二噁英对免疫系统影响的研究进展

二噁英是持久性有机污染物的一种,它对人体健康的影响是多方面的,包括引起氯痤疮、诱发肿瘤、导致畸形、内分泌干扰、免疫毒性和肝毒性等等.本文着重总结了在二噁英对免疫系统的影响方面最近的研究进展.研究表明,二噁英可以从多方面干扰免疫系统的功能,它可以影响机体的体液和细胞免疫、超敏反应、自身免疫以及影响免疫细胞本身的活性,同时...     

环境污染物免疫毒性及其研究技术

随着免疫毒理学的发展以及人类对免疫毒性的认识,外源物质的免疫毒性逐渐成为毒理学研究热点。国内外诸多研究表明,多数环境污染物具有免疫毒性,并且不同的污染物产生免疫毒性的作用机制也不同。论文介绍了免疫毒性的基本概念和主要研究技术,综述了这些研究技术在当前环境污染物的免疫毒性研究中的应用,并提出了免疫毒性研究发展中的不足。     

细颗粒物的免疫毒性研究进展

近年来,我国机动车数目迅猛增加及以煤炭为主的能源消耗大幅攀升,区域灰霾现象频发,细颗粒物的环境空气污染问题日益凸显.细颗粒物由于其成分、粒径与来源等的多样性,对健康的影响更为严重和复杂.细颗粒物可通过破坏组织屏障、损伤免疫细胞、调节细胞因子的分泌等方式影响免疫系统的功能,与多种慢性炎症性疾病的发生发展密切相关,但其致病机制尚未阐明.本文对细颗粒物致人体的免疫毒性效应及其可能机制进行综述,并提出今后开展此类研究的建议.     

雌激素受体作为壬基酚的主要作用靶点导致机体免疫毒性

雌激素作为一类重要的性腺类固醇化学信使,已经被证实能够直接调节机体免疫反应,因此,一些具有拟雌激素特性的环境内分泌干扰物(endocrine disruptors,EDs),会通过影响雌激素相关信号通路对免疫系统产生干扰作用。壬基酚(nonylphenol,NP)作为典型的环境内分泌干扰物,已有大量的文献报道其通过拟雌激素特性或干扰雌激素的合成、分泌、转运以及与靶点的结合,破坏机体生殖功能以及神经-免疫-内分泌系统,影响整体生理平衡与稳定。近年来,NP对免疫系统的干扰作用逐渐引起重视,研究发现,NP暴露会引起小鼠免疫器官及免疫细胞的发育异常,并且会导致新生小鼠肝毒性,肝脏细胞内炎性因子TNF-α、IL-1β分泌增加。除NP作为配体干扰雌激素信号通路外,尚未发现其他明确的分子机制解释NP造成的免疫毒性。本综述主要结合近年来相关的实验结果,总结了NP对免疫系统的潜在影响及其可能的分子机制。     

典型环境污染物对肠道菌群的影响及机制研究进展

随着环境污染日益严重,国内外有关环境污染物导致健康风险的毒性机制研究已引起广泛关注.然而,环境污染物对机体肠道菌群结构、功能的改变及其对毒性效应的调控作用研究尚处起步阶段.本综述在归纳近年来国内外人体及模式生物的肠道菌群研究进展的基础上,重点阐述了以重金属污染物、微纳米颗粒污染物、持久性有机污染物以及抗生素为代表的典型环境污染物对肠道菌群结构、组成、数量以及代谢等的影响,总结了肠道菌群在机体毒性效应中潜在调控作用,为后续肠道菌群在环境污染物毒理学效应及人类健康风险方面的系统研究提供理论参考.     

农药的内分泌干扰研究

环境污染物引起的内分泌干扰成为全球性环境问题之一.本文介绍了内分泌干扰物的检测方法.并从除草剂、杀虫剂、杀菌剂等三个方面介绍了农药所引起的内分泌干扰现象.在此基础上,简介手性农药内分泌干扰问题的重要性和研究现状,并进行展望.     

常见环境污染物致斑马鱼机体氧化应激的研究进展

近年来,随着我国城市化和工业化进程的快速发展,水环境污染问题日趋严重,对生态环境和人类健康构成潜在威胁.氧化应激是机体促氧化物产生和清除之间出现失衡的一种状态,被认为是影响许多疾病发生发展的重要因素,是水环境污染物对生物体产生毒性的重要途径之一.本文基于重金属、农药和新兴污染物等常见环境污染物对斑马鱼所产生的氧化应激反应进行综述,以期为开展污染物损伤生物体的监控预警及疾病预防提供一定参考依据.     

