蘑菇湖水库的富营养化及水生生态变迁的研究

蘑菇湖水库已处于富营养-重富营养阶段.正在由响应型向非响应型湖泊演变.导致这一结果的原因是多年来石河子市工农业废水和生活污水中所含氮、磷元素超负荷地进入水库,由此引起了水生生态系统的一系列生态变迁和恶性演化.     

塔山水库蓝藻暴发的成因及控制

简述了塔山水库蓝藻暴发的过程及成因。指出 ,由于水库的营养物质增多、水质恶化 ,在不利的水文、气象 (高温、光照充足、微风 )等条件下 ,导致蓝藻暴发。提出了相应的控制对策     

富营养化水库水生生态环境长期观测研究

分析某富营养化水库长达15年的水质和藻类观测结果,研究该水库水质及水生生态环境变化趋势,评估各类污染防治措施的治理成效。提出富营养化防治是一个长期的工作,应在科学研究的基础上,有针对性地实施控源和生态防治相结合的治理措施。     

水生高等植物季相交替群落对富营养化水体净化效果调查

为调查水生植物恢复演替过程中对水质净化作用．在富营养化湖泊内的围隔中,引种菹草、伊乐藻、野菱、水鳖,分别构建由菹草、伊乐藻、野菱、水鳖组成的（同区A）和由菹草、野菱组成的（围区E）季相交替水生植物群落,跟踪观测水生植物恢复生长情况。结果表明,由菹草、伊乐藻、野菱、水鳖所构建的季相交替的水生植物群落能在水质变化剧烈、藻类容易爆发的阶段（初春至夏末）持续有效的抑制浮游植物生长繁殖,对富营养化水体中的营养盐有较高的去除作用,并能有效缓解因前一种植物死亡给水质带来的不利影响,使水质保持相对稳定。     

溪源水库蓄水前后冬春季水体营养盐和浮游植物特征研究

于2007—2008年溪源水库蓄水前,2014—2015年溪源水库蓄水后对溪源宫水源地水体进行采样,分析了冬春季水体的理化指标、浮游植物生物量及群落组成。蓄水前共鉴定出浮游植物6门26属43种,水体水质状况较好,浮游植物细胞密度平均为7.31×10~5cells/L,以硅藻、绿藻门为优势门类,两者占浮游植物总生物量的比例约为54.7%、32.2%,水体呈贫-中营养状态。蓄水后,水体氮、磷营养盐浓度分别约为蓄水前的2.4倍、3倍,浮游植物细胞密度平均为1.42×10~7cells/L,约为蓄水前的20倍,且群落结构发生改变,优势门类为硅藻、蓝藻、绿藻,所占比例分别为40.2%、38.7%、14.4%,蓝藻门比例有显著提高,约为蓄水前的5倍。说明建库蓄水对浮游植物的影响显著。     

辽宁大伙房水库水质生态学监测的研究

1961～1996年对大伙房水库6个站进行了不同季节浮游植物、底栖动物群落特征的生态调查.共发现藻类8门,174种,底栖动物34种,分析了水生生物种类组成,数量变化和生物演替.水质生态学评价结果表明,大伙房水库只受到轻度污染,水质等级为2级.     

南靖南五水库水质调查

南靖县环境监测站于2002年、2003年对南靖南五水库水质进行了调查。结果表明,库区水中TN超标,TP也出现了不同程度超标,综合营养状态指数为30～50,其水体呈中营养状态。从点位变化看．出口水质比进口水质差．说明库区水体富营养化既有上游输入的影响,也有库区和周边其他污染源的影响。指出,出口水质的进一步恶化,对饮用水源的水质构成了威胁。     

渤海海域夏季大型底栖动物群落特征

根据2017年渤海海域47个站位大型底栖动物的调查资料,对该海域大型底栖动物进行了群落特征分析。调查共采集到大型底栖动物107种,研究海域大型底栖动物的平均密度为82 个/m²。优势种类分别为彩虹明樱蛤、不倒翁虫、长叶索沙蚕。聚类结果显示,渤海海域大致可按地理位置分为4个群落。与历史数据的对比显示,传统的较大个体的底栖种类,如棘皮动物、双壳类,已经被更小个体的多毛类、软体动物所取代,底栖动物的种类结构表现出了小型化的特征,这与近年来渤海海域底栖动物研究结果一致。研究表明,近年来受人类活动影响,渤海海域大型底栖动物群落结构已经发生了变化。     

养马岛后海区域秋季大型底栖动物群落特征

2010年9月在烟台养马岛后海海域开展了大型底栖动物调查,并进行了群落特征分析。结果表明,该海域内的大型底栖动物多毛类占绝对优势,群落间差异较小,可划分为4 个群落,长叶索沙蚕（Lumbrinereis longiforlia）、钩毛虫（Sigambra sp.）、中蚓虫（Mediomastus sp.）等多毛类生物的丰度高低是构成群落差异的主要因素。栖息环境的差异是造成群落间差异的主要原因,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为1.17~2.92,平均值为2.13。人为扰动是影响多样性水平的主要因素,在航道通过、养殖区分布的影响下,群落受到不同程度的扰动,整体稳定性较弱。     

