Effects of environmental factors on the seasonal growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea abies</Emphasis> L. (Karst.) in northern Karelia

The seasonal growth of shoots, needles, and the trunk in the Norway spruce has been studied in a bilberry spruce forest in the middle taiga subzone of Karelia. The results show that the growth of vegetative organs in this tree species depends mainly on the air temperature regime, whereas the effect of variations in factors such as the period of sunshine, precipitation, and air humidity is relatively weak.     

利用微气象测定仪MINCER分析热害条件下的水稻冠层微气象特征

采用模型模拟水稻热害过程及其可能的产量损失是水稻耐高温研究的重要一环,但较精确地测定水稻冠层的微气象条件还存在诸多困难。采用最新研制的水稻冠层微气象测定仪Mincer实地测定法研究了水稻花期热害受害下的冠层微气象特征,并将相关数据与邻近国家基本气象观测站的数据比较,从而形成了水稻冠层、水稻田田面上部(距田面2倍株高,约1.9m)和空旷地(距地面1.5m)等的对比。结果表明,供试品种受到花期热害后,结实率降低4.0%,达到显著受害水平。在此条件下,日平均气温值由水稻田冠层、水稻田上部与空旷地相比依次升高,水稻冠层与水稻田上部的温度值一般分别比空旷地低2.05、0.92℃,且在连续高温的部分时段出现冠层温度的异常升高;相对湿度值反之,由冠层内部、水稻田上部与空旷地依次降低,水稻冠层与水稻田上部的相对湿度值分别比空旷地低高14.55%、5.97%(绝对值)。此外,高温天气下开花前后水稻田上部与冠层温湿度差的变化幅度都小于常温天气,且出现的时间段早于常温。这些结果,对设定水稻高温受害鉴定条件、模拟水稻高温受害过程均具有重要指导意义。     

Ecological factors influencing frequency of Norway spruce butt rot in mature stands in Lithuania

We assess the influence of edaphic, climatic, stand structure and individual tree (stump diameter) factors on incidence of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) butt rot. The data used in the study come from 97 stands, originated from natural regeneration, which were clear-cut. The age of the stands varied between 71 and 130 years old. The climate continentality, site fertility, hydrotop (site humidity index), part of Norway spruce in the stand, stand stocking level (density index) and stump diameter were selected as the factors related with frequency of decay. The study material revealed that selected variables explain 34% of Norway spruce butt rot incidence in Lithuanian forests. Site fertility and stand age influence on butt rot incidence was weak. Higher incidence was related with low stand density, low site humidity (dry sites) and higher part of Norway spruce in stand. More frequent damages were recorded on higher diameter stumps. Our results showed longitudinal distribution of decay incidence in Lithuania—the frequency of decay increasing from West (coast) to East (continent).     

淡水养殖水体溶解氧含量诊断分析及浮头泛塘气象预报

通过实时监测荆州农试站养殖塘各种水质要素,结合2011~2012年养殖塘发生的25个鱼泛塘实例,探讨了养殖水体溶解氧含量与气象要素之间的联系。分析表明:养殖水体溶解氧含量与6 h变温、总辐射量、气压值正相关,与水温、空气相对湿度值负相关。从平时的调查记录来看,鱼泛塘事件主要发生在5~10月间,湿度大、气温低、气压下降、日照强度弱等都会引起溶解氧含量低,严重的会诱发鱼泛塘。根据25个鱼泛塘实例,结合气象要素的特点,提出了急剧降温降压型、寡照型、高温高热型3种鱼泛塘发生条件的概念模型,分别以实例进行了验证,并初步总结出根据气象要素观测资料进行浮头泛塘预报的方法和流程     

Common Shrew (Sorex araneus,Eulipotyphla) Population and the Food Supply of Its Habitats in Ecologically Contrasting Environments

Russian Journal of Ecology - Studies in the fir?spruce forests of the Middle Urals, in habitats with varying degrees of transformation by natural disasters (windfalls and fires), have shown...     

Spiders in mountain habitats of the Giant Mountains

Ground-living spiders were studied using modified pitfall traps during several years in four characteristic habitats in Giant Mountains (Krkono?e Mts.), the High Sudetes, Czech Republic: alpine tundra, subalpine mire, tall-herb stand at the bottom of a glacial corrie, and decaying mountain spruce forest. Ecological and zoogeographical aspects of spider communities were analysed. The spider communities of alpine tundra, subalpine mire, and glacial corrie exhibited long-term stability, whereas the community of decaying mountain forest changed during observations. Small linyphiid spiders, dominating in mature forest, were gradually replaced by larger Iycosid and gnaphosid species. Zoogeographic characterization of mountain habitats was made based on species exhibiting disjunctive area. In contrast to plants, for spiders of boreal origin alpine tundra is the most important habitat for survival, followed by screes, mires, spruce forests, and corries.     

