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1.
Towards a Duty of Care for Biodiversity 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The decline in biodiversity is a worldwide phenomenon, with current rates of species extinction more dramatic than any previously
recorded. Habitat loss has been identified as the major cause of biodiversity decline. In this article we suggest that a statutory
duty of care would complement the current mix of policy options for biodiversity conservation. Obstacles hindering the introduction
of a statutory duty of care include linguistic ambiguity about the terms ‘duty of care’ and ‘stewardship’ and how they are
applied in a natural resource management context, and the absence of a mechanism to guide its implementation. Drawing on international
literature and key informant interviews we have articulated characteristics of duty of care to reduce linguistic ambiguity,
and developed a framework for implementing a duty of care for biodiversity at the regional scale. The framework draws on key
elements of the common law ‘duty of care’, the concepts of ‘taking reasonable care’ and ‘avoiding foreseeable harm’, in its
logic. Core elements of the framework include desired outcomes for biodiversity, supported by current recommended practices.
The focus on outcomes provides opportunities for the development of innovative management practices. The framework incorporates
multiple pathways for the redress of non-compliance including tiered negative sanctions, and positive measures to encourage
compliance. Importantly, the framework addresses the need for change and adaptation that is a necessary part of biodiversity
management. 相似文献
2.
Role of Adaptive Management for Watershed Councils 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Habron G 《Environmental management》2003,31(1):0029-0041
Recent findings in the Umpqua River Basin in southwestern Oregon illustrate a tension in the rise of both community-based
and watershed-based approaches to aquatic resource management. While community-based institutions such as watershed councils
offer relief from the government control landowners dislike, community-based approaches impinge on landowners' strong belief
in independence and private property rights. Watershed councils do offer the local control landowners advocate; however, institutional
success hinges on watershed councils' ability to reduce bureaucracy, foster productive discussion and understanding among
stakeholders, and provide financial, technical, and coordination support. Yet, to accomplish these tasks current watershed
councils rely on the fiscal and technical capital of the very governmental entities that landowners distrust. Adaptive management
provides a basis for addressing the apparent tension by incorporating landowners' belief in environmental resilience and acceptance
of experimentation that rejects “one size fits all solutions.” Therefore community-based adaptive watershed management provides
watershed councils a framework that balances landowners' independence and fear of government intrusion, acknowledges the benefits
of community cooperation through watershed councils, and enables ecological assessment of landowner-preferred practices. Community-based
adaptive management integrates social and ecological suitability to achieve conservation outcomes by providing landowners
the flexibility to use a diverse set of conservation practices to achieve desired ecological outcomes, instead of imposing
regulations or specific practices. 相似文献
3.
Jess McLean 《The Environmentalist》2007,27(1):25-38
This paper examines Indigenous water rights in rural and remote Australia and how water justice seems to be elusive in many
of these spaces. The purpose of this literature review is to link water justice theory and practices to the way different
water cultures are valued in Australia while simultaneously critiquing the water justice movement. This paper situates the
notion of water justice as a specific kind of environmental justice to cater for the unique qualities that define this resource.
In doing so, this paper draws on Schlosberg’s (2004) conception of environmental justice with its trivalent approach that
describes the following three ‘circles of concern’: recognition of difference, plurality of participation, and finally equitable
distribution of resources and costs and benefits. This framework provides that if the first two ‘circles of concern’ are not
in existence in a natural resource management process, then inequitable distribution of that resource is a likely outcome.
This paper presents two areas where water injustices exist in the context of Indigenous rural and remote Australia. The first
relates to how Indigenous rights to water have been inadequately recognized and the second presents empirical data on water
supply and sanitation in rural and remote Indigenous communities that demonstrates ongoing dilemmas around securing this basic
human right. The undervaluing of cultural differences relating to water is argued to be antecedent to the injustice manifest
in poor water supply and sanitation provision for Indigenous rural contexts. This paper does not attempt to survey the body
of ethnographic work on society-water relations in rural and remote Indigenous Australian contexts but reviews the gaps in
current mainstream acknowledgement of Indigenous water cultures. In exploring water justice in rural and remote Indigenous
Australia, this paper offers a novel approach to a dilemma more frequently analysed solely as a health development issue. 相似文献
4.
