Performance of a water hyacinth （Eichhornia crassipes） system in the treatment of wastewater from a duck farm and the effects of using water hyacinth as duck feed

Nowadays, intensive breeding of poultry and livestock of large scale has made the treatment of its waste and wastewater an urgent environmental issue, which motivated this study. A wetland of 688 m2 was constructed on an egg duck farm, and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was chosen as an aquatic plant for the wetland and used as food for duck production. The objectives of this study were to test the role of water hyacinth in purifying nutrient-rich wastewater and its effects on the ducks’ feed intake, egg laying performance and egg quality. This paper shows that the constructed wetland removed as much as 64.44% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 21.78% of total nitrogen (TN) and 23.02% of total phosphorus (TP). Both dissolved oxygen (DO) and the transparency of the wastewater were remarkably improved, with its transparency 2.5 times higher than that of the untreated wastewater. After the ducks were fed with water hyacinth, the average daily feed intake and the egg-laying ratio in the test group were 5.86% and 9.79% higher, respectively, than in the control group; the di erences were both significant at the 0.01 probability level. The egg weight in the test group was 2.36% higher than in the control group (P < 0.05), but the feed conversion ratios were almost the same. The eggshell thickness and strength were among the egg qualities significantly increased in ducks fed with water hyacinth.We concluded that a water hyacinth system was e ective for purifying wastewater from an intensive duck farm during the water hyacinth growing season, as harvested water hyacinth had an excellent performance as duck feed. We also discussed the limitations of the experiment.     

Carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection byproduct precursor variation during the reversed anaerobic–anoxic–oxic process of a sewage treatment plant

Disinfection byproduct(DBP)precursors in wastewater during the reversed anaerobic–anoxic–oxic(A~2/O)process,as well as their molecular weight(MW)and polarity-based fractions,were characterized with UV scanning,fluorescence excitation emission matrix,Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Their DBP formation potentials(DBPFPs)after chlorination were further tested.Results indicated that the reversed A~2/O process could not only effectively remove the dissolved organic carbon(DOC)and dissolved total nitrogen in the wastewater,but also affect the MW distribution and hydrophilic–hydrophobic properties of dissolved organic matter(DOM).The accumulation of low MW and hydrophobic(HPO)DOM was possibly due to the formation of soluble microbial product-like(SMP-like)matters in the reversed A~2/O treatment,especially in the anoxic and aerobic processes.Moreover,DOM in the wastewater displayed a high carbonaceous disinfection byproduct formation potential(C-DBPFP)in the fractions of MW100 k Da and MW5 k Da,and revealed an increasing tendency of nitrogenous disinfection byproduct formation potential(N-DBPFP)with decrease of MW.For polarity-based fractions,the HPO fraction of wastewater showed significantly higher C-DBPFP and N-DBPFP than hydrophilic and transphilic fractions.Therefore,although the reversed A~2/O process could remove most DBP precursors by DOC reduction,it led to the enhancement of DBPFP with the formation and accumulation of low MW and HPO DOM.In addition,strong correlations between C-DBPFPs and SUVA,and between N-DBPFPs and DON/DOC,were observed in the wastewater,which might be helpful for DBPFP prediction in wastewater and reclaimed water chlorination.     

Treatment of phosphate-containing oily wastewater by coagulation and microfiltration

The oily wastewater generated from pretreatment unit of electrocoating industry contains oils, phosphate, organic solvents, and surfactants. In order to improve the removal efficiencies of phosphate and oils, to mitigate the membrane fouling, coagulation for ceramic membrane microfiltration of oily wastewater was performed. The results of filtration tests show that the membrane fouling decreased and the permeate flux and quality increased with coagulation as pretreatment. At the coagulant Ca （OH）2 dosage of 900 mg/L, the removal efficiency of phosphate was increased from 46.4% without coagulation to 99.6%; the removal of COD and oils were 97.0% and 99.8%, respectively. And the permeate flux was about 70% greater than that when Ca（OH）2 was not used. The permeate obtained from coagulation and microfiltration can be reused as make-up water, and the recommended operation conditions for pilot and industrial application are transmembrane pressure of 0.10 MPa and cross-flow velocity of 5 m/s. The comparison results show that 0.2 μm ZrO2 microfilter with coagulation could be used to perform the filtration rather than conventional ultrafilter, with very substantial gain in flux and removal efficiency of phosphate.     