高宝湖区4个湖泊浮游植物和底栖动物群落特征和生物评价

于2018年12月—2019年8月对高宝湖区4个湖泊的浮游植物及大型底栖动物的群落结构和多样性进行了调查。结果表明,各湖泊浮游植物和大型底栖动物的密度、生物量、优势种及多样性存在显著的时空差异(P<0.05),浮游植物和底栖动物的密度和生物量均表现为丰水期最大,2类水生生物的Margalef丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数变化趋势一致。浮游植物种群组成上主要以绿藻门为主,丰水期高邮湖和白马湖的藻密度已达到轻度水华的级别,且各湖泊浮游植物优势种主要为蓝藻门易引起水华的藻类,各湖泊浮游植物物种多样性评价等级为“一般”至“较丰富”;底栖动物群落主要由摇蚊科幼虫、双壳类和软甲类动物构成,优势种主要为摇蚊科幼虫和寡毛类动物,物种多样性评价等级为“贫乏”至“一般”。各湖泊浮游植物藻密度增加,底栖动物敏感物种减少。水质的生物评价结果为4个湖泊均受到不同程度的污染,表明湖泊受到的环境压力增大,水生生物群落结构发生变化,多样性降低。     

湖泊、水库富营养化的监测

介绍了湖泊、水库的特点及其水体富营养化的主要表现,从湖泊、水库富营养化的生态学意义、发生的机理及产生的危害等方面阐述了富营养化监测的特点及监测过程中应注意的技术问题,并提出了对目前国内湖泊、水库监测技术规范的修改建议。     

白龟山水库富营养化与热污染研究（Ⅰ）

对平原浅水型大型水库的富营养化特征和水平作了深入研究,特别对标志富营养化的浮游藻类、浮游动物及底栖动物等作了模拟试验和现场验证,对加速白龟山水库富营养化的诱导因素作了详细探讨。     

人工神经网络在深圳市水库富营养化评价中的应用

对富营养化评价标准进行插值获取大量的样本,建立了基于BP人工神经网络的富营养化评价模型。将模型应用于评价深圳市13座主要水库的富营养化状况,对其成因进行分析,并提出了对策与建议。研究结果表明,石岩水库与深圳水库为轻度富营养化,占评价水库总数的15.4%;西丽水库等11座水库为中营养,占评价水库总数的84.6%。人工神经网络用于建立湖库富营养评价模型是适合的。     

韶关市3座供水水库蓝藻种群及微囊藻毒素的季节变化

为了解供水水库的蓝藻种群和微囊藻毒素的季节变化,于2012年1—12月对韶关的苍村、瀑布和花山3座供水水库进行了采样分析。结果表明,3座水库为中营养型水库,监测蓝藻共9属(种),优势种为鱼腥藻和微囊藻,蓝藻最高丰度为5.67×107L-1;降水导致营养盐物质带入水库和水体不稳定性是蓝藻种群和优势种在夏秋两季季节变化和占优势的主要影响因子。3座水库ρ(微囊藻毒素)为0.1~0.9μg/L,最高值接近世界卫生组织对饮用水中MC-LR的指导性限制值(1μg/L)标准。微囊藻与微囊藻毒素呈显著正相关性(R=0.871,P0.01),表明产微囊藻毒素的蓝藻主要为微囊藻,当水库发生微囊藻水华时有发生微囊藻毒素的风险。     

贵州高原“两湖一库”富营养化防治途径探讨

通过分析目前贵州高原红枫湖、百花湖和阿哈水库(简称“两湖一库”)水环境状况及污染特征,探讨了湖泊环境保护模式和途径.结果表明,“两湖一库”的水质、生物、底质在同期内表现出截然不同的污染状态,水质的污染滞后于生物和底质;外源输入N和P的营养负荷高,底质营养盐累积量大;湖泊环境保护是一个系统工程,需要体制、机制创新,治理、...     

Eutrophication and Sedimentation Patterns in Complete Exploitation of Water Resources Scenarios: An Example from Northwestern Semi-arid Mexico

