植被碳储量分别为53.07×108 t和0.31×108 t,平均碳密度分别为14.85 kg·m-2和86.77 g·m-2。（2）近10多年来,三江源地区草地生态系统多年平均碳汇量为0.4×108 t,单位面积平均碳汇量为86.80 g·m-2·a-1（以C计）,表明该地区草地生态体统是一个碳汇。（3）2000年以来,三江源地区草地生态系统总碳储量及总碳汇量均呈波动增加趋势,碳汇功能有所增强。（4）三江源地区草地生态系统碳储量及碳汇量的空间分布格局及其变化趋势的空间分布均呈现明显的空间差异性。（5）MODIS GPP/NPP数据能够支撑较大尺度草地生态系统碳储量及碳汇量格局与变化趋势分析,较传统方法更为便捷高效。     

退化生态系统植被恢复研究中信息系统的建立

经过对退化生态系统植物被恢复研究产生的大量数据进行分析，建立了中国退化生态系统植物被恢复研究信息系统。     

溧阳地区森林景观的生态系统多样性研究

根据历史数据计算了溧阳地区森林景观变化过程中的生态系统多样性指数值，分析了其发展趋势，并结合其他相关资料分析区域森林生态系统多样性的变化，及其与森林经营的经济效果间的关系。     

太湖站湖泊生态系统动态监测数据库的建立与管理

太湖站是研究湖泊生态系统的一个生太研究网络站，它观测 和记录了长期大量的第一手资料。由于缺乏数据的有效管理，数据长期以来没得到充分整理和应用。根据中国生态研究网络（CERN）关于建立统一的动态监测数据库的要求，太湖站建立了湖泊生态系统动态监数据库，以便有效地管理数据。本文主要就动态监测数据库的建立和数据的管理做一介绍。     

溧阳地区森林景观的生态系统多样性研究

根据历史数据计算了溧阳地区森林景观变化过程中的生态系统多样性指数值，分析了其发展趋势，并结合其他相关资料分析区域森林生态系统多样性的变化，及其与森林经营的经济效益间的关系。     

基于Sentinel-2A/B数据的火烧迹地提取方法研究

近年来随着全球气候变化加剧,世界各地森林火灾频发,不仅破坏了生态系统,还使各国人民的生命财产和生存环境遭受威胁.Sentinel-2数据红边波段和短波红外波段可以用于火烧迹地提取研究,本文选取火灾发生前和火灾发生后的Sentinel-2A/B时序数据,采用归一化植被指数(normalized difference ve...     

数据质量测试方法研究

阐述了数据质量测试的一般过程，在分析数据差错产生原因的基础上，介绍了应用数理统计，模型预测，变量自身变化规律分析、模糊状态数据监测及数据文档检测分析等方法来预防，检测和减免这些差错的方法。     

西双版纳热带雨林生态信息系统的初步建设

介绍了西双版纳热带雨林生态系统研究中观测研究数据、文档文件的建立，现存数据库类型，以及基于ＯＲＡＣＩＥ的数据库管理及调用。     

Reflections on "What is Ecosystem Management?"

I review 10 dominant themes of ecosystem management described in the paper "What is Ecosystem Management?" (Grumbine 1994a) based on feedback received from managers actively implementing ecosystem management projects in the field. My emphasis is on practical advice from working professionals for working professionals. Key points include the importance of managing for ecological integrity, the need for social as well as scientific data, suggestions for implementing cooperation strategies and conservation partnerships, a pragmatic definition of adaptive management, and first steps toward changing the structure of natural resource organizations. As ecosystem management evolves, the pressure for change within traditional resource management agencies appears to be reaching a critical point.     