Approaches to municipal wastewater irrigation and environmental protection

To reuse the water and nutrient resources from ecological point of view the goals, criteria and constraint conditions of the scientifically municipal wastewater irrigation are discussed as well as the practice in major municipal wastewater irrigation areas in China is introduced, of which particularly the effects of municipal water irrigation mixing with oil refinery wastewater on the agricultural ecosystem are studied and described. It has been revealed that benzo(a)pyrene in various parts of paddy crop is attributed to air pollution, water-soil pollution and biosynthesis of plant. Of exogenous contributions of benzo(a)pyrene in paddy shoot system under natural condition, the dominant factor is the air pollution, whereas the water-soil factor is considered to be secondary. Therefore, it is mostly urgent to control the air pollution source of benzo(a)pyrene, to which the edible parts of various green plants are exposed directly.     

Evaluation of fungal potentiality for bioconversion of domestic wastewater sludge

This study was undertaken to screen the filamentous fungi isolated from its relevant habitats (wastewater, sewage sludge and sludge cake) for the bioconversion of domestic wastewater sludge. A total of 35 fungal strains were tested against wastewater sludge (total suspended solids, TSS 1%-5% w/w) to evaluate its potentiality for enhancing the biodegradability and dewaterability using liquid state bioconversion(LSB) process. The strains were divided into five groups i. e. Penicillium, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Basidiomycete and Miscellaneous, respectively. The strains WWZP1003, SCahmA103, SCahmT105 and PC-9 among their respective groups of Penicillium,Aspergillus, Trichoderma and Basidiomycete played potential roles in terms of separation (formation of pellets/flocs/filaments),biodegradation(removal of COD) and filtration(filterability) of treated domestic wastewater sludge. The Miscellaneous group was not considered due to its unsatisfactory results as compared to the other groups. The pH value was also influenced by the microbial treatment during fermentation process. The filterability of treated sludge was improved by fungal treatment, and lowest filtration time was recorded for the strain WWZP1003 and SCahmA103 of Penicillium and Aspergillus groups respectively compared with other strains.     

The ways to prevent pollution of the pulp and paper industry in China

Water pollution from the pulp and paper industry is one of the most serious environment problems in China. In order to prevent and treat pollution of the pulp and paper industry, the following works have been done in recent years: 1. Making necessary policies, measures and regulations; 2. Making overall planning and rational layout; 3. Relying mainly on internal treatment developing external treatment as supplement; 4. Improving the technology of treating wastewater of the pulp and paper industry.     

Structure and flow calculation of cake layer on microfiltration membranes

Submerged membrane bioreactors(SMBR) are widely used in wastewater treatment. The permeability of a membrane declines rapidly because of the formation of a cake layer on the membrane surface. In this paper, a multiple staining protocol was conducted to probe the four major foulants in the cake layer formed on a filtration membrane. Fluorescent images of the foulants were obtained using a confocal laser scanning microscope(CLSM). The three dimensional structure of the cake layer was reconstructed, and the internal flow was calculated using computational fluid dynamics(CFD). Simulation results agreed well with the experimental data on the permeability of the cake layer during filtration and showed better accuracy than the calculation by Kozeny–Carman method. β-D-Glucopyranose polysaccharides and proteins are the two main foulants with relatively large volume fractions, while α-D-glucopyranose polysaccharides and nucleic acids have relatively large specific surface areas. The fast growth of β-D-glucopyranose polysaccharides in the volume fraction is mainly responsible for the increase in cake volume fraction and the decrease in permeability. The specific area, or the aggregation/dispersion of foulants, is less important to its permeability compared to its volume fraction.     

Advanced treatment of oil recovery wastewater from polymer flooding by UV/H2O2/O3 and fine filtration

In order to purify oil recovery wastewater from polymer flooding （ORWPF） in tertiary oil recovery in oil fields, advanced treatment of UV/H2O2/O3 and fine filtration were investigated. The experimental results showed that polyacrylamide and oil remaining in ORWPF after the conventional treatment process could be effectively removed by UV/H2O2/O3 process. Fine filtration gave a high performance in eliminating suspended solids. The treated ORWPF can meet the quality requirement of the wastewater-bearing polymer injection in oilfield and be safely re-injected into oil reservoirs for oil recovery.     