Diurnal variation of radon progeny

The diurnal variation of the gross alpha (alpha) radioactivity in the air near the ground and the gamma (gamma) radioactivity emitted from the ground have been monitored in North-eastern Greece. Meteorological information comprising air temperature and humidity has been simultaneously recorded. Over a period of the 24h of a typical day, the variation of alpha-radioactivity reaches a peak in the morning followed by a remarkable decrease, rising to a second peak in the afternoon. Furthermore, its significant dependence on the air temperature and humidity is confirmed, rising with an increase in humidity and decrease in temperature. The variation of the ground gamma-radioactivity follows that of the air alpha-radioactivity. A mathematical model has been developed to describe the diurnal variation of the alpha-radioactivity in the air near the ground in terms of the above meteorological variables and ground level gamma-radioactivity.     

上海霾气候数据序列重建及其时空特征

利用上海11个气象站点1960～2008年日均相对湿度、能见度以及天气现象资料,重建了上海近50 a霾气候数据序列,并从时间和空间两个方面分析了上海霾日数的气候特征和变化规律。结果表明,上海霾气候数据序列重建值与报表记录值之间变化形态存在着较好的一致性,重建值较记录值偏高。1960～2008年,上海霾日数以97 d/10 a的线性趋势显著增加,2002年以后霾日数总体上呈减少趋势。上海多年平均霾日数以冬季最多而夏季最少。近50 a,上海霾日数呈现出西南部最多 市区较多 东北和东南部最少的空间分布,霾日数的空间变化趋势则表现为西南部增加较多而东部增加较少。1981～2008年,上海霾日数在西部和南部都增加,东部则减少。〖     

Decline of spruce (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea abies</Emphasis>) in forests of Belarus

The decline of spruce stands in Belarus has been analyzed in relation to the dynamics of climatic variables. The results show that this process is correlated with the amount of precipitation, moisture deficit, index of aridity, relative air humidity, and evapotranspiration. Frosts at the onset of the growing season enhance tree die-off, while increase in cloud cover has a favorable effect on the state of spruce stands. Damage to trees occurs mainly in areas with elevated and convex topography and slopes of southwestern aspect, increasing on steeper slopes. The level of die-off is most closely correlated with conditions of the previous year, which is explained by the impact of biological factors (pest insects and phytopathogens) on tree stands already affected by water stress. The decline of spruce stands on a mass scale is also observed in neighboring regions of Russia and counties of East Europe, which is evidence for a low adaptability of spruce to current climate change, including the increasing frequency and severity of dry periods.     

Radon and thoron progeny concentration variability in relation to meteorological conditions at Bucharest (Romania)

The paper presents results of natural radioactivity levels in the atmosphere obtained for a 5 years period (1994-1999) at the Bucharest Environmental Radioactivity Surveillance Station (BERSS). The variability of radon and thoron progeny activity concentrations is analysed in relation to the local dynamics of the meteorological parameters (wind speed, air temperature, air pressure, cloud cover, relative humidity). The radon and thoron progeny concentrations display a daily and seasonal variation, with the highest values in the early morning and the lowest values in the afternoon. The outdoor radon progeny concentrations show maximum values in autumn and minimum values in spring-summer. The outdoor thoron progeny concentrations display maximum values in autumn and minimum values in winter. Significant statistical correlations with the meteorological parameters were obtained. The study on the temporal variability of natural atmospheric radioactivity near Bucharest is a starting point for further assessment of the radiological consequences resulting from human activities.     

气象因子与地理因子对长江三峡库区雾的影响

为研究长江三峡库区气象因子与地理因子对雾情(能见度)的影响程度,定量描述以厘定影响雾发生的主要气象因子和地理因子,为能见度监测预报提供科学依据。选用2011~2012年长江三峡航道湖北宜昌至重庆宜宾段29个人工观测雾情台站资料和12个能见度观测仪资料,首先采用判别分析法寻找不同月份对雾情等级影响较大的气象因子,进一步采用通径分析法对量化的雾情资料分析地形地貌及气象因子对其的直接、间接影响程度。结果表明:常规气象要素对判断站点中雾和大雾的符合率在50%以上。风速、温度和湿度是影响秋末和冬季雾情等级的最主要气象因子。气象要素中的1 000 hPa湿度对能见度值的直接作用最大,通径系数为-0.518 2,而地理要素中山体与河面的落差对雾的滋生有间接作用。     