岷江上游典型退化生态系统鸟类物种多样性的初步研究

在岷江上游典型的退化生态系统（十里乡）、逐渐恢复的生态系统（茂县生态站，1986年开始人工恢复）和原始森林及次生高山草甸生态系统（上卡卡沟）选择样地，对其乌类物种多样性在夏秋两季进行了调查，并计算其多样性指数和均匀度指数。各多样性指数的变化有微小差异，但总体一致。综合夏秋两季，茂县生态站夏季的鸟类丰富度、多度和多样性指数值最高，十里乡秋季的鸟类丰富度、多样性指数值最低，上卡卡沟秋季的均匀度指数最高。各群落的相似性指数较低，表明各群落组成有较大差异，拟合各样地鸟类的物种－多度曲线模型，十里乡鸟类的物种－多度模型与对数级数分布拟合，茂县鸟类的物种－多度模型与对数级数分布相似，上卡卡沟鸟类的物种－多度模型与分割线段模型分布拟合，夏秋季的物种－多度模型无明显差异，仅茂县的物种－多度模型与风何级数分布拟合，并对鸟类对生态恢复的监测效应进行了探讨，认为物种－多度模型是良好的生境变化生物指示因子，图3表4参19。     

Indicators of ecosystem function identify alternate states in the sagebrush steppe

Models of ecosystem change that incorporate nonlinear dynamics and thresholds, such as state-and-transition models (STMs), are increasingly popular tools for land management decision-making. However, few models are based on systematic collection and documentation of ecological data, and of these, most rely solely on structural indicators (species composition) to identify states and transitions. As STMs are adopted as an assessment framework throughout the United States, finding effective and efficient ways to create data-driven models that integrate ecosystem function and structure is vital. This study aims to (1) evaluate the utility of functional indicators (indicators of rangeland health, IRH) as proxies for more difficult ecosystem function measurements and (2) create a data-driven STM for the sagebrush steppe of Colorado, USA, that incorporates both ecosystem structure and function. We sampled soils, plant communities, and IRH at 41 plots with similar clayey soils but different site histories to identify potential states and infer the effects of management practices and disturbances on transitions. We found that many IRH were correlated with quantitative measures of functional indicators, suggesting that the IRH can be used to approximate ecosystem function. In addition to a reference state that functions as expected for this soil type, we identified four biotically and functionally distinct potential states, consistent with the theoretical concept of alternate states. Three potential states were related to management practices (chemical and mechanical shrub treatments and seeding history) while one was related only to ecosystem processes (erosion). IRH and potential states were also related to environmental variation (slope, soil texture), suggesting that there are environmental factors within areas with similar soils that affect ecosystem dynamics and should be noted within STMs. Our approach generated an objective, data-driven model of ecosystem dynamics for rangeland management. Our findings suggest that the IRH approximate ecosystem processes and can distinguish between alternate states and communities and identify transitions when building data-driven STMs. Functional indicators are a simple, efficient way to create data-driven models that are consistent with alternate state theory. Managers can use them to improve current model-building methods and thus apply state-and-transition models more broadly for land management decision-making.     

Modelling coral reef ecosystems with limited observational data

Ecosystem models represent potentially powerful tools for coral reef ecosystem managers. They can provide insight into ecosystem dynamics not achievable through alternative means allowing coral reef managers to assess the potential outcome of any given management decision. One of the main limitations in the applicability of ecosystem models is that they often require detailed empirical data and this can restrict their applicability to ecosystems that are either currently well studied or have the resources available to collect the required data. This study describes the development of a coral reef ecosystem model that can be calibrated to an ecosystem with limited empirical data. Based on the assumption that coral reef ecological structure is generic across all tropical coral reefs and that the magnitude of the interactions between ecological components is reef specific, the dynamics of the ecosystem can be replicated based on limited empirical data. The model successfully replicated the dynamics of three individual reef systems including an inshore and oceanic reef within the Great Barrier Reef and a Caribbean reef system. It highlighted the importance of understanding the specific dynamics of a given reef and that a positive management intervention in one system may result in a negative outcome for another. The model was also used to assess the importance of various interactions within coral reef ecosystems. It identified the interactions between hard corals and other non-algal benthic components as being an important (but currently understudied) facet of coral reef ecology. The development of this modelling approach provides access to ecosystem modelling tools for coral reef managers previously excluded due to a lack of resources or technical expertise.     