Venkateswara R. Rao 《Environmental management》1995,19(3):313-320
Risk management practices under the current environmental regulations is a long, complex process that considers scientific,
technologic, and management factors to develop various regulatory standards and pollution control measures. Using the mandatory
enforcement approach, sometimes referred to as “command-and-control”, a set of preliminary environmental goals, such as better
air and water qualities, were achieved. However, the information-intensive nature of the risk management process and the lack
of flexibility in conventional regulatory methods to changing economic and technologic realities of the decade has created
interest among risk managers to examine some innovative management approaches. Above all, environmental problems of a global
scale require novel management methods while striving to achieve the desired environmental goals.
As the principal analytical tool in risk management, quantitative risk assessment exerts considerable influence on the risk
management process. Therefore, advances in risk management are closely associated with scientific developments that enhance
the risk assessment process, particularly those efforts aimed at improving human exposure and toxicity assessments. Market
incentives, information dissemination, creative enforcement practices, and interagency and intergovernmental interactions
were identified as the key elements of innovative environmental risk management practices. This paper will present an overview
of the emerging innovative risk management approaches. 相似文献
5.
Katrin Prager 《Environmental management》2010,46(5):711-724
Although collaboration and multi-stakeholder partnerships have become a common feature in natural resource management throughout
the world, various problems are associated with attempts to up-scale community-based natural resource management from the
local to the regional level. To analyze the reasons behind these problems, this article reports on two examples of collaboratives
in Australia: local Landcare groups, and regional natural resource management (NRM) bodies. Recent government-induced changes
have shifted the focus from local Landcare group action to strategic planning and implementation by regional NRM bodies. Two
typologies of collaboratives are applied to analyze the characteristics of both these groups. The study uses data from 52
qualitative interviews with key informants at the local and regional level in Victoria and Tasmania, participant observation,
as well as literature and document analysis. The article illustrates how the groups’ distinct characteristics can cause conflicts
when the different types of collaboratives operate in parallel. In addition, the article reports how stakeholders perceive
the level of community participation in decision-making processes. The key message is that the benefits of community participation
and collaboration that arise at the local level can be lost when these approaches are up-scaled to the regional level unless
there is an intermediary or ‘mediating structure’ to facilitate communication and create the link between different types
of collaboratives. 相似文献
6.
Key aspects of environmental management exist within a legislative framework. The Rivers and Foreshores Improvement Act 1948 (NSW) and several Regional Environmental Plans created under the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW) make reference to ‘the top of the bank’ for defining areas of protected land adjacent to rivers, within which development
consent may be required. It is an arbitrary term and its use within the Rivers and Foreshores Improvement Act 1948 (NSW) leads to confusion. This paper examines the range of definitions of ‘the top of the bank’ in respect of natural watercourses
and aims to provide a more lucid and effective definition that will clarify existing ambiguities in legal interpretation.
The paper examines the historical origins of the phrase ‘top of the bank’, finding that stereotyped Eurocentric views of what
a river ‘should look like’ have impaired the legal definition for Australian rivers, thereby influencing common law and the
development of statutory definitions. Judicial applications of the phrase ‘top of the bank’ are examined from a geomorphological
perspective, demonstrating the misconceptions of the term in a legal context. The paper identifies the existence of widespread
support for the need to protect land adjacent to rivers in the interests of environmental, economic and social sustainability.
It concludes by calling for legislative reform that is both tailored to the individual site and consistent with overarching
goals at the catchment scale. 相似文献
7.
