基于指标规范值的室内空气客观评价的概率神经网络模型

为了建立简单、普适、通用的概率神经网络的室内空气评价模型,在适当设定室内空气各项指标的参照值及指标值的规范变换式基础上,使室内空气同级标准不同指标的规范值差异尽可能小,从而用规范值表示的各指标都可用同一个规范指标"等效"替代。因此,概率神经网络隐层各类模式的基函数中心矢量的各指标分量值与同级标准所有15项指标规范值的均值等同。将基于指标规范值的概率神经网络模型用于室内空气的评价实例进行检验,验证了该模型的普适性、通用性和简便性。     

基于感官指数的城市水体景观功能评价

针对城市水体以景观功能为主的典型特点,以及与此对应评价方法的缺失,以昆明翠湖为研究对象,提出了基于感官指数的城市水体景观功能评价方法。选择反映藻类繁殖状况的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、叶绿素(Chl-a)和反映感官性状的透明度(SD)等4个单一指标综合为感官指数,作为景观水质评价因子,结合国内外现有水质标准中涉及到的4个指标的标准值,建立适宜的景观水质评价标准。采用灰色聚类分析法对第三方水质监测数据和指标标准值进行数学解析与拟合。结果表明,该方法的评价结果能很好的反映水体的景观功能现状,并能有效研判同一水体不同区域的景观水质现状,为污染源的解析提供依据。研究成果为城市水体景观功能水质状态评价提供了新的方法和典型案例。     

关于污染指数的合理表达形式及其在环境质量分类中的应用

对于环境的污染程度及其演变趋势的研究.是当前环境质量评价工作中的重要环节。 为了能全面和正确的反映某环境的污染程度,广大的环境科学工作者,常采用均权和加权平均污染指数法。由于不同污染物单一指数的均权迭加,虽然易于计算,但对环境中的效应缺乏考虑,而且也屏蔽了极大值和少数超标较高污染项目的重要影响,因而往往有效性较差,当采用加权平均的办法时,虽然对前者的缺陷有了不同程度的克服,但二次权值的合理     

基于熵权法的中国省级环境绩效指数研究

将熵权法引入环境绩效评估,构建了中国省级环境绩效评估系统框架和评估指标体系,以2009年为评估基准年,系统研究分析了中国30个省份的环境绩效指数特征。结果表明:(1)中国综合环境绩效指数大多数处于良好和优秀水平,其中16个省份处于平均值(76.15)以上,江苏(87.32)和宁夏(64.97)分别排名首位和末位;(2)ArcGIS分级结果显示,中国省级综合环境绩效指数处于优秀和良好水平的省份分别有8个和22个。全国综合环境绩效呈现典型的区域空间分布格局,东部地区综合环境绩效总体优于中部、西部地区,区域环境绩效与区域经济发展水平以及环境治理投入有很大关系;(3)东部环境健康绩效优于西部,且中部和西部该项指标值皆低于全国平均水平。西部地区生态保护绩效劣于全国平均水平。资源与能源可持续利用绩效同样呈现出东部优于中部优于西部的顺序。环境治理绩效表现最优的为中部地区,其次依次是西部、东部地区。(4)熵权法引入到环境绩效评估系统中,可以较为准确地反映环境绩效实际情况,但也有少数评估指标的赋权与实际情况有所偏差,需要进一步加强熵权法应用到环境绩效评估系统中的机制研究。     

水污染指数的综合问题

一、污染物相对污染值迭加型指数的特点我国自1974年开始用水污染指数综合评价水质污染以来,对水污染指数的研究发展很快。如目前各地所使用的计算公式就有10余种,有人还对这个问题进行了专题研究或探讨。这对我国的水污染研究和水污染综合评价工作,都有很大的促进作用。总结一下我国各家所提出的水污染指数,可以看出,基本上全属污染物相对污染值迭加型指数     

大气质量指数的探讨

随着环境科学的发展,为适应大气质量综合评价的需要,从六十年代以来,国内外提出了各种大气质量指数。在设计大气质量指数时,如何建立尽量合理而简单的数学方法,解决加权及污染参数的选择、揭示质量指数的环境涵义,等等,这是质量指数研究中有待探讨的问题。     

浅谈海水溶解氧污染指数计算中的有关问题

分别采用《环境影响评价技术导则地面水环境》(HJ/T 2.3-1993)和《海洋调查规范》(GB 12763.4-2007)中两种不同的公式计算海水饱和溶解氧,探讨了海水溶解氧污染指数计算中存在的问题.结果表明,饱和溶解氧随盐度的增加而逐渐增大,在正常海水盐度范围(25～35)内,两种公式计算所得的饱和溶解氧的相对偏差平均值为10.1％,而由此引起的溶解氧污染指数相对偏差的平均值则高达49.2％.因此,饱和溶解氧的求算公式对溶解氧污染指数的计算结果具有显著影响,海水饱和溶解氧的计算应采用GB 12763.4-2007中的公式,而不能简单套用HJ/T 2.3-1993中的公式.     

