粉尘颗粒亲水性对其雾化离心去除率的影响

基于电声换能超声波雾化-旋风除尘器联用技术,研究了亲水性对粉尘颗粒去除率的影响。通过选择若干种亲水性不同的常见工业粉尘,在相同实验条件下研究其亲水性与离心去除率之间的关系。结果表明,在旋风分离前加入雾气,亲水性较好的粉尘颗粒去除率有明显的提升,在通入浓度为4 g·m~(-3)的雾气后,滑石粉颗粒的去除率从无雾气时的76.9%提高到90.1%,增长幅度为13.2%,而亲水性较差的S-zorb脱硫催化剂去除率从72.1%增加到80.1%,增幅仅为8.0%。这一现象尤其体现在粒径在2.5μm附近的细颗粒物上,滑石粉去除率增幅最高点出现在粒径为2μm的颗粒处,从无雾气时的31.5%增长到有雾气时的72.8%,增幅为41.3%,而亲水性较差的S-zorb脱硫催化剂去除率最高增幅只有17.7%,从无雾气时的43.9%增长到有雾气时的61.6%,去除率增幅最高点出现在粒径为2.3μm的颗粒处。实验前后粉尘颗粒形态的SEM扫描电子显微镜图像也证实亲水性对颗粒物团聚、长大有重要影响。研究亲水性对粉尘颗粒去除率的影响,可进一步优化、改进电声换能超声波雾化-旋风除尘器联用除尘技术,使其发挥更大的工业应用潜力,减少PM2.5排放。     

旋风除尘器流场及浓度场实验与模拟

在研究旋风除尘器内气固两相的运动状况及分离机理方面,计算机模拟替代部分实验的方法能够优化设计旋风除尘器结构参数,提高其对微细颗粒的捕集效率,减少运行压力损失。本研究采用RSM模型和随机轨道模型对旋风除尘器内流场及浓度场进行模拟及实验。研究表明,旋风除尘器压力损失模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好,对于大于5μm的颗粒其捕集效率模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合;旋风除尘器外壁的颗粒浓度呈螺旋带状分布;如将排气管管径减少至原直径0.8倍,可使其对2μm颗粒捕集效率提高6.6%,但压力损失提高36.5%;颗粒的凝并作用有利于提高旋风除尘器微细颗粒的捕集效率。     

球柱形旋风除尘器分离性能数值模拟与实验

针对传统柱锥形旋风除尘器存在细颗粒分离效率低的问题,提出了一种新型球柱形旋风除尘器。采用数值模拟和实验研究手段,分析了柱段高度对球柱形旋风除尘器分离特性的影响。模拟结果表明:当球柱形旋风除尘器柱段高度不为零时,随着柱段高度的增加,静压力逐渐变小;球柱形旋风除尘器内流体的切向速度均呈"M"型分布;流体轴向速度随着半径的减小,其绝对值先增大后减小,在中心轴线处又开始增大;流体径向速度均关于中心轴线对称。实验结果表明,当球柱形旋风除尘器柱段高度为150 mm时,总分离效率最高,可达到92.01%。研究结果可为旋风除尘器中细小颗粒分离应用提供指导,对提高5μm以下颗粒分离效率具有重要意义。     

微细水雾除尘技术的实验研究

分析了煤矿并下呼吸性粉尘防治技术现状，并对水的超声雾化技术进行了实验研究，应用回归分析建立了超声雾化性能的数学模型。在分析微细水雾捕尘机理及捕尘水雾凝并沉降技术的基础上，设计了一集微细水雾捕尘-凝聚、凝并降尘-惯性沉降分离为一体的含尘气流净化系统，并对该系统的除尘效率进行了实验研究，建立了相应的数学模型。     

旋风除尘器排尘阀漏风及其对除尘效率的影响初探

排尘口的漏风将明显影响旋风除尘器的除尘效率,这在理论上已十分明确,但是在实践应用中常被人们忽视。本文剖析了几种常见的排尘阀漏风现象及其对旋风除尘器除尘效率的影响,并提出了一些措施建议。     

直筒式旋风脉冲静电除尘器性能研究

实验研究了电压、入口粉尘浓度和入口风速对直筒式旋风脉冲静电除尘器除尘效率的影响,测定了在不同入口风速下除尘器的分级效率.结果表明,脉冲供电能显著提高除尘器的除尘效率和分级效率,在脉冲电压为80 kV、入口粉尘质量浓度为5.0 g/m3N、入口风速为7～10 m/s时,除尘效率在99%以上,并在实验的基础上分析了脉冲供电下除尘器的除尘机理.     