微塑料与有毒污染物相互作用及联合毒性作用研究进展

随着塑料产品的广泛应用,微塑料(microplastics,MPs)污染已经成为全球关注的重大环境问题.海洋中的MPs能够与有毒污染物(如有机污染物、重金属和纳米颗粒等)发生相互作用,对海洋生物产生复合效应.因此,MPs与环境中有毒污染物的联合毒性效应越来越引起人们的关注.本文首先概括总结出MPs对海洋生物的毒性效应及致毒机制,包括遮蔽效应、氧化应激、免疫毒性、生殖毒性、遗传毒性、神经毒性和行为毒性等方面:随后分别讨论了MPs和有机污染物、重金属以及人工纳米颗粒的联合毒性效应,从微塑料对污染物的吸附、富集和载体效应着手分析微塑料与污染物之间的相互作用,凝练得出MPs增强或抑制污染物毒性的作用机制,包括微塑料改变污染物的生物可利用性、微塑料改变生物体对污染物的胁迫响应、微塑料与污染物发生交互作用等;最后对微塑料与有毒污染物联合毒作用研究的发展方向进行了展望,建议在未来研究中重点关注环境特征的次生微塑料与有毒污染物相互作用的环境行为和生物效应,特别是通过食物链的传递作用.以期为准确评估和深入理解微塑料的海洋环境和人类健康风险提供理论依据.     

环境污染物诱导神经毒性的表观遗传机制研究进展

表观遗传修饰与神经系统功能密切相关,其在环境污染物暴露致神经毒性中的作用机制已引起广泛关注。本文综述了重金属、有机污染物和空气颗粒物等典型环境污染物对人体和模式生物表观遗传修饰(DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰和ncRNA等)和神经系统功能的影响,指出环境污染物可直接或(通过引起氧化胁迫)间接改变表观遗传修饰状态,导致相关基因表达失调,从而诱导一系列神经毒性,并提出当前研究存在的局限性。建议未来针对污染物的神经毒性机制研究,应着重关注组蛋白修饰和ncRNA以及不同类型表观遗传修饰之间的交互作用;同时,环境污染物复合暴露导致神经毒性的表观遗传机制有待深入研究;如何从表观遗传角度解释环境污染物诱导神经毒性的年龄易感性及性别特异性也值得进一步探讨。     

序言

<正>汞是毒性最强的重金属污染物之一,已被我国和联合国环境规划署、世界卫生组织、欧盟及美国环境保护署等机构列为优先控制污染物。汞污染的严重性和复杂性远远超过常规污染物,甚至在某些方面超过持久性有机污染物。汞的形态不同,其毒性相差很大。甲基汞是毒性最强的汞化合物,具有高神经毒性、致癌性、心血管毒性、生殖毒性、免疫系统效应和肾脏毒性等。无机汞的毒性相对较弱。虽然人类活动向环境排放的都是无     

Organochlorine residues in the avifauna of Tamil Nadu (Southeast coast of India)

Pollution due to persistent pesticides is not a regional but a global problem. Organochlorine pesticides are persistent chemicals, stored and accumulated in the tissues of a wide variety of invertebrates and vertebrates including marine species. In the present study the organochlorine residues HCHs, DDTs and PCBs were measured in different trophic groups of birds (scavengers, inland piscivores, coastal piscivores, insectivores, granivores and omnivores) collected from Tamil Nadu Coast, India. The residue accumulation as a function of sex did not depict distinct variation. However, females had lower residue levels than males in terms of their mean weight and feeding habits. A continuous monitoring programme is recommended to establish the studied organisms as indicator species.     

Organochlorine residues in the avifauna of Tamil Nadu (Southeast coast of India)

Pollution due to persistent pesticides is not a regional but a global problem. Organochlorine pesticides are persistent chemicals, stored and accumulated in the tissues of a wide variety of invertebrates and vertebrates including marine species. In the present study the organochlorine residues HCHs, DDTs and PCBs were measured in different trophic groups of birds (scavengers, inland piscivores, coastal piscivores, insectivores, granivores and omnivores) collected from Tamil Nadu Coast, India. The residue accumulation as a function of sex did not depict distinct variation. However, females had lower residue levels than males in terms of their mean weight and feeding habits. A continuous monitoring programme is recommended to establish the studied organisms as indicator species.     