Implementation of ecological modeling as an effective management and investigation tool: Lake Kinneret as a case study

The need for scientifically based management of lakes, as key water resources, requires the establishment of quantitative relationships between in-lake processes responsible for water quality (WQ) and the intensity of major management measures (MM, e.g. nutrient loading). In this paper, we estimate the impact of potential changes in nutrient loading on the Lake Kinneret ecosystem. Following validation of the model against a comprehensive dataset, we applied an approach that goes beyond scenario testing by linking the lake ecosystem model DYRESM–CAEDYM with a set of ecosystem variables included in a pre-assessed system of water quality indices. The emergent properties of the ecosystem predicted from the model simulations were also compared with lake data as a form of indirect validation of the model. Model output, in good agreement with lake data, indicated differential effects of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient loading on concentrations, and major in-lake fluxes, of TN and TP, and dynamics and algal community structure. Both model output and lake data indicated a strong relationship between nitrogen loading and in-lake TN values. This relationship is not apparent for phosphorus and only a weak relationship exists between phosphorus loading and in-lake TP. The modeling results, expressed in terms of water quality, allowed establishment of critical/threshold values for the nutrient loads. Implementation of the ecological modeling supplemented with the quantified set of WQ indices allowed us to take a step towards establishment of the association between permissible ranges for water quality and major management measures, i.e. towards sustainable management.     

A Method for Assessing Hydrologic Alteration within Ecosystems

Hydrologic regimes play a major role in determining the biotic composition, structure, and function of aquatic, wetland, and riparian ecosystems. But human land and water uses are substantially altering hydrologic regimes around the world. Improved quantitative evaluations of human-induced hydrologic changes are needed to advance research on the biotic implications of hydrologic alteration and to support ecosystem management and restoration plans. We propose a method for assessing the degree of hydrologic alteration attributable to human influence within an ecosystem. This method, referred to as the "Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration," is based upon an analysis of hydrologic data available either from existing measurement points within an ecosystem (such as at stream gauges or wells) or model-generated data. We use 32 parameters, organized into five groups, to statistically characterize hydrologic variation within each year. These 32 parameters provide information on ecologically significant features of surface and ground water regimes influencing aquatic, wetland, and riparian ecosystems. We then assess the hydrologic perturbations associated with activities such as dam operations, flow diversion, groundwater pumping, or intensive land-use conversion by comparing measures of central tendency and dispersion for each parameter between user-defined "pre-impact" and "post-impact" time frames, generating 64 Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration. This method is intended for use with other ecosystem metrics in inventories of ecosystem integrity, in planning ecosystem management activities, and in setting and measuring progress toward conservation or restoration goals.     

Orchestrating Ecosystem Management: Challenges and Lessons from Sequoia National Forest

Abstract: Numerous agencies and organizations have adopted the concept of ecosystem management as a guiding principle in natural resource management. Despite this widespread interest, no single definition of ecosystem management has been accepted, and there are no specific guidelines or standards by which to apply the concept. I examined how one federal agency, the U.S. Forest Service, is applying the principles of ecosystem management at a local level. I present a case study examining management of giant sequoia (   Sequoiadendron giganteum ) in Sequoia National Forest, California, to illuminate the challenges of practicing ecosystem management by associating on-the-ground management activities with ecosystem management themes, characteristics, and mechanisms identified in academic, industry, and agency literature. Experience at Sequoia National Forest suggests that the application of ecosystem management is compromised by poor relations between managers and stakeholders, multifarious policy requirements, budgetary uncertainty, and limited ecological research on which to base management decisions. To facilitate successful application of ecosystem management in the future, I recommend that managers (1) build confidence and trust in the process, (2) acknowledge bias, (3) reconcile policy and funding constraints with long-term planning, (4) invest in scientific research, data collection, and monitoring capacity, and (5) explore the relationship between values and science. These recommendations, although based on the U.S. Forest Service experience, are relevant to natural resource management in general.     

