Water pollution and its control in China

Based on comprehensive analysis of the status, major characteristics and regulation of regional differentiation of water pollution in China, the following counter measures for control water pollution were suggested: Overall planning and rational allocation; Comprehensive utilization and technical reform; Strengthening environmental management and the legal system.     

Microbial flocculant and its application in environmental protection

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＡｌｏｔｏｆｖａｒｉｅｄｆｌｏｃｃｕｌａｎｔｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｕｓｅｄｉｎｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ，ｄｒｅｄｇｉｎｇｄｏｗｎｓｔｒｅａｍｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇａｎｄｓｏｍｅｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｆｉｅｌｄｉｎｃｌ...     

Coupling of water and land resources and its application in regionalization

ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅｏｆｃｏｕｐｌｉｎｇｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｄｅｃｉｄｅｄｂｅｃａｕｓｅｔｈｅｆａｃｔｏｒｓｏｆｗａｔｅｒａｎｄｌａｎｄｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓｈａｖｅｖａｒｉｅｄｅｆｅｃｔｓｏｎｄｉｆｅｒｅｎｔｐｕｒｐｏｓｅｓ，ｆｏｒｅｘａｍｐｌｅ，ｔｏｂｕｉ...     

A new O2-microelectrode and its application

ＡｎｅｗＯ２ｍｉｃｒｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｄｅａｎｄｉｔｓａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎＢａｉＡｉｍｉｎＹｕｎｎａｎＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＰｒｏｊｅｃｔＯｆｉｃｅ，Ｋｕｎｍｉｎｇ６５００３４，ＣｈｉｎａＰｏｕｌＨａｒｅｍｏёｓＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＥｎｖ...     

Soil carbon pool in China and its global significance

ＳｏｉｌｃａｒｂｏｎｐｏｏｌｉｎＣｈｉｎａａｎｄｉｔｓｇｌｏｂａｌｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅ￥ＦａｎｇＪｉｎｇｙｕｎ，ＬｉｕＧｕｏｈｕａ，ＸｕＳｏｎｇｌｉｎｇ（ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｅｒｆｏｒＥｃｏ－ＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ，Ｃｈｉｎ...     

β-Cyclodextrin and its derivatives-enhanced solubility and biodegradation of 2-nitrobiphenyl

This paper investigated the effects of β-cyclodextrins (β-CD) and its two derivatives, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) and carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CMCD), on the solubility and biodegradation of 2-nitrophenyl by aa Acinetbacter sp.Results showed that β-CD ,HPCD and CMCD could not be utilized by Acinetbacter sp. as sole carbon source and none of the CDs had toxic effects on the growth of the bacteria in the experiments; all the CDs could enhance the apparent solubility and accelerate the biodegradation of 2-nitrobipheny. It showed that biodegradation-accelerating effects of CDs on 2-nitrobiphenyl were correlated with their solubility-enhancing effects. Among three CDs investigated,CMCD had the most obvious effects both on the apparent solubility and the biodegradation, followed by β-CD and HPCD.     

β-Cyclodextrin and its derivatives-enhanced solubility and biodegradation of 2-nitrobiphenyl

This paper investigated the effects of β-cyclodextrins （I3-CD） and its two derivatives, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin （HPCD） and carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin （CMCD）, on the solubility and biodegradation of 2-nitrophenyl by an A cinetbacter sp. Results showed that β-CD, HPCD and CMCD could not be utilized by A cinetbacter sp. as sole carbon source and none of the CDs had toxic effects on the growth of the bacteria in the experiments; all the CDs could enhance the apparent solubility and accelerate the biodegradation of 2-nitrobipheny. It showed that biodegradation-accelerating effects of CDs on 2-nitrobiphenyl were correlated with their solubility-enhancing effects. Among three CDs investigated, CMCD had the most obvious effects both on the apparent solubility and the biodegradation, followed by β-CD and HPCD.     

Ecological-breaking zone originates and its ecosystems reconstruction in arid area

Ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ－ｂｒｅａｋｉｎｇｚｏｎｅｏｒｉｇｉｎａｔｅｓａｎｄｉｔｓｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｒｅｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｉｎａｒｉｄａｒｅａ￥ＨｕａｎｇＰｅｉｙｏｕ；ＬｕＺｉｌｉ（ＢｉｏｌｏｇｙＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＸｉｎｊｉａｎｇＵｎｉｖｅ...     