典型城市道路雨水径流污染解析和利用标准探讨

作为一种非常规水资源,雨水就地利用可以缓解城市用水矛盾。但其利用程度主要取决于雨水利用水质标准,以确定处理程度和是否弃流初期雨水。然而现行雨水利用的标准不完备,且部分指标尚不明晰。结合典型城市道路雨水径流污染现状解析,发现道路雨水中TSS和COD是主要特征污染物,营养物质和重金属污染相对较轻,且初期雨水弃流对雨水水质有明显的改善作用;综合分析现有雨水利用标准和规范的基础上,提出了雨水不同利用方式的水质建议标准值。针对性探讨其利用的BMPs LID措施,即加强源头污染物及初期雨水的控制、完善雨水利用系统管理,制定出台相应的法规标准。     

湖泊水质的模糊识别评价研究

将评价参数的代表值与水质标准相比较,确定其应归属的水质级别,这就是最基本的单项评价.包含了多个参数的水质综合评价,其最通常的做法是,或用单项评价的最差级别代表综合评价结果,或用综合指数或评分迭加值来表征水质状况.这里,分级的界限是明确的,水质不是属于“清洁”,便是已受“污染”.若以综合指数值0.5作为起始污染的阈值,那么,0.49仍属于“清洁”,而0.51已属于“污染”.这种“非此即彼”的判断与推理属于和现代数学密切相关的普通集合论的范畴. 但是,绝对的突变是不存在的.在自然     

基于内梅罗指数的阳宗海湖滨湿地水环境质量评价

在采集阳宗海湖滨湿地水样并测定水样中富营养化指标和重金属指标的基础上,用内梅罗指数法对不同湖滨湿地区域的水环境质量进行评价。结果表明:TP总平均质量浓度为0.095mg/L,是《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅲ类水标准(0.05mg/L)的1.9倍;COD总平均质量浓度为19.59mg/L,未超过GB 3838—2002Ⅲ类水标准(20mg/L);阳宗海湖滨湿地As污染最为严重,总平均质量浓度为0.112mg/L,超过了GB 3838—2002Ⅴ类水标准(0.10mg/L),Zn、Cu、Cr未超过GB 3838—2002Ⅲ类水标准,Cd、Mn、Ni、Pb、Co未检出;4个湖滨湿地区域富营养化指标的内梅罗指数评价结果均为良好,空间上表现为北部东部南部西部;重金属指标的内梅罗指数评价结果为东部和北部中度污染水平,南部和西部重度污染水平,空间上表现为南部西部东部北部。     

An evaluation approach for livable urban environments

This study proposes a method for evaluating livable urban environments using the analytic hierarchy process, a survey of public opinions (n?=?1,075), and gray relational analysis with a pollutant standards index to estimate the weights of weather, air pollution, and environment aspects and each respective factor. This study investigates the positive or negative correlation of these factors and their effects on livable environment. A value of 100 was designated as the perfect living condition. Results show that the weights of weather, air pollution, and environment aspects were 0.288, 0.395, and 0.317, respectively. The weight ranges of three weather factors, five air pollution factors, and ten environmental factors were 0.311-0.358, 0.191-205, and 0.081-0.116, respectively. The monthly livable index of 28 districts in Taichung City and of 20 cities/counties in Taiwan ranged from 81.1 to 92.4 and from 83.1 to 90.8 in different months, respectively, showing that environmental aspect played a key role. These results demonstrate that the proposed method can provide a quantification index of living conditions in each region, thereby establishing the governmental improvement policy firmly. This study also presents a discussion on improvement strategies, especially on the apportionment rate of governmental construction funds for livable urban environments.     

进水碳负荷浓度对垂直潜流式人工湿地中植物根系微生物动态的影响

植物的不同生长发育阶段是影响根系微生物功能多样性的原因之一。植物的生长改变了微生物的群落结构。在低有机负荷或高有机负荷下,植物幼苗与成苗根系的微生物整体活性均差异明显,一般成苗期具有较高AWCD值。有植物湿地中微生物Simpson和Mcintosh多样性指数在植物成苗期均明显高于幼苗期(P0.05),但Shannon指数变化不明显(P0.05)。无植物湿地中微生物Simpson和Mcintosh指数受季节影响差异显著(P0.05)。主成分和聚类分析结果表明,不同生长发育阶段其微生物种类存在差异,而且不同进水条件下有植物湿地和无植物湿地各自有相似的微生物群体结构。     