岷江上游山区聚落生态位地理特征与驱动因子间关系研究

山区聚落生态位反映聚落在山地垂直方向上所处的空间位置及人类生活所能利用的资源空间,是当地居民长期适应山地自然环境的结果。基于岷江上游各民族山区聚落生态位和气象、社会、地形驱动因子的空间分布,借助冗余分析,构建山区聚落生态位地理特征与驱动因子间的多水平贝叶斯模型,定量刻画聚落生态位的民族属性对山区聚落生态位地理特征与驱动因子间关系的影响。结果表明:(1)影响研究区域内1 667个与各民族聚落生态位地理特征的驱动因子有显著差异,海拔和坡度对前者影响较大,海拔、坡度、干季和湿季湿度、距河流距离对后者影响较大,且海拔对两者的影响程度都最大,海拔和坡度地形驱动因子与干、湿季湿度和距河流距离间的相关性较弱。(2)干、湿季湿度气象驱动因子对藏-羌聚落生态位地理特征影响较大,距河流距离和距县城距离社会驱动因子、海拔和坡度地形驱动因子对藏族聚落生态位地理特征影响较大,这与藏族聚落生态位的分布面积和个数有关。(3)民族类型对聚落生态位地理特征指标与气象因子干季湿度间关系的影响最大,对聚落生态位地理特征指标与地形因子坡度间关系的影响最小。岷江上游山区聚落生态位地理特征与驱动因子间关系的研究,为量化山区聚落生态位与山地环境的关系提供了有效的数据支撑。     

重庆市主城区空气污染天气特征研究

利用2003～2008年重庆市主城区大气污染监测资料,分析了轻度污染以上天气的变化特征。结果表明重庆主城区的主要污染物为PM10,PM10浓度具有独特的“双峰双谷”日变化特征;污染天气具有明显的季节特征,主要污染期为秋末到初春;污染天气具有连续性特征,污染天气持续时间尺度主要集中在2～7 d;污染天气过程具有典型的大气环流和天气特征,本地地面天气类型主要以低压或均压场为主,中高纬度高空以纬向环流或西北气流为主,天气以阴天或阴晴相间为主;污染天气过程中本地气象要素变化呈现规律性,地面24 h气压变化总趋势为负变压,24 h变温为正变温,平均相对湿度维持在72%～85%,风速的变化趋势不大,基本维持在1～2 m/s,低层逆温明显。污染天气过程结束时气压明显回升,温度显著下降,相对湿度显著增加。     

1470～1949年贵州地区干湿序列的重建及其影响分析

贵州地区在小冰期的气候环境状况及其对人类活动的影响研究缺乏,综合历史文献资料分析与地质记录的研究仍有待加强。基于1470~1949年贵州地区旱涝历史文献资料重建该区干湿变化序列,然后运用互信息的相关分析方法对此序列进行检验,再通过小波分析探究其干湿变化过程与周期。同时,结合高分辨率石笋δ18O序列、海洋热状况和国家与地方政权的动荡情况,讨论其控制因子及其对人类活动的影响。研究表明：（1）贵州地区15世纪末期气候偏干,16世纪整体较湿润,在经历了17世纪前期的干旱期后,从17世纪中期至20世纪前期为一个长期较稳定的湿润期,与众多古环境研究记录较为吻合;（2）小波分析表明干湿变化具有128~155年、32~55年、11~20年的周期,反映其干湿变化主要受太阳活动控制;（3）贵州地区湿润程度受南亚夏季风强度、ENSO、AMO等因素影响,且对当地政治活动和地表生态环境产生了重要影响。     

基于WRF三峡地区不同区域降水中下垫面效应数值试验研究

利用具有代表性的三峡地区区域性降水个例,基于WRF模式,在模式下垫面中加入长江水体以及修改局地地形,研究局地环流和气象要素对局地下垫面变化的响应。结果表明：加入长江水体后,不同区域性降水个例空间降水变化上,没有出现明显的降水变化区,表明长江水体对区域局地性降水影响较小;同时加入长江水体和修改地形高度后,空间上降水具有明显的变化,且与修改地形后的降水空间变化较一致,表明局地地形对区域降水空间变化具有重要影响;加入长江水体后,近地面2 m高度相对湿度变化上,不同区域性降水个例表现不一,总体上对局地相对湿度影响较小;近地面2 m温度、地表向上的水汽通量和地表向上的潜热通量均为增加,在局地地形的“喇叭口”效应作用下,长江水体拐弯处增加效应明显     