Composition analysis of colored dissolved organic matter in Taihu Lake based on three dimension excitation-emission fuorescence matrix and PARAFAC model, and the potential application in water quality monitoring

Taihu Lake is one of the five biggest lakes in China. Surface water samples from 26 sampling sites of Taihu Lake were collected. Furthermore wet chemical analysis (CODCr and BOD5) and measurement of three dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3DEEM) spectra in the laboratory have been conducted. Using parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) model, three components of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) have been identified successfully, based on the analysis of 3DEEM data. The characteristics of the three components also have been described by comparing them to some components of CDOM, identified in earlier researches. Meanwhile, spatial variations of concentration for the three components in Taihu Lake have been analyzed, and the result indicates that the concentration of component 1 depends more on the situation of wastewater pollution and can be used as the indicator of wastewater pollution. The relationship between the concentrations of the three components and results of the wet chemical analysis show that none of the three components can be used as indicators of gross organic matter in water. However, the concentrations of all the three components have obvious linear relationships with the BOD5 value, especially for component 1 (r=0.72878). Finally, the potential applications of the composition analysis based on 3DEEM and PARAFAC model in water quality monitoring have been illuminated.     

Application of high OLR-fed aerobic granules for the treatment of low-strength wastewater：Performance, granule morphology and microbial community

Aerobic granules, pre-cultivated at the organic loading rate (OLR) of 3.0 kg COD/(m3 ·day), were used to treat low-strength wastewater in two sequencing batch reactors at low OLRs of 1.2 and 0.6 kg COD/(m3 ·day), respectively. Reactor performance, evolution of granule morphology, structure and microbial community at low OLRs under long-term operation (130 days) were investigated. Results showed that low OLRs did not cause significant damage to granule structure as a dominant granule morphology with size over 540 μm was maintained throughout the operation. Aerobic granules at sizes of about 750 μm were finally obtained at the low OLRs. The granule reactors operated at low OLRs demonstrated effective COD and ammonia removals (above 90%), smaller granule sizes and less biomass. The contents of extracellular polymeric substances in the granules were decreased while the ratios of exopolysaccharide/exoprotein were increased (above 1.0). The granules cultivated at the low OLRs showed a smoother surface and more compact structure than the seeded granules. A significant shift in microbial community was observed but the microbial diversity remained relatively stable. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy observation showed that the live cells were spread throughout the whole granule, while the dead cells were mainly concentrated in the outer layer of the granule, and the proteins, polysaccharides and lipids were mainly located in the central regime of the granule. In conclusion, granules cultivated at high OLRs show potential for treating low-strength organic wastewater steadily under long-term operation.     

Denitrification and biofilm growth in a pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers for biological nitrogen removal from secondary effluent

Tertiary denitrification is an effective method for nitrogen removal from wastewater. A pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers was operated for tertiary denitrification with ethanol as the organic carbon source. Long-term performance, biokinetics of denitrification and biofilm growth were evaluated under filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr. The pilot-scale biofilter removed nitrate from the secondary effluent effectively, and the nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) removal percentage was 82%, 78% and 55% at the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. At the filtration velocities of 6 and 10 m/hr, the nitrate removal loading rate increased with increasing influent nitrate loading rates, while at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr, the removal loading rate and the influent loading rate were uncorrelated. During denitrification, the ratio of consumed chemical oxygen demand to removed NO₃-N was 3.99–4.52 mg/mg. Under the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, the maximum denitrification rate was 3.12, 4.86 and 4.42 g N/(m²·day), the half-saturation constant was 2.61, 1.05 and 1.17 mg/L, and the half-order coefficient was 0.22, 0.32 and 0.24 (mg/L)^1/2/min, respectively. The biofilm biomass increased with increasing filtration velocity and was 2845, 5124 and 7324 mg VSS/m² at filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. The highest biofilm density was 44 mg/cm³ at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr. Due to the low influent loading rate, biofilm biomass and thickness were lowest at the filtration velocity of 6 m/hr.     

城市污水处理厂缺氧池短程反硝化现象及影响因素研究

调研了北方某城市污水处理厂缺氧池亚硝态氮积累的现象.该污水处理厂采用传统厌氧/缺氧/好氧（A/A/O）工艺,在缺氧池中存在稳定的短程反硝化过程,且缺氧池中亚硝态氮积累率最高可达88.4%.16S rRNA高通量测序分析表明Saccharibacteria_genera_incertae_sedis和Thauera可能是导致该厂缺氧池亚硝态氮积累的主要菌种,而短程反硝化现象出现的主要原因可能为外加碳源乙酸钠和系统较高的pH值.取活性污泥在COD/NO₃^--N为2~5条件下进行反硝化批次试验,结果表明硝态氮的还原速率均高于亚硝态氮的还原速率,且最大硝态氮到亚硝态氮的转换率均在50%左右.但碳源充足时,积累的NO₂^-会在NO₃^-被还原完后继续发生还原反应,从而导致最终亚硝态氮积累效果变差.本研究,以乙酸钠为碳源,COD/NO₃^--N为3可使反硝化过程获得最高亚硝态氮积累.因此,控制合适COD/NO₃^--N或缺氧反应时间是短程反硝化工艺运行的关键控制参数.本研究可为实际污水处理厂构建短程反硝化并进一步耦合厌氧氨氧化技术提供参考.     