This article stresses the importance of within-government capacity build as the optimal approach to minimizing landslide risk
to the most vulnerable communities in the developing world. Landslide risk is an integrated issue that demands strong managerial
leadership and multidisciplinary inclusion to develop structures that deliver sustainable improvements in the reduction of
risk. The tension between projects demanding international technical and financial intervention and those capable of “within-country”
solutions are examined. More particularly, the challenges of developing a management methodology capable of energizing inter-ministry
collaboration to achieve community-level action is examined in the context of a recently established program of slope stability
management in St. Lucia. The program, Management of Slope Stability in Communities (MoSSaiC), is shown to have successfully
fostered not only extensive technical collaboration within government but also to have energized local communities in the shared mission of capacity build through their direct involvement
in the management process. 相似文献
8.
Climate change is a significant environmental, social and environmental problem that has been identified by scientists in
consensus internationally. The Australian Government’s response is considered by environmental non-government organisations
(NGOs) to be inadequate. NGOs are ‘change agents’ of society, and in this role they are agitating to influence political decision-making
on climate change response.
This paper outlines the campaign strategies being used by Australian NGOs to attract public and political attention to the
issue of climate change. Using seven NGOs as case studies, the archival materials of these organisations were accessed and
analysed. Current academic and other literature also was used to reflect on their effectiveness. Four campaign themes and,
within these, fifteen activities were identified.
The results indicate that the notion of whether NGOs are undertaking an ‘revolutionary’ or ‘incremental’ approach, or any
other narrow strategic approach put forward by various scholars is too simple for analysing campaigns: none of the NGOs appear
to intentionally favour one type of strategy. The question raised by this finding is whether the NGOs’ current ‘multi-strategic’
approach is effective. This research contributes to filling the information gap with regard to NGO campaign strategies on
environmental issues, and highlights the need for further research. 相似文献
9.
Fast economic and social changes in recent years in China have brought massive expansion, redevelopment, and restructuring
of cities. These changes offer cities the opportunity to improve environmental quality through urban green spaces (UGSs) and
to address the challenges of meeting community aspirations. This study explored peoples’ minds concerning UGSs in Guangzhou
city in south China in relation to the following: (1) knowledge and perception of 25 ecosystem services and 8 negative impacts;
(2) attitude toward site condition and management; (3) expectation of landscape design; and (4) preference ranking of venues.
A questionnaire was designed to solicit opinions from 340 respondents randomly chosen from residents living in the study area.
The results indicated widespread recognition of ecosystem services and strong support of UGS programs. Negative responses
were weakly expressed. Amelioration of urban microclimate and environmental quality were emphasized. Environmental functions
stressed in publicity programs, together with aggravating environmental problems in the city, tended to focus respondents’
attention on UGS benefits. Wildlife habitat, species conservation and other natural ecosystem services drew limited concerns.
Awareness of economic benefits was very low. Visual-landscape contributions with strong preference for naturalistic design
and recreational benefits were highlighted. Compared with other countries, Guangzhou residents were characterized by visual–scenic–recreation
orientation and pragmatic–utilitarian perception of UGSs, reflecting underlying differences in the understanding of inherent
ecosystem services of green spaces. Relevant UGS policies and practices could adopt the approaches of market survey, citizen
participation, and precision planning in order to meet increasingly mature and refined demands. Citizens’ understanding of
high-order ecosystem services could be enhanced to encourage appreciation of nature and their associated benefits. 相似文献
10.
Understanding Managers’ Views of Global Environmental Risk 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This research investigated managers’ views of two global environmental risks: climate change and loss of biodiversity. The
intent was to understand why different managers place varying levels of attention and priority on these issues. The data came
from in-depth interviews with 28 senior corporate managers across Canada and a range of sectors, although most were employed
in the energy sector. Approximately half had direct environmental responsibilities and half had other management duties. Grounded
theory was used to collect and analyze the data. From the results, a theoretical framework was constructed to explain important
factors that can influence managers’ mental models of environmental risk. Four factors relevant to managers’ appraisal of
the threat of environmental risk include: (1) salience, (2) intrinsic value of nature, (3) knowledge, and (4) perceived resilience
of nature. In addition, four factors relevant to managers’ view of the appeal of a particular response strategy were: (1)
avoidability, (2) perceived costs and benefits, (3) fairness and equity, and (4) effectiveness. The time horizon for decision
making was seen as being important in both portions of the mental model. 相似文献
11.