新型电袋复合除尘器性能研究

为了提高布袋除尘器对细微粒子的捕集效率,同时降低压力损失,提出了一种新型的电袋复合除尘器,并利用这种新型的除尘器对2 500目的超细滑石粉进行了实验研究。通过普通布袋过滤、电袋复合过滤的对比实验研究,得到了电场强度、气布比、压损、清灰周期和除尘效率等参数的变化规律。实验结果表明,使用新型的复合除尘器过滤粉尘时,粉尘在进入袋室之前就被荷电,通过在滤料表面施加较强的静电场,使得被处理粉尘在滤料的表面有序堆积和排列,能有效地降低压力损失,提高过滤风速,除尘效率均达到97%以上。Vf=3.5 m/min,U=12.3 kV时,新型复合除尘器与普通布袋过滤相比压力损失降低了90 Pa;PM2.5的捕集效率提高了5.9%;清灰周期从10 min延长至36 min。     

磁场作用下烟气流速对静电旋风除尘器收集微粒影响的模拟研究

为了提高静电旋风除尘器(ECP)中微粒的除尘效率,利用磁场能有效抑制微粒逃逸的机理,将磁场引入ECP中,建立多场耦合作用下的微粒运动数学模型,利用Fluent软件数值模拟了有无磁场环境下烟气流速对微粒逃逸率的影响。结果表明:磁场的引入有效降低了ECP中微粒的逃逸率;低烟气流速更有利于微粒在ECP内的捕集;微粒的除尘效率随着磁感应强度的增加而增大,但这一过程中磁场的贡献量逐步减小。研究结果可为新型ECP的设计提供技术参考。     

旋风除尘器环形空间气流运动的数值研究

运用计算流体力学软件FLUENT,对旋风除尘器内部流场进行了数值模拟,利用模拟结果对旋风除尘器入口不同位置气流在除尘器顶部的环形空间的轨迹进行了分析研究,探明了气流在环形空间的运动规律和基本特征,阐明了旋风除尘器顶部"尘环"形成的根本原因,指出了粉尘发生短路的原因和多发区域并在此基础上就除尘器的增效问题给出了改进方案.     

燃煤颗粒物电除尘器内相互作用模拟

由燃煤电站导致的大气颗粒物污染问题日益严峻,运用颗粒团聚技术实现除尘器内部细颗粒的高效捕集是未来除尘技术发展的重要趋势。为了实现除尘器尾部细颗粒的减排,本模拟对燃煤颗粒物在电除尘器内部不同团聚机理下细颗粒的相互作用进行了研究,基于Fluent软件,利用颗粒群平衡模型(PBM),通过自定义函数(UDF)功能导入团聚核函数分别就细颗粒在热团聚、湍流团聚、电团聚下的团聚情况进行计算。研究结果表明,细颗粒在电场团聚作用下团聚效果最佳,热团聚和湍流团聚效果次之。     

旋流场超细颗粒聚集实验研究

不同粒径分布和浓度的催化裂化(FCC)三旋回收超细催化剂颗粒在旋流场中经过50 h循环回流,颗粒中值粒径变化明显。物料中分散相越多、颗粒粒径越小时,颗粒碰撞越频繁,其聚集趋势越明显。颗粒聚集体在旋流场内不够稳定,通过对比不同进料速率下的旋流场聚集效果,得到最适合颗粒聚集的旋流场雷诺数为20 000。颗粒聚集体存在聚集极限粒径,其最佳聚集时间约为40 h,颗粒聚集后的旋流分离效率提高近5%。     

Toluene vapor capture by activated carbon particles in a dual gas-solid cyclone system

Capturing of odorous compounds such as toluene vapor by a particulate-activated carbon adsorbent was investigated in a gas-solid cyclone, which is one type of mobile beds. The test cyclone was early modified with the post cyclone (PoC) and a spiral flow guide to the vortex finder. The proposed process may contribute to the reduction of gases and dust from industrial exhausts, especially when dealing with a low concentration of odorous elements and a large volume of dust flow. In this device, the toluene capturing efficiency at a 400 ppm concentration rose up to 77.4% when using activated carbon (AC) particles with a median size of 27.03 μm. A maximum 96% of AC particles could be collected for reuse depending on the size and flow rate. The AC regenerated via thermal treatment showed an adsorption potential up to 66.7% throughout repeated tests.

Implications: VOCs and particles have been of interest both in industrial field and public indoor spaces. In this study, a post cyclone (PoC) that utilizes a residual vortex from the mother cyclone was modified by inserting a flow guide and was applied to capture toluene vapor. The device of modified post-cyclone system can be used effectively in simultaneous treatment of gas-solid flow.     