Perspectives on atmospheric mercury and its fate in aquatic ecosystems

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＡｇｒｅａｔａｍｏｕｎｔｏｆｐｅｅｒ ｒｅｖｉｅｗｅｄｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｉｓｎｏｗａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅａｂｏｕｔｍｅｒｃｕｒｙ (Ｈｇ)ｃｙｃｌｉｎｇ ,ｍｕｃｈｏｆｗｈｉｃｈｗａｓｆｉｒｓｔｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄｉｎａｓｅｒｉｅｓｏｆｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｃｏｎｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓｏｎＨｇａｓａｇｌｏｂａｌｐｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｈｅｌｄｉｎＧａｖｌｅＳｗｅｄｅｎ (Ｌｉｎｄｑｖｉｓｔ,1991ａ) ,ＭｏｎｔｅｒｅｙＣＡＵＳＡ (Ｗａｔｒａｓ,1994) ,ＷｈｉｓｔｌｅｒＢＣＣａｎａｄａ (Ｐｏｒｃｅ…     

Mercury in coal and its emission by coal combustion in the Northeast China

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｒｅｐｏｒｔｓｓｔｕｄｉｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｍｅｒｃｕｒｙｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｓａｓｗｅｌｌａｓｔｈｅｉｒｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｉｎｃｏａｌｓｆｒｏｍ 12ｍａｉｎｃｏａｌｍｉｎｅｓｉｎｔｈｅＮｏｒｔｈｅａｓｔｏｆＣｈｉｎａａｎｄｔｈｅｅａｓｔｏｆＩｎｎｅｒＭｏｎｇｏｌｉａ .Ｔｈｅｃｏａｌ ｂｕｒｎｉｎｇｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓａｒｅｄｉｖｉｄｅｄｉｎｔｏｔｈｒｅｅｐａｒｔｓ:ｂｏｔｔｏｍａｓｈ ,ｆｌｙａｓｈｉｎｄｕｓｔｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｏｒａｎｄｔｈｅｐａｒｔｅｓｃａｐｉｎｇ…     

Traffic emission and its impact on air quality in Guangzhou area

１　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩｎｔｈｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｒａｐｉｄｕｒｂａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ，ｔｏｔａｌａｍｏｕｎｔｏｆｖｅｈｉｃｌｅｉｎＣｈｉｎａｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄｄｒａｍａｔｉｃａｌｌｙａｎｄｒｅａｃｈｅｄｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎ２０ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎｉｎ１９９５ｗｉｔｈａｎａｖｅｒａｇｅｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｒａｔｅｏｆ１５％．Ｂｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｐｏｏｒｑｕａｌｉｔｙｏｆｖｅｈｉｃｌｅ，ｂａｄｒｏａｄｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎ，ｌｏｗｄｒｉｖｉｎｇｓｐｅｅｄ，ａｎｄｎｏｃａｔａｌｙｔｉｃｃｏｎｖｅｒｔｅｒ，ｔｈｅｅｍ…     

Fractal characteristics of filamentous bacteria in activated sludge and its significance

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｒｓｉｎｍａｎｙｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓｈａｖｅａｎａｌｙｚｅｄｍａｓｓｉｖｅｌｙｆｏｒｔｈｅｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｏｆｂｕｌｋｉｎｇｏｆａｃｔｉｖａｔｅｄｓｌｕｄｇｅｉｎｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ,ｐａｒｔｉ?..     

A new O2-microelectrode and its application

A new oxygen microelectrode was introduced. An internal guard cathode was added besides its normal cathode sensor. It has a low zero measuring current, high signal stability and its easy to construct. As it is small in size and high in stability, it may be used not only for routine environmental application, but for other scientific research work as well.     

Studies on metabolism of 2-naphthylamine and its activation mechanism

2-naphthylamine was incubated with induced rat liver microsome S9 preparation and the metabolites were separated through HPLC. The following products were identified: 2-amino-5-naphthol, 2-amino-6-naphthol, 2-amino-7-naphthol and 2-amino-8-naphthol. The yields of these four metabolites are varying in quantity, and the relative contents of 2-amino-8-, -5-, -6- and -7-naphthol are 52.6%, 28.5%, 14.0% and 4.9% respectively. These results are consistent with the quantitative HMO calculation and inference based upon Di-region theory, i.e., the metabolisms of aryl amines on extra-ring (assigned the ring without the substituent of amino group) are through the epoxidation and then NIH shift, but are not the direct hydroxylation in the formation of phenols. It is shown that both the amino group and the carbon atoms on the extra-ring play duality roles of activation and detoxification in metabolism.     