Denitrification and biofilm growth in a pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers for biological nitrogen removal from secondary effluent

Tertiary denitrification is an effective method for nitrogen removal from wastewater. A pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers was operated for tertiary denitrification with ethanol as the organic carbon source. Long-term performance, biokinetics of denitrification and biofilm growth were evaluated under filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr. The pilot-scale biofilter removed nitrate from the secondary effluent effectively, and the nitrate nitrogen(NO_3-N) removal percentage was 82%, 78% and 55% at the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. At the filtration velocities of 6 and 10 m/hr, the nitrate removal loading rate increased with increasing influent nitrate loading rates, while at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr, the removal loading rate and the influent loading rate were uncorrelated.During denitrification, the ratio of consumed chemical oxygen demand to removed NO_3-N was 3.99–4.52 mg/mg. Under the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, the maximum denitrification rate was 3.12, 4.86 and 4.42 g N/(m~2·day), the half-saturation constant was 2.61, 1.05 and 1.17 mg/L, and the half-order coefficient was 0.22, 0.32 and 0.24(mg/L)1/2/min,respectively. The biofilm biomass increased with increasing filtration velocity and was 2845,5124 and 7324 mg VSS/m~2 at filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. The highest biofilm density was 44 mg/cm~3 at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr. Due to the low influent loading rate, biofilm biomass and thickness were lowest at the filtration velocity of 6 m/hr.     

DPR-SNED系统处理低C/N城市污水与硝酸盐废水的运行特性

为实现低C/N城市污水与含硝酸盐废水的同步处理,采用SBR接种活性污泥,通过合理控制厌氧/缺氧/低氧时间和溶解氧(DO)浓度,实现了反硝化除磷耦合同步硝化内源反硝化(DPR-SNED)系统的启动,并对启动过程中系统的脱氮除磷特性进行了研究.结果表明采用厌氧/低氧的运行方式,控制厌氧时间为3 h,好氧段DO浓度为0. 5～1. 0 mg·L-1,60 d可实现同步硝化内源反硝化除磷(SNEDPR)系统的启动,出水PO_4~(3-)-P浓度0. 5 mg·L-1,系统氮磷去除率维持在90%以上,COD的去除率维持在80%以上,系统SNED率和CODins率分别维持在70%和95%左右;随后改变运行方式,采用厌氧/缺氧/低氧的方式运行,缺氧段前进含硝酸盐废水,45 d可实现DPR-SNED系统的启动,缺氧末PO_4~(3-)-P浓度1. 1 mg·L-1,出水PO_4~(3-)-P浓度0. 5 mg·L-1,系统磷、COD去除率均维持在90%以上,氮去除率维持在88%以上,系统SNED率和CODins率分别维持在62%和90%左右. DPR-SNED系统的成功启动后,厌氧段聚糖菌和聚磷菌对城市污水有限碳源的充分利用和强化储存,可为后续缺氧段及好氧段的脱氮除磷提供充足的内碳源.此外,DPR-SNED系统缺氧段内源短程反硝化的进行保障了系统在低C/N(4)条件下的高效脱氮.     

添加原水改善SBR工艺处理猪场废水厌氧消化液性能

采用序批式反应器(SBR)工艺直接处理猪场废水厌氧消化液,处理系统的效率较低,COD去除率仅有10%左右,NH₄⁺-N去除率70%左右;处理出水水质较差,出水COD高于1 000mg/L,出水NH₄⁺-N在200mg/L左右;处理系统的工作不稳定,效能逐渐恶化.在猪场废水厌氧消化液中添加部分未经厌氧消化的猪场废水(原水),处理系统的处理效率明显提高,COD去除率高于80%,出水COD降到250～350mg/L;NH₄⁺-N去除率高于99%,出水NH₄⁺-N小于10mg/L;处理系统的稳定性也得到增强.添加原水后,猪场废水厌氧消化液的BOD₅/COD比值从0.19上升到0.54,BOD₅/TN比值从0.28上升到2.04,增加了微生物生长和反硝化所需的碳源,强化了反硝化作用,不仅提高了总氮去除效率,而且通过回补碱度,维持了处理系统的pH值稳定.     