Forest certification is a mechanism involving the regulation of trade of forest products in order to protect forest resources
and improve forest management. Although China had a late start in adopting this process, the country has made good progress
in recent years. As of July 31, 2009, 17 forest management enterprises and more than one million hectares of forests in China
have been certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Several major factors affect forest certification in China. The
first set is institutional in nature. Forest management in China is based on centralized national plans and therefore lacks
flexibility. A second factor is public awareness. The importance and value of forest certification are not widely understood
and thus consumers do not make informed choices regarding certified forest products. The third major factor is the cost of
certification. Together these factors have constrained the development of China’s forest certification efforts. However, the
process does have great potential. According to preliminary calculations, if 50% of China’s commercial forests were certified,
the economic cost of forest certification would range from US$0.66–86.63 million while the economic benefits for the forestry
business sector could exceed US$0.66–86.63 million while the economic benefits for the forestry
business sector could exceed US150 million. With continuing progress in forest management practices and the development of
international trade in forest products, it becomes important to improve the forest certification process in China. This can
be achieved by improving the forest management system, constructing and perfecting market access mechanisms for certificated
forest products, and increasing public awareness of environmental protection, forest certification, and their interrelationship. 相似文献
12.
Summary Increasingly stringent environmental lesislation and a growing consciousness of environmental issues within the community are spurring companies into adopting environmental improvement programmes. Enhanced environmental management not only ensures compliance with legislation but has other benefits, including reduced energy and waste disposal costs, improved public image, acess to green markets and lower insurance premiums. BS7750 and the Eco-Management and Audit Scheme now offer businesses the opportunity to establish a systematic and accredited environmental management system which will serve as a yardstick of environmental quality. 相似文献
13.
Large-scale public infrastructure projects have featured in China’s modernization course since the early 1980s. During the
early stages of China’s rapid economic development, public attention focused on the economic and social impact of high-profile
construction projects. In recent years, however, we have seen a shift in public concern toward the environmental and ecological
effects of such projects, and today governments are required to provide valid environmental impact assessments prior to allowing
large-scale construction. The official requirement for the monitoring of environmental conditions has led to an increased
number of debates in recent years regarding the effectiveness of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) and Governmental
Environmental Audits (GEAs) as environmental safeguards in instances of large-scale construction. Although EIA and GEA are
conducted by different institutions and have different goals and enforcement potential, these two practices can be closely
related in terms of methodology. This article cites the construction of the Qinghai–Tibet Railway as an instance in which
EIA and GEA offer complementary approaches to environmental impact management. This study concludes that the GEA approach
can serve as an effective follow-up to the EIA and establishes that the EIA lays a base for conducting future GEAs. The relationship
that emerges through a study of the Railway’s construction calls for more deliberate institutional arrangements and cooperation
if the two practices are to be used in concert to optimal effect. 相似文献
14.
When local resource users detect, understand, and respond to environmental change they can more effectively manage environmental
resources. This article assesses these abilities among artisanal fishers in Roviana Lagoon, Solomon Islands. In a comparison
of two villages, it documents local resource users’ abilities to monitor long-term ecological change occurring to seagrass
meadows near their communities, their understandings of the drivers of change, and their conceptualizations of seagrass ecology.