Public attitudes and perceptions to the West-to-East Pipeline Project and ecosystem management in large project construction

Ecosystem management addresses transboundary, interdisciplinary and multiparty issues from an ecosystem perspective. In this regard, public participation of ecosystem management is particularly important for achieving a successful outcome. However, public attitudes and perceptions on ecosystem management in project construction are often ignored in the developing countries. Large project construction in China is booming, for example, oil/gasoline pipelines, water diversion projects, highway networks and high-speed railway networks. These projects may have important impacts on China's economy, as well as ecosystems. The perception of local people on these projects is crucial for their safe fulfilment. In this paper, the West-to-East Pipeline Project (WEPP), a large project in China built in 2004 to transport gas from the north-west to the south-east, was used as a case study to examine public participation and perceptions on ecosystem management. Field interviews were conducted in the summer of 2005 for data collection, and logistic regression models were used for data analysis. Modelling results show that public attitudes to WEPP construction are closely related to education, occupation and place of residence. Generally, interviewees with higher education and more involvement in WEPP have a positive attitude. However, local people have a poor understanding of ecological restoration and ecosystem management. For safe implementation of WEPP, some adjunct projects are required to improve the local economy and ecosystem functions, and different economic compensation schemes should be designed for stakeholders by region. Additionally, development strategies, such as offering part-time jobs, education and training to local farmers, are necessary to change attitudes and improve awareness on ecosystem management. It is also important to strengthen public participation in the early stages of project construction.     

Practical implementation of cumulative-effects management of marine ecosystems in western North America

Globally, ecosystem structure and function have been degraded by the cumulative effects (CE) of multiple stressors. To maintain ecosystem resilience, there is an urgent need to better account for CE in management decision-making at various scales. Current laws and regulations are supported by a multitude of frameworks and strategies that vary in application and terminology use across management agencies and geopolitical boundaries. We synthesized management frameworks that accounted for CE in marine ecosystems at the regional and national levels across western North America (Canada, United States, Mexico) to identify similarities and shared challenges to successful implementation. We examined examples of solutions to the identified challenges (e.g., interagency and cross-border partnerships to overcome challenges of managing for ecologically relevant spatial scales). Management frameworks in general consisted of 3 phases: scoping and structuring the system; characterizing relationships; and evaluating management options. Challenges in the robust implementation of these phases included lack of interagency coordination, minimal incorporation of diverse perspectives, and data deficiencies. Cases that provided solutions to these challenges encouraged coordination at ecological rather than jurisdictional scales, enhanced involvement of stakeholders and Indigenous groups, and used nontraditional data sources for decision-making. Broader implementation of these approaches, combined with increased interagency and international coordination and collaboration, should facilitate the rapid advancement of more effective CE assessment and ecosystem management in North America and elsewhere.     

Consistent effects of nitrogen fertilization on soil bacterial communities in contrasting systems

Ecosystems worldwide are receiving increasing amounts of reactive nitrogen (N) through anthropogenic activities. Although the effects of increased N inputs on plant communities have been reasonably well studied, few comparable studies have examined impacts on whole soil bacterial communities, though they play critical roles in ecosystem functioning. We sampled soils from two long-term ecological research (LTER) experimental N gradients, both of which have been amended with NH4NO3; a grassland at Cedar Creek (27 years of N additions) and an agricultural field at Kellogg Biological Station (8 years of N additions). By examining shifts in bacterial communities across these contrasting ecosystem types, we could test competing hypotheses about the direct and indirect factors that might drive bacterial responses to elevated N inputs. Bacterial community structure was highly responsive to N additions. We observed predictable and consistent changes in the structure of the bacterial communities across both ecosystem types. Our results suggest that bacterial communities across these gradients are more structured by N and/or soil carbon availability than by shifts in the plant community or soil pH associated with the elevated nitrogen inputs. In contrast to the pronounced shifts in bacterial community composition and in direct contrast to the patterns often observed in plant communities, increases in N availability did not have consistent effects on the richness and diversity of soil bacterial communities.