Predator odour and its impact on male fertility and reproduction in Phodopus campbelli hamsters

 This study investigated the influence of cat urine odour in suppressing development and fertility in Campbell's hamster males. Exposure to this odour from postnatal day 11 until day 45 (sexual maturation) resulted in reduced sex organ weights, reduced testosterone levels and in an increase in abnormalities of the synaptonemal complex in both sex chromosomes and autosomes. Subsequent breeding experiments revealed a significant decrease in litter size. All these data indicate a severe effect of predator odour on the breeding success of potential prey species. It is assumed that these effects are caused by the sulphurous compounds in the urine; however, the underlying mechanisms are not yet known. Received: 31 January 2000 / Accepted in revised form: 6 June 2000     

Water and matter dynamic balance in the rite field and its overflow estimate model

The rice field is the main Iand use type in the watershed of Chaohu Lake．Because of the water dryness alternative farming applied there，the paddy soil has a unique quality regarding soil profile as well as special water and nutrient dynamms．Through the analysis of water and matter dynamics in rice fields．the field water level(H)and the concentrations of total nitrogen(TN)and total phosphorus(TP)in flood water layers of the fields were chosen to estimate the nonpoint pollution from rice fields．A simple model was built and used to calculate the quantRy of N and P pollutants from rice field overflow．it shows the po．tential effects of rice fields on Chaohu Lake eutrophication．     

The traffic emission and its impact on air quality in Guangzhou area

A comprehensive field measurement was set up in Guangzhou City of China and the key was placed on NO_x and O₃ pollution. The results indicated that the average driving speed of vehicle was only 14 km/h in downtown with high frequency of idle and acceleration. Upward fluxes of CO and NO were observed in Dongfeng street. NO_x annual mean concentration in urban area increased year by year, and NO_x was identified as the most important pollutant since 1995. Photochemical smog pollution was serious in general,spatial and seasonal distribution of O₃ was observed. O₃ concentration was kept in a high level in autumn, and its formation was restrained in summer due to frequent thunderstorm and high humidity. The numerical simulation showed the average concentration and maximum concentration of O₃ would increase 60%—100% if vehicular emission increased 100% in Guangzhou.     

Prenatal amoxicillin exposure induces developmental toxicity in fetal mice and its characteristics

Amoxicillin,a widely used antibiotic in human and veterinary pharmaceuticals,is now considered as an“emerging contaminant”because it exists widespreadly in the environment and brings a series of adverse outcomes.Currently,systematic studies about the developmental toxicity of amoxicillin are still lacking.We explored the potential effects of amoxicillin exposure on pregnancy outcomes,maternal/fetal serum phenotypes,and fetal multiple organ development in mice,at different doses (75,150,300 mg/(k...     

Synchronous fluorescence technique and its use in identification of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in urine samples

The synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy of three polymiclear aromatic hydrocarbons was studied. It was shown that the specific Δλ of the spectra were 10nm for benzo(k) fluoranthene, 25 nm for benzo(a) pyrene, and 40 nm for pyrene. The peaks of the spectra were at 407, 404, and 373 nm for the three chemicals, respectively. Benzo(k) fluoranthene, benzo(a) pyrene, and pyrene in the urine samples from smokers were identified by high pressure liquid chromatography combined with the synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy.     

Simulating global soil-CO2 flux and its response to climate change

It has been argued that increased soil respiration would become a major atmospheric source of CO2 in the event of global warming. The simple statistical models were developed based on a georeferenced database with 0.5° × 0.5° longitude/latitude resolution to simulate global soil-CO2 fluxes, to investigate climatic effects on these fluxes using sensitivity experiments, and to assess possible responses of soil-CO2 fluxes to various climate change scenarios. The statistical models yield a value of 69 PgC/a of global soil CO2 fluxes for current condition. Sensitivity experiments confirm that the fluxes are responsive to changes in temperature,precipitation and actual evapotranspiration, but increases in temperature and actual evapotranspiration affect soil-CO2 fluxes more than increases in precipitation. Using climatic change projections from four global circulation models, each corresponding to an equilibrium doubling of CO2, it can be found that the largest increases in soil-CO2 fluxes were associated with the boreal and tundra regions. The globally averaged soil-CO2 fluxes were estimated to increase by about 35 ％ above current values, providing a positive feedback to the greenhouse effect.