Local observations of ecological change are compared with historical aerial photography and IKONOS satellite images that show
56 years of actual changes in seagrass meadows from 1947 to 2003. Results suggest that villagers detect long-term changes
in the spatial cover of rapidly expanding seagrass meadows. However, for seagrass meadows that showed no long-term expansion
or contraction in spatial cover over one-third of respondents incorrectly assumed changes had occurred. Examples from a community-based
management initiative designed around indigenous ecological knowledge and customary sea tenure governance show how local observations
of ecological change shape marine resource use and practices which, in turn, can increase the management adaptability of indigenous
or hybrid governance systems. 相似文献
15.
Situating Hazard Vulnerability: People’s Negotiations with Wildfire Environments in the U.S. Southwest 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This article is based on a multimethod study designed to clarify influences on wildfire hazard vulnerability in Arizona’s
White Mountains, USA. Findings reveal that multiple factors operating across scales generate socially unequal wildfire risks.
At the household scale, conflicting environmental values, reliance on fire insurance and firefighting institutions, a lack
of place dependency, and social vulnerability (e.g., a lack of financial, physical, and/or legal capacity to reduce risks)
were found to be important influences on wildfire risk. At the regional-scale, the shift from a resource extraction to environmental
amenity-based economy has transformed ecological communities, produced unequal social distributions of risks and resources,
and shaped people’s social and environmental interactions in everyday life. While working-class locals are more socially vulnerable
than amenity migrants to wildfire hazards, they have also been more active in attempting to reduce risks in the aftermath
of the disastrous 2002 Rodeo-Chediski fire. Social tensions between locals and amenity migrants temporarily dissolved immediately
following the disaster, only to be exacerbated by the heightened perception of risk and the differential commitment to hazard
mitigation displayed by these groups over a 2-year study period. Findings suggest that to enhance wildfire safety, environmental
managers should acknowledge the environmental benefits associated with hazardous landscapes, the incentives created by risk
management programs, and the specific constraints to action for relevant social groups in changing human-environmental context. 相似文献
16.
Among both forest practitioners and the general public, “forest health” has become an issue of contention. Whereas the debate
over which treatments will best achieve healthy forests has been framed largely by the popular media and politicians as a
struggle between industry and environmentalists, the views of the general public remain unexplored. Survey results from Oregon
and Washington residents were used to assess the relationships between respondents’ self-described environmental or economic
priorities and the following two variables: (1) acceptability of forest management practices and (2) perceived threats to
forest health. Findings indicate that active management was generally accepted by a majority of respondents regardless of
their environmental or economic orientation. Disagreement emerged, however, when the appropriateness of specific management
practices within specific forest conditions was examined. Additionally, strong evidence was found for a relationship between
self-described environmental or economic orientation and perceived threats to forest health. Those with an environmentally
oriented viewpoint tended to perceive human-caused factors as the largest threats, whereas those with an economic orientation
saw naturally occurring processes as the greatest threats. These findings suggest that the issue of contention is not active
management per se. Rather, the major divisions in the forest health debate are defined by specific contexts and circumstances,
as well as the management practices used. 相似文献
17.
There is a consensus that Marine Protected Area (MPA) performance needs regular evaluation against clear criteria, incorporating
counterfactual comparisons of ecological and socio-economic performance. However, these evaluations are scarce at the global
level. We compiled self-reports from managers and researchers of 78 coral reef-based MPAs world-wide, on the conservation
and welfare improvements that their MPAs provide. We developed a suite of performance measures including fulfilment of design
and management criteria, achievement of aims, the cessation of banned or destructive activities, change in threats, and measurable
ecological and socio-economic changes in outcomes, which we evaluated with respect to the MPA’s age, geographical location
and main aims. The sample was found to be broadly representative of MPAs generally, and suggests that many MPAs do not achieve
certain fundamental aims including improvements in coral cover over time (in 25% of MPAs), and conflict reduction (in 25%).