Water requirements to supply human needs lead water stakeholders to store more water during surplus periods to fulfil the demand during – not only – scarcity periods. At the reservoirs, mostly those in semi-arid regions, water level then fluctuates extremely between rises and downward during one single year. Besides of water management implications, changes on physical, chemical and biological dynamics of these drawdown and refilling are little known yet. This paper shows the results, throughout a year, on solids, nutrients (N and P), chlorophyll-a, and sedimentation changes on the dynamics, when the former policy was applied in a reservoir from the semi-arid Northwestern Mexico. Water level sinusoidal trend impinged changes on thermal stratification and mixing, modifying nutrient cycling and primary producer responses. According to nitrogen and phosphorus concentration as well as chlorophyll-a, reservoir was mesotrophic, becoming hypertrophic during drawdown. Nutrient concentrations were high (1.22 ± 0.70 and 0.14 ± 0.12 mg P l⁻¹), increasing phosphorus and lowering N:P significantly throughout the study period, although no intensive agricultural, no urban development, neither industrial activities take place in the watershed. This suggests nutrient recycling complex mechanisms, including nutrient release from the sediment–water interface as the main nutrient pathway when shallowness, at the same time as mineralization, increases. Outflows controlled nitrogen and phosphorus availability on the ecosystem while organic matter depended on river inflows. As on other subtropical aquatic ecosystems, nitrogen limited primary productivity (Spearman correlation R = 0.75) but chlorophyll-a seasonal pattern showed an irregular trend, prompting other no-nutrient related limitants. Shallowness induced a homogeneous temporal pattern on water quality. This observed temporal variability was mainly explained statistically by changes on solids (mineral and organic), chlorophyll-a and flows (62.3%). Annual sedimentation rates of total solids ranged from 11.73 to 16.29 kg m⁻² year⁻¹ with organic matter comprising around 30%. N:P ratio on sedimentation rates were as high as could be expected in a resuspension dominated ecosystem, and spatially inverse related with N:P ratio on bottom sediments. Distance from river inlet into the reservoir reveals a marked spatial heterogeneity on solid and nitrogen sedimentation, showing the system dependence on river inflows and supporting resuspension as the main phosphorus pathway. Accretion rates (2.19 ± 0.40 cm year⁻¹) were not related to hydrological variability but decreased with the distance to the river input. Total sediment accumulation (9,895 tons km⁻² year⁻¹) denotes siltation as other serious environmental problem in reservoirs but possibly not related with operational procedures.     

西北江下游河流底栖动物群落健康评价

2020年12月在西北江下游河流设置11个采样点,调查底栖动物群落结构,应用底栖动物完整性指数(B-IBI)评价河流健康状况,并分析B-IBI值与环境因子的关系.结果表明,参照点位的B-IBI值在0.59～4.00之间,处于中等—优状态;受损点位的B-IBI值在0～0.82之间,处于很差—良好状态,其中较差和很差状态占比为87.5％.氨氮浓度与B-IBI值呈现极显著的负相关性,降低水污染负荷是促进底栖动物群落恢复健康的有效途径.在水质已经实现好转的基础上,可通过营造河底卵石生境来促进底栖动物群落恢复,同时也应加强河岸带的修复.     

evaluation of a measurement method for forest vegetation in a large-scale ecological survey

We evaluate a field method for determining species richness andcanopy cover of vascular plants for the Forest Health MonitoringProgram (FHM), an ecological survey of U.S. forests. Measurementsare taken within 12 1-m² quadrats on 1/15 ha plots in FHM.Species richness and cover are determined for four height classes(strata) within each quadrat and aggregated by stratum over the entireplot. We estimated (1) the agreement between experienced trainers andinexperienced technicians who collected the data on this survey(accuracy) and (2) the agreement among the technicians (precision) forresults on species richness and cover from 3 test plots at 3 timeintervals. The methods appear to be highly precise, although somediscrepancies with the values obtained by the trainers were found.Trainers found significantly more species in the ground stratum (0–0.6 m) and measured significantly more cover in the uppermost stratum(>4.9 m). The proportion of variation due to measurement error andtemporal variability was less than 13% for species richness (all strata)and cover (all but one stratum). This indicates that the method issuitable for monitoring changes in species richness and canopy coverfor a large-scale synoptic monitoring project such as FHM.     

Rapid Assessment of Plant Diversity Patterns: A Methodology for Landscapes

We present a rapid, cost-efficient methodology to link plantdiversity surveys from plots to landscapes using: (1) unbiasedsite selection based on remotely sensed information; (2) multi-scale field techniques to assess plant diversity; (3)mathematical models (species-area curves) to estimate thenumber of species in larger areas corrected for within-typeheterogeneity; and (4) mathematical techniques to estimatetotal species richness and patterns of plant diversity in alandscape. We demonstrate the methodology in a 754 ha studyarea in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, U.S.A.,using four 0.025 ha and twenty-one 0.1 ha multi-scalevegetation plots. We recorded 330 plant species (1/3 thenumber of plants recorded in the 1074 km² Park) in the2.2 ha area within the plots: this represents a samplingintensity of 0.29% of the 754 ha study site. We estimated 552plant species, about half the plant species recorded in the Park,in just 0.7% of the Parks area. We show how this rapid,cost-efficient methodology: (1) produces a rich informationbase on the patterns of native plant diversity and thedistribution of non-native plant species and keystoneecosystems; and (2) can be easily adapted for other nationaland state parks, national forests, wildlife refuges, and nature reserves.