Large-scale effects on resistivity index of porous media

The estimation of humidity in the unsaturated zone of soils and NAPL saturation in contaminated aquifers may be based on the interpretation of electrical resistivity index logs. In the present work, concepts of the theory of the two-phase flow in pore networks are employed to interpret the form of the equilibrium and dynamic resistivity index curves of large porous samples. A resistivity cell is constructed to measure the capillary and electrical properties of large samples of unconsolidated porous media. The drainage capillary pressure and resistivity index curves of a sand column are measured by using the micropore membrane (porous plate) method, where a 0.5% wt/vol NaCl aqueous solution is displaced by n-dodecane. The dynamic resistivity index curves are measured by using the continuous injection technique for various orientations of the sand column. Based on concepts of the two-phase flow theory, concerning the dominant displacement growth pattern in a pore network and arising from the cooperative effects of capillary, buoyancy, and viscous forces, approximate relationships are developed for the resistivity index and saturation exponent as functions of the water saturation. The saturation exponent decreases as the displacement advances and the fluid distribution across the sand column tends to be homogenized after oil breakthrough. Both the resistivity index and saturation exponent increase as the displacement pattern tends to become compact and stable. In the destabilized flow pattern, as the Bond number decreases, the resistivity index may increase respectably within a narrow range of values of the Bond number. This happens when the thickness of the unstable capillary finger exceeds the lateral dimension of the porous sample and becomes a fractal percolation cluster. The saturation exponent becomes almost constant and independent of water saturation only over the destabilized displacement pattern at high values of the Bond number.     

Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Metrics

The transport sector emits a wide variety of gases and aerosols, with distinctly different characteristics which influence climate directly and indirectly via chemical and physical processes. Tools that allow these emissions to be placed on some kind of common scale in terms of their impact on climate have a number of possible uses such as: in agreements and emission trading schemes; when considering potential trade-offs between changes in emissions resulting from technological or operational developments; and/or for comparing the impact of different environmental impacts of transport activities.Many of the non-CO₂ emissions from the transport sector are short-lived substances, not currently covered by the Kyoto Protocol. There are formidable difficulties in developing metrics and these are particularly acute for such short-lived species. One difficulty concerns the choice of an appropriate structure for the metric (which may depend on, for example, the design of any climate policy it is intended to serve) and the associated value judgements on the appropriate time periods to consider; these choices affect the perception of the relative importance of short- and long-lived species. A second difficulty is the quantification of input parameters (due to underlying uncertainty in atmospheric processes). In addition, for some transport-related emissions, the values of metrics (unlike the gases included in the Kyoto Protocol) depend on where and when the emissions are introduced into the atmosphere – both the regional distribution and, for aircraft, the distribution as a function of altitude, are important.In this assessment of such metrics, we present Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) as these have traditionally been used in the implementation of climate policy. We also present Global Temperature Change Potentials (GTPs) as an alternative metric, as this, or a similar metric may be more appropriate for use in some circumstances. We use radiative forcings and lifetimes from the literature to derive GWPs and GTPs for the main transport-related emissions, and discuss the uncertainties in these estimates. We find large variations in metric (GWP and GTP) values for NO_x, mainly due to the dependence on location of emissions but also because of inter-model differences and differences in experimental design. For aerosols we give only global-mean values due to an inconsistent picture amongst available studies regarding regional dependence. The uncertainty in the presented metric values reflects the current state of understanding; the ranking of the various components with respect to our confidence in the given metric values is also given. While the focus is mostly on metrics for comparing the climate impact of emissions, many of the issues are equally relevant for stratospheric ozone depletion metrics, which are also discussed.     

Chiral organochlorine pesticides in the atmosphere

We measured the enantiomeric fractions (EF) of various organochlorine pesticides in air samples from Indiana, Arkansas, and Louisiana collected in 2002–2003. Enantiomeric fractions for o,p′-DDD are reported here for the first time, and they suggest preferential depletion of one enantiomer over the other, with a mean value of 0.44. For the chlordanes, the EFs followed the same trends as reported in previous studies. EF values for trans-chlordane (TC) were slightly below 0.5, and values for cis-chlordane (CC) were slightly above 0.5. For cis-heptachlor epoxide (HEPX), the EF values averaged 0.65, indicating a clear preferential depletion of the (−)-enantiomer. For TC and CC, no clear distinction could be made between the values measured among the three sites, suggesting that it is not possible to use these EF values as “source signatures”. For HEPX, the Indiana site had significantly higher EF values than did the Arkansas site; this difference may reflect differences in the historic use of heptachlor in these two regions.     