However, the large majority demonstrated improvements in terms of slowing coral loss, reducing destructive uses and increasing
tourism and local employment, despite many being small, underfunded and facing multiple large scale threats beyond the control
of managers. However spatial comparisons suggest that in some regions MPAs are simply mirroring outside changes, with demonstrates
the importance of testing for additionality. MPA benefits do not appear to increase linearly over time. In combination with
other management efforts and regulations, especially those relating to large scale threat reduction and targeted fisheries
and conflict resolution instruments, MPAs are an important tool to achieve coral reef conservation globally. Given greater
resources and changes which incorporate best available science, such as larger MPAs and no-take areas, networks and reduced
user pressure, it is likely that performance could further be enhanced. Performance evaluation should test for the generation
of additional ecological and socio-economic improvements over time and compared to unmanaged areas as part of an adaptive
management regime. 相似文献
18.
The environmental attitudes of young people are a growing topic of interest for social scientists. Most research that aims
to explain differences in (youth) environmental attitudes focuses on the individual as the level of measurement. There is,
however, a growing body of evidence that illustrates that the context within which that individual operates can contribute
to their environmental attitudes. Based on the PISA 2006 data, and while controlling for individual characteristics, we tested
Inglehart’s ‘objective problems, subjective values’ hypothesis. This hypothesis divides the contextual influences on environmental
attitudes into (1) objective problems in the individual’s natural environment and (2) subjective values linked to post-materialistic
goals in life. We analyzed both the individual and the country level simultaneously, controlling for compositional effects,
by performing a multilevel analysis on the 2006 PISA data for youth environmental attitudes (398,750 15 year olds from 56
countries). At the individual level, the results are generally consistent with the literature; at the contextual level, the
stage of development of a country (as a proxy for post-materialistic values) is shown to be unrelated to environmental attitudes.
Both natural riches of a country and its environmental problems are shown to positively influence the environmental attitudes
of that country’s youth. These results are discussed in relation to the ‘objective problems, subjective values’ hypothesis.
The results also point towards the necessity of simultaneously assessing the effect of individual- and contextual-level characteristics
on environmental attitudes. 相似文献
19.
Three geomorphic considerations that underpin the design and implementation of realistic and strategic river conservation
and rehabilitation programs that work with the nature are outlined. First, the importance of appreciating the inherent diversity
of river forms and processes is discussed. Second, river dynamics are appraised, framing the contemporary behavioral regime
of a reach in relation to system evolution to explain changes to river character and behavior over time. Third, the trajectory
of a reach is framed in relation to downstream patterns of river types, analyzing landscape connectivity at the catchment
scale to interpret geomorphic river recovery potential. The application of these principles is demonstrated using extensive
catchment-scale analyses of geomorphic river responses to human disturbance in the Bega and Upper Hunter catchments in southeastern
Australia. Differing implications for reach- and catchment-scale rehabilitation planning prompt the imperative that management
practices work with nature rather than strive to ‘fight the site.’ 相似文献
20.
Cerveny LK Blahna DJ Stern MJ Mortimer MJ Predmore SA Freeman J 《Environmental management》2011,48(3):644-657
U.S. Forest Service managers are required to incorporate social and biophysical science information in planning and environmental
analysis. The use of science is mandated by the National Environmental Policy Act, the National Forest Management Act, and
U.S. Forest Service planning rules. Despite the agency’s emphasis on ‘science-based’ decision-making, little is known about
how science is actually used in recreation planning and management. This study investigated the perceptions of Forest Service
interdisciplinary (ID) team leaders for 106 NEPA projects dealing with recreation and travel management between 2005 and 2008.
Our survey data show how managers rate the importance of social and biophysical science compared to other potential ‘success
factors’ in NEPA assessments. We also explore how team leaders value and use multi-disciplinary tools for recreation-related
assessments. Results suggest that managers employ a variety of recreation planning tools in NEPA projects, but there appears
to be no common understanding or approach for how or when these tools are incorporated. The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum
(ROS) was the most frequently used planning tool, but the Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP) framework was
the most consistently valued tool by those who used it. We recommend further evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of
each planning tool and future development of procedures to select appropriate planning tools for use in recreation-related
NEPA assessments. 相似文献