Toluene vapor capture by activated carbon particles in a dual gas-solid cyclone system

Capturing of odorous compounds such as toluene vapor by a particulate-activated carbon adsorbent was investigated in a gas-solid cyclone, which is one type of mobile beds. The test cyclone was early modified with the post cyclone (PoC) and a spiral flow guide to the vortex finder. The proposed process may contribute to the reduction of gases and dust from industrial exhausts, especially when dealing with a low concentration of odorous elements and a large volume ofdust flow. In this device, the toluene capturing efficiency at a 400 ppm concentration rose up to 77.4% when using activated carbon (AC) particles with a median size of 27.03 microm. A maximum 96% of AC particles could be collected for reuse depending on the size and flow rate. The AC regenerated via thermal treatment showed an adsorption potential up to 66.7% throughout repeated tests.     

Ultrafine particle emission from incinerators: the role of the fabric filter

Incinerators are claimed to be responsible of particle and gaseous emissions: to this purpose Best Available Techniques (BAT) are used in the flue-gas treatment sections leading to pollutant emission lower than established threshold limit values. As regard particle emission, only a mass-based threshold limit is required by the regulatory authorities. However; in the last years the attention of medical experts moved from coarse and fine particles towards ultrafine particles (UFPs; diameter less than 0.1 microm), mainly emitted by combustion processes. According to toxicological and epidemiological studies, ultrafine particles could represent a risk for health and environment. Therefore, it is necessary to quantify particle emissions from incinerators also to perform an exposure assessment for the human populations living in their surrounding areas. A further topic to be stressed in the UFP emission from incinerators is the particle filtration efficiency as function of different flue-gas treatment sections. In fact, it could be somehow important to know which particle filtration method is able to assure high abatement efficiency also in terms of UFPs. To this purpose, in the present work experimental results in terms of ultrafine particle emissions from several incineration plants are reported. Experimental campaigns were carried out in the period 2007-2010 by measuring UFP number distributions and total concentrations at the stack of five plants through condensation particle counters and mobility particle sizer spectrometers. Average total particle number concentrations ranging from 0.4 x 10(3) to 6.0 x 10(3) particles cm(-3) were measured at the stack of the analyzed plants. Further experimental campaigns were performed to characterize particle levels before the fabric filters in two of the analyzed plants in order to deepen their particle reduction effect; particle concentrations higher than 1 x 10(7) particles cm(-3) were measured, leading to filtration efficiency greater than 99.99%.     

Calculated Droplet Size Distributions and Opacities of Condensed Sulfuric Acid Aerosols

The properties of condensed polydisperse sulfuric acid aerosols in industrial flue gas were calculated. The condensed aqueous acid volume concentration, composition, droplet size distributions and condensed plume opacity were calculated for typical flue gas compositions, condensation nucleus size distributions and flue gas dilution ratios. The assumed initial flue gas at 170°C contained 0.035 g/acm fly ash particles, 1-20% water vapor, and 1-50 ppmv sulfuric acid vapor. The assumed gas cooling mechanism was by adiabatlc dilution with cool ambient air. Polydisperse droplet growth was calculated by assuming equal surface area increase for each particle. The calculations show that sulfuric acid condensation should have minimal effect on particles larger than 1 μm, but will form a high concentration of particles in the narrow size range of 0.05-0.5 μm diameter. Depending on the initial sulfuric acid and water vapor concentrations in the hot flue gas, the calculated maximum plume opacity following gas dilution ranged from 5% to 25%, compared to 4% for the dry condensation nucleus aerosol.     

Continuous monitoring of ultrafine,fine, and coarse particles in a residence for 18 months in 1999-2000

Continuous monitors were employed for 18 months in an occupied townhouse to measure ultrafine, fine, and coarse particles; air change rates; wind speed and direction; temperature; and relative humidity (RH). A main objective was to document short-term and long-term variation in indoor air concentrations of size-resolved particles (0.01-20 microm) caused by (1) diumal and seasonal variation of outdoor air concentrations and meteorological variables, (2) indoor sources such as cooking and using candles, and (3) activities affecting air change rates such as opening windows and using fans. A second objective was to test and compare available instruments for their suitability in providing real-time estimates of particle levels and ancillary variables. Despite different measuring principles, the instruments employed in this study agreed reasonably well for particles less than 10 microm in diameter. The three instruments measuring fine and coarse particles (aerodynamic diameter between 0.3 and 20 microm) agreed to within 30% in their overall estimates of total volume. Two of these instruments employed optical scattering, and the third used an aerodynamic acceleration principle. However, several lines of evidence indicated that the instrument employing aerodynamic acceleration overestimated concentrations for particle diameters greater than 10 microm. A fourth instrument measuring ultrafine and accumulation-mode particles (0.01-1 microm) was operated with two different inlets providing somewhat different particle size ranges. The two inlets agreed in the ultrafine region (< 0.1 microm) but diverged increasingly for larger particles (up to 0.445 microm). Indoor sources affecting ultrafine particle concentrations were observed 22% of the time, and sources affecting fine and coarse particle concentrations were observed 12 and 15% of the time, respectively. When an indoor source was operating, particle concentrations for different sizes ranged from 2 to 20 times the average concentrations when no indoor source was apparent. Indoor sources, such as cooking with natural gas, and simple physical activities, such as walking, accounted for a majority (50-90%) of the ultrafine and coarse particle concentrations, whereas outdoor sources were more important for accumulation-mode particles between 0.1 and 1 microm in diameter. Averaged for the entire year and including no periods when indoor sources were apparent, the number distribution was bimodal, with a peak at approximately 10 nm (possibly smaller), a shallow minimum at approximately 14 nm, and a second broad peak at approximately 68 nm. The volume distribution was also bimodal, with a broad peak at approximately 200 nm, a minimum at approximately 1.2 microm, and then an upward slope again through the remaining size fractions. A database was created on a 5-min averaging time basis. It contains more than 90,000 measurements by two of the instruments and approximately 30,000 by the two optical scattering instruments. About 4500 hour-long average air change rates were also calculated throughout the year using a dedicated gas chromatograph with electron capture detection (GC/ECD). At high air change rates [> 0.8 air changes per hour (hr(-1))], particle concentrations were either elevated (when no source was present) or depressed (when an indoor source was operating) by factors of up to 2 compared with low air change rates.     