On enumeration of congeners of common persistent organic pollutants

Congeners are molecules based on the same carbon skeleton but different by the number of substituents and/or a substitution pattern. Various Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) exist in the environment as families of halogen substituted congeners and/or their hydroxyl and methoxy substituted derivatives. Numbers of possible congeners resulting from substitution of a parent POP molecule with only one type of chemical group are generally available. At the same time, numbers of mixed-substituent congeners have not been counted and presented yet, although there is an increasing interest in such as is the increasing number of research articles presenting results on already identified Cl−/Br−mixed type congeners and/or their HO-/CH₃O-mixed metabolites. We have enumerated and counted possible mixed-substituent congeners of common POPs. This article presents the obtained numbers for congener families of benzene, naphthalene, biphenyl, diphenyl ether, dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran, anthracene, pyrene and others and obtained by substitution of up to five chemical group types.     

The influence of copper on tebuconazole sorption onto soils, humic substances, and ferrihydrite

The aim of this study is to investigate how the presence of Cu influences tebuconazole (Teb) sorption onto contrasting soil types and two important constituents of the soil sorption complex: hydrated Fe oxide and humic substances. Tebuconazole was used in commercial form and as an analytical-grade chemical at different Teb/Cu molar ratios (1:4, 1:1, 4:1, and Teb alone). Increased Cu concentrations had a positive effect on tebuconazole sorption onto most soils and humic substances, probably as a result of Cu?Teb tertiary complexes on the soil surfaces. Tebuconazole sorption increased in the following order of different Teb/Cu ratios 1:4?>?1:1?>?4:1?>?without Cu addition, with the only exception for the Leptosol and ferrihydrite. The highest K _f value was observed for humic substances followed by ferrihydrite, the Cambisol, the Arenosol, and the Leptosol. The sorption of analytical-grade tebuconazole onto all matrices was lower, but the addition of Cu supported again tebuconazole sorption. The Teb/Cu ratio with the highest Cu addition (1:4) exhibited the highest K _f values in all matrices with the exception of ferrihydrite. The differences in tebuconazole sorption can be attributed to the additives present in the commercial product. This work proved the importance of soil characteristics and composition of the commercially available pesticides together with the presence of Cu on the behavior of tebuconazole in soils.     

Investigation into the use of satellite data in aiding characterization of particulate air quality in the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area

Poor air quality episodes occur often in metropolitan Atlanta, GA. The primary focus of this research is to assess the capability of satellites as a tool in characterizing air quality in Atlanta. Results indicate that intracity PM2.5 (particulate matter < or = 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter) concentrations show similar patterns as other U.S. urban areas, with the highest concentrations occurring within the city. PM2.5 and MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) aerosol optical depth (AOD) have higher values in the summer than spring, yet MODIS AOD doubles in the summer unlike PM2.5. Most (80%) of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument aerosol index (AI) is below 0.5 with little differences between spring and summer. Using this value as a constraint of the carbonaceous aerosol signal in the urban area, aerosol transport events such as wildfire smoke associated with higher positive AI values can be identified. The results indicate that MODIS AOD is well correlated with PM2.5 on a yearly and seasonal basis with correlation coefficients as high as 0.8 for Terra and 0.7 for Aqua. A possible alternative view of the PM2.5 and AOD relationship is seen through the use of AOD thresholds. These probabilistic thresholds provide a means to describe the air quality index (AQI) through the use of multiyear AOD records for a specific area. The National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are used to classify the AOD into different AQI codes and probabilistically determine thresholds of AOD that represent most of a specific AQI category. For example, 80% of cases of moderate AQI days have AOD values between 0.5 and 0.6. The development of AOD thresholds provides a useful tool for evaluating air quality from the use of satellites in regions where there are sparse ground-based measurements of PM2.5.     

Harbour of Ravenna: The contribution of harbour traffic to air quality

Ravenna is one of the main Italian ports and has assumed a leadership position in Italy for some products and markets. The commercial harbour and the adjacent industrial area are very important for the economic system of Ravenna but, at the same time, they are highly critical areas.In particular, on average 8000 ships per year pass through the harbour of Ravenna, influencing air quality in harbour environment.The paper originates from a study about the contribution of different sources of air pollution in Ravenna and its aim is to evaluate the maritime traffic contribution to the air quality in the port area and to determine the suitability of an urban air quality model to support the air quality management in Ravenna. NO_x and PM are selected as modelled pollutants.The study is made up of two parts. The first deals with the evaluation of annual emission of PM₁₀ and NO_x coming from ships through a standard European methodology while in the second we simulated the diffusion of these pollutants in the whole area. In order to evaluate the capability of the model to treat maritime traffic emissions, we compared hour-by-hour simulated concentrations with data collected by a fixed monitoring station located near the Candiano Canal.NO_x concentrations obtained by short- and long-term simulations show a good match with the values measured by the fixed monitoring station, located in the centre of harbour area, and these results are also supported by FA2 performance index.Instead the omission of the secondary particulate and the contribution of other sources of particulate matter in the port area are probably the most important causes of the PM₁₀ underestimation.The worse results obtained according to the performance indexes indicate the need to consider the formation and transport of secondary particulate matter in order to obtain more reliable predictions.