水生态模拟系统及其在化学品生态风险评估中的应用

水生态模拟系统是用于高层次化学品生态风险评估的测试模型,目前在国外已经广泛用于工业化学品、农药、兽药、重金属等单一化学物质和复杂混合物的生态风险评估研究,而我国的相关研究比较匮乏。随着我国化学品风险评估体系的完善,水生态模拟系统测试必将作为作为单一生物毒性测试的有效补充。在此背景下,简述了水生态模拟系统的分类、研究方法和结果外推方法;从单一化学物质暴露作用下的生态危害评估、多种化学物质联合暴露作用下的生态危害评估以及目标化学物质的归趋分析三个方面阐述了水生态模拟系统在国内外化学品风险评估科学研究中的应用,对比了水生态模拟系统和单一物种毒性测试结果和基于两种测试数据的生态危害评估结果。与此同时,分析了水生态模拟系统在国内外化学品环境管理中的应用情况。在此基础上,对我国发展水生态模拟系统所存在的问题及解决方案提出了建议。     

Hormonaktive Xenobiotika

Developmental and reproductive processes are most sensitive to the toxic effects of environmental chemicals. Especially alarming is the fact that many groups of industrial chemicals and pesticides are capable of disrupting the endocrine system in man and animals. Of great concern is the reduction in the sperm count in Europe, but also the worldwide increase in a great number of reproductive and developmental disturbances observed in both man and wildlife. A correlation to a high chemical burden has been demonstrated for many different animal species as well as for women. An important consideration in assessing the potential effects of environmental chemicals on the endocrine system is the time at which such an exposure occurs. In the adult organism, hormones initiate functional processes; these effects are usually transient. In early life, hormones control developmental processes and are capable of producing permanent changes in organ structure and function (organizational effects). Therefore, chemical disruption of hormonal functions during development can result in permanent functional changes of the afflicted organ.     

Early life environment and developmental immunotoxicity in inflammatory dysfunction and disease

Components of the innate immune system such as macrophages and dendritic cells are instrumental in determining the fate of immune responses and are, also, among the most sensitive targets of early life environmental alterations including developmental immunotoxicity (DIT). DIT can impede innate immune cell maturation, disrupt tissue microenvironment, alter immune responses to infectious challenges, and disrupt regulatory responses. Dysregulation of inflammation, such as that observed with DIT, has been linked with an increased risk of chronic inflammatory diseases in both children and adults. In this review, we discuss the relationship between early-life risk factors for innate immune modulation and promotion of dysregulated inflammation associated with chronic inflammatory disease. The health risks from DIT-associated inflammation may extend beyond primary immune dysfunction to include an elevated risk of several later-life, inflammatory-mediated diseases that target a wide range of physiological systems and organs. For this reason, determination of innate immune status should be an integral part of drug and chemical safety evaluation.     

Effect of Widespread Agricultural Chemical Use on Butterfly Diversity across Turkish Provinces

Although agricultural intensification is thought to pose a significant threat to species, little is known about its role in driving biodiversity loss at regional scales. I assessed the effects of a major component of agricultural intensification, agricultural chemical use, and land‐cover and climatic variables on butterfly diversity across 81 provinces in Turkey, where agriculture is practiced extensively but with varying degrees of intensity. I determined butterfly species presence in each province from data on known butterfly distributions and calculated agricultural chemical use as the proportion of agricultural households that use chemical fertilizers and pesticides. I used constrained correspondence analyses and regression‐based multimodel inference to determine the effect of environmental variables on species composition and richness, respectively. The variation in butterfly species composition across the provinces was largely explained (78%) by the combination of agricultural chemical use, particularly pesticides, and climatic and land‐cover variables. Although overall butterfly richness was primarily explained by climatic and land‐cover variables, such as the area of natural vegetation cover, threatened butterfly richness and the relative number of threatened butterfly species decreased substantially as the proportion of agricultural households using pesticides increased. These findings suggest that widespread use of agricultural chemicals, or other components of agricultural intensification that may be collinear with pesticide use, pose an imminent threat to the biodiversity of Turkey. Accordingly, policies that mitigate agricultural intensification and promote low‐input farming practices are crucial for protecting threatened species from extinction in rapidly industrializing nations such as Turkey. Efectos del Uso Extensivo de Agroquímicos sobre la Diversidad de Mariposas en Provincias Turcas     