Effect of Dust Concentration Upon the Gas-Flow Capacity of a Cyclonic Collector

The flow rate through an industrial gas-cleaning cyclone at a fixed pressure drop is greater when the incoming gas is dusty than when it is clean. This observation by Briggs for a single cyclone tube was extended to multiple tubes, and ike results compared to observations by Soo and Trezek that the fraction factor for turbulent flow in a pipe is less for dusty gas than for clean. Empirical considerations indicated tJtat both of these observations should be connected with a rather large reduction in gas viscosity due to the dust. This predicted viscosity decrease was later observed. A physical theory accounting for viscosity reduction by a dust cloud is proposed. This effect also offers a means for increasing the heat, transfer coefficient in gas heat exchangers.     

Continuous Monitoring of Ultrafine,Fine, and Coarse Particles in a Residence for 18 Months in 1999-2000

Abstract

Continuous monitors were employed for 18 months in an occupied townhouse to measure ultrafine, fine, and coarse particles; air change rates; wind speed and direction; temperature; and relative humidity (RH). A main objective was to document short-term and long-term variation in indoor air concentrations of size-resolved particles (0.01-20 μm) caused by (1) diurnal and seasonal variation of outdoor air concentrations and meteorological variables, (2) indoor sources such as cooking and using candles, and (3) activities affecting air change rates such as opening windows and using fans. A second objective was to test and compare available instruments for their suitability in providing real-time estimates of particle levels and ancillary variables.

Despite different measuring principles, the instruments employed in this study agreed reasonably well for particles less than 10 μm in diameter. The three instruments measuring fine and coarse particles (aerodynamic diameter between 0.3 and 20 μm) agreed to within 30% in their overall estimates of total volume. Two of these instruments employed optical scattering, and the third used an aerodynamic acceleration principle. However, several lines of evidence indicated that the instrument employing aerodynamic acceleration overestimated concentrations for particle diameters greater than 10 μm. A fourth instrument measuring ultrafine and accumulation-mode particles (0.01-1 μm) was operated with two different inlets providing somewhat different particle size ranges. The two inlets agreed in the ultrafine region (<0.1 μm) but diverged increasingly for larger particles (up to 0.445 μm).

Indoor sources affecting ultrafine particle concentrations were observed 22% of the time, and sources affecting fine and coarse particle concentrations were observed 12 and 15% of the time, respectively. When an indoor source was operating, particle concentrations for different sizes ranged from 2 to 20 times the average concentrations when no indoor source was apparent. Indoor sources, such as cooking with natural gas, and simple physical activities, such as walking, accounted for a majority (50-90%) of the ultrafine and coarse particle concentrations, whereas outdoor sources were more important for accumulation-mode particles between 0.1 and 1 um in diameter. Averaged for the entire year and including no periods when indoor sources were apparent, the number distribution was bimodal, with a peak at ~10 nm (possibly smaller), a shallow minimum at ~14 nm, and a second broad peak at ~68 nm. The volume distribution was also bimodal, with a broad peak at ~200 nm, a minimum at ~1.2 μm, and then an upward slope again through the remaining size fractions.

A database was created on a 5-min averaging time basis. It contains more than 90,000 measurements by two of the instruments and approximately 30,000 by the two optical scattering instruments. About 4500 hour-long average air change rates were also calculated throughout the year using a dedicated gas chromatograph with electron capture detection (GC/ECD). At high air change rates [>0.8 air changes per hour (hr^?1)], particle concentrations were either elevated (when no source was present) or depressed (when an indoor source was operating) by factors of up to 2 compared with low air change rates.