安徽省霾时空分布特征分析

利用安徽省78个气象台站1971～2010年能见度和相对湿度资料,统计出历年各站霾发生日数并分析其时空分布特征,通过历年霾日数变化趋势、EOF分析等方法对安徽省近40 a霾的气候变化特征进行分析。结果表明：安徽省霾日数存在显著的增多趋势;霾高发期在秋冬季,1月更是一年中霾发生最多的月份;5～6月是霾发生的次高峰,6月的极重霾为全年中最多;白天出现霾的几率高于夜晚,早上8时是一天中最容易出现霾的时刻。安徽省霾年平均日数的空间分布很不均匀,平原多于山区,主要城市及周边地区的年平均霾日数较多,山区很少;沿淮淮北的极重霾日数最多。2007年前后霾的年平均日数达到40 a来的最高值。霾日数EOF前4个模态累积方差贡献为793％,说明安徽省绝大部分地区霾日数随年代的变化都是呈增长趋势;时间系数表现为明显的年代变化,以3～4 a周期震荡增长为主     

长江三峡水库气候效应数值模拟

在地形坐标系中建立了一个三维静力平衡的大气-土壤耦合模式,模式详细考虑了复杂地形、植被和水面的热力、动力过程。与其它中、小尺度模式相比其独特之处是：此模式在地表与植被冠层建立的辐射平衡方程和能量平衡方程中,均详细地考虑了坡度、坡向的影响。观测表明,长江三峡江面水温的日变化小于3℃。长江三峡段水流湍急,江水上下交换十分剧烈,各处水深变化较大,使模拟江水的动力、热力过程变得十分困难。所以,在研究中忽略了江水温度的日变化,模式中作为动力、热力外强迫因子,水库建成后的改变仅为水面海拔高度的升高和水面区域的扩大,水面温度是常数。用此模式模拟研究长江三峡建成前后气象要素场的日变化过程,通过计算它们的差别来分析水库的小气候效应。结果表明风、温、湿气象要素场在方圆近10 km范围内均有不同程度的改变,但变化幅度不大。     

近50年来云贵高原太阳辐射变化特征及影响

到达地面的太阳辐射变化会对气候和生态环境产生较大影响。用云贵高原1961～2009年日射站辐射和气象观测资料,对多年来到达地面太阳总辐的年和季节变化趋势,及辐射变化对气候要素的影响进行了分析。结果表明：1961~1988年,总辐射呈明显下降趋势,之后发生逆转,1988~1994年总辐射呈显著上升趋势,1994年后其变化趋于缓和。总体呈现变暗－变亮－变缓的趋势。各季节总辐射变化的趋势为,秋季变化趋势极显著,春季变化的趋势显著,夏季变化的趋势较显著,冬季变化不明显。高原日照时数变化趋势与总辐射经历的变暗－变亮－变缓在时间上基本一致。总辐射变化对该地区的最高气温影响显著,但对蒸发量的影响不太明显。影响年辐射变化的各因子中,云量是影响高原总辐射变化的主要因素,相对湿度和能见度则影响较小     

近50a江西省旱、涝变化趋势及驱动因素研究

基于江西省5个气象站(赣县、吉安、南城、南昌、景德镇)近50 a(1961~2010年)平均气温、最高、最低平均气温、相对湿度、风速、日照时数、降雨量等逐月平均资料,计算江西省干旱侦测指数(Reconnaissance drought index,RDI),分析旱情、涝情变化趋势。同时,运用多元回归法分析主要驱动因素。研究结果表明,1961~2010年江西省年及四个季节的降雨量、平均相对湿度与RDIst值均呈现极显著的正相关关系(p0.01),而日照时数则与RDIst值呈现极显著的负相关关系(p0.01)。降雨量对江西省旱、涝变化的贡献率最大,为42%~58%;其次是平均气温和相对湿度,分别为11%~19%和7%~19%;平均风速和日照时数对江西省旱、涝变化的贡献率较小。降雨量、相对湿度的增加,日照时数的减少共同导致了1961~2010年江西省年际尺度和春季RDIst值的增加,表明江西省总体从偏旱向偏涝转变。1961~2010年江西省夏季、秋季和冬季RDIst没有明显的增长或降低趋势。     

The Holocene Dynamics of Vegetation and Ecological Conditions in the Polar Urals

Palynological, paleocarpological, and paleoentomological analyses of frozen peat deposits near Lake Pereval'noe, the Polar Urals, were performed to reveal the main stages of change in the pattern of vegetation over the period from the beginning of warming after the last Pleistocene glaciation to the late Holocene. Nine to four thousand years ago, the study region (at the present-day upper boundary of open larch forests) was covered with taiga forests, as the climate there was significantly warmer. These were larch–birch forests with an admixture of spruce and, later, spruce forests with larch and birch.