合成氨废水短程反硝化特性研究

取自强化A/O工艺处理合成氨废水中试装置的活性污泥,在pH、碳源和温度均不为限制性因素条件下,短程反硝化和全程反硝化均为零级反应.结果表明,相对于全程反硝化,短程反硝化可以节约14.1%的碳源和55.7%的反硝化时间;初始NO2--N为36.82 mg.L-1时反硝化最快,比反硝化速率（以NO2--N/VSS计）为0.509 g.（g.d）-1;pH为7.5时反硝化速率最快,实际运行中应避免缺氧区pH〉9;选择性增殖的反硝化菌对甲醇和乙醇形成了良好的适应性,却对葡萄糖和乙酸等其它低分子易降解有机物产生了不适应性.     

一株异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌Bacillus flexus X1-L的分离鉴定及效能研究

近年来,随着中国经济的快速发展,水体中氨氮超标问题已严重影响到人类身体健康和生态环境平衡,有效去除水体中的氨氮已成为人们研究的热点.在传统污水生物脱氮处理中,常采用微生物的硝化、反硝化作用去除污水中的氮素,从而降低对环境的污染.本文从活性污泥反应器中分离出一株异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌株,并命名为X1-L.菌体经形态学观察、生理生化测定及16S rRNA基因序列分析,确定属于芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus sp.）,Genbank登录号为MT457091,并利用MEGA7.0软件建立了相应的系统发育树.在以NH₄⁺-N为唯一氮源的条件下,菌株X1-L生长较好,COD去除率为96.4%,氨氮去除率达到99.6%,经硝化作用去除的氮有43.7%,证明菌株X1-L具有异养硝化能力.在以NO₂^--N或NO₃^--N为唯一氮源的条件下,菌株X1-L生长也较好,COD去除率分别为95.3%和96.4%,NO₂^--N和NO₃^--N去除率分别为95.5%和96.5%,经反硝化作用去除的氮分别有67.7%和68.2%,证明菌株X1-L具有好氧反硝化能力.     

催化铁强化低碳废水生物反硝化过程的探讨

研究了低碳氮比条件下催化铁耦合生物反硝化的脱氮效率以及N2O产生.结果表明,相对常规低碳氮比反硝化,催化铁耦合组能大大提高硝酸根的转化率,但产生亚硝态氮积累,总氮去除率变化不大.耦合组N2O释放量高于常规生物对照组,源于亚铁氧化物与亚硝酸根的化学反应,但最高累积量小于8%,且可继续生物还原为N2.催化铁可以消除体系的溶解氧和降低氧化还原电位,对维持缺氧反硝化环境有利.     

三级生物膜深度处理腈纶废水生化出水的脱氮研究

针对腈纶废水生化出水用传统脱氮工艺深度脱氮时碳源不足的问题,采用三级生物膜反应器作为深度处理装置,研究了反应器的启动及进水pH、水力停留时间(HRT)、进水氨氮(NH4+-N)浓度对NH4+-N去除率的影响并确定其最佳运行条件及最佳条件下总氮(TN)的去除效果.结果表明,在HRT为24 h,进水pH为7.8～8.0条件下反应器对NH4+-N和TN的去除效果最佳,平均去除率分别为94.6%和53%;且进水NH4+-N浓度对其去除效果没有明显影响;反应器在不投加有机碳源情况下,对TN有明显去除效果,平均去除率53%,最高去除率达66%,表明三级生物膜反应器深度处理腈纶废水时脱氮效果明显.     

异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌的筛选及脱氮性能的实验研究

通过极限稀释和显色培养基相结合筛选的方法,从畜禽养殖废水样品中筛选到1株同时具有异养硝化-好氧反硝化双重功能的细菌CPZ24.该菌株革兰氏染色呈阳性,杆状,菌落颜色为橙红色.经形态、生理生化特性,16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定该菌为嗜吡啶红球菌(Rhodococuus pyridinivorans).对该菌进行异养硝化功能和好氧反硝化功能进行研究,结果表明,在异养硝化过程中,该菌可将培养基中的氨氮全部去除,其中对总氮的去除率可达98.70%;在好氧反硝化过程中,该菌对硝酸盐氮的去除率可达到66.74%,总氮的去除率达到64.27%.此高效脱氮降解菌可实现自身同步硝化-反硝化脱氮功能,能够独立完成生物脱氮的全过程.