Insecticidal and antifungal chemicals produced by plants: a review

Leaf-cutting ants of the Attini tribe are a major pest of agricultural and forestry productions in the New World. Economic losses caused by these ants were estimated at several million dollars per year. These ants need to live in symbiosis with a basidiomycete fungus. Due to their mutualistic interaction with the symbiotic fungus, management of Attini ants can be done with insecticides or fungicides or both. So far, synthetic pesticides were the main control means, albeit with negative effects on the environment. Very few studies describe alternative methods for the control of leaf-cutting ants such as the use of insecticidal and fungicidal plant extracts. There is therefore a need of knowledge on phytochemicals and plants that could be used as insecticides and fungicides. Here, we review chemicals of plant origin and species with insecticidal and fungicidal activities. We establish a list of plants and phytochemicals that could manage leaf-cutting ants and also other insects, notably insects that use fungus-based agriculture. An exhaustive literature search of 1965 references from 1923 to 2010 was conducted using scientific databases, chemical databases, botanical databases, and books to identify published papers related to insecticidal and fungicidal chemical compounds stemmed from plant species. The major points are the following: (1) 119 and 284 chemicals have been cited in the literature for their insecticidal and fungicidal activities, respectively; (2) 656 and 1,064 plant species have significant insecticidal and fungicidal activities, respectively; (3) 3 main chemical classes were most cited for these activities: alkaloids, phenolics, and terpenoids; (4) 20 interesting chemicals with the both insecticidal and fungicidal activities were found; and (5) 305 plant species containing these chemicals were cited. To conclude, 20 chemicals: caryophyllene oxide, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, helenalin, linalool, menthone, myristicin, pulegone, thymol, anethole, anisaldehyde, elemicin, isopimpinellin, plumbagin, podophyllotoxin, psoralen, xanthotoxin, anonaine, solamargine, and tomatine; two main plant families, Lamiaceae and Apiaceae; and 17 species of these families were particularly interesting for the management of leaf-cutting ants.     

典型氯酚类化合物对水生生物的毒性研究进展

氯酚类化合物(CPs)是一类广泛存在于水环境中的有机污染物。这类化合物具有环境稳定性、生物累积性和生物毒性,因而其在水环境中的生态毒理效应一直是人们关注的焦点。在水体中存在最普遍的酚类化合物主要有2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP),2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)和五氯酚(PCP)。本文对近几年来这3种典型氯酚类化合物的水生态毒理学研究进行了总结,主要包括它们对水生生物的急性毒性、氧化损伤、发育毒性、内分泌干扰、遗传毒性、致癌性、免疫毒性、细胞毒性以及复合毒性的效应和机制,同时对目前存在的问题和进一步的研究方向进行了讨论和展望。     

Interactions of Endocrine-active environmental chemicals with the nuclear receptor PXR

There is growing concern about the human-health impact of environmental chemicals that have the potential to disrupt normal endocrine function. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) include structurally diverse organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), plasticizers, fungicides, herbicides and pharmaceutical compounds, and can have a profound impact on development, and on reproductive, neurological and immune system functions. While many studies have focused on the role of androgen receptor, estrogen receptor and aryl hydrocarbon receptor in mediating the effects of EDCs, other nuclear receptors that regulate steroid hormone action and metabolism may also serve as targets of EDC action. This review focuses on two classes of EDCs, PCBs and phthalate monoesters, both of which have been shown to interact with pregnane X receptor (PXR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that regulates a large number of target genes, many of which have important roles in steroid metabolism and transport. Recent findings on the ability of PCBs and phthalate monoesters to activate PXR are discussed and the potential role of PXR and other intracellular receptor proteins in mediating toxicities associated with EDC exposure is considered. Finally, we discuss several gaps in our knowledge regarding the actions of EDCs and the difficulties associated with the evaluation of risks associated with exposure to these endocrine active environmental chemicals.     

评估斑马鱼胚胎毒性试验在农药危害筛选中的应用

考虑到人类社会中大量使用化学物质，想要准确有效地评估这些化学物质对人类和生态受体的潜在风险，研发有效的手段和方法是至关重要的。鱼胚胎急性毒性试验是其中一种工具，已表现出与幼鱼急性毒性标准试验的预测结果高度吻合，而幼鱼试验对资源消耗更多。然而，也有证据表明，对于某些类型的化学物质，包括神经毒素，鱼类胚胎的敏感性低于幼鱼。本文利用已发表的斑马鱼胚胎毒性数据，与3种常用检测用鱼幼鱼(虹鳟鱼、蓝鳃太阳鱼、羊鲷)的半致死浓度50%(LC₅₀)数据进行比较，研究了鱼类胚胎对农药危害评估的效用。在将农药视为单因素的情况下，斑马鱼胚胎和幼鱼毒性数据相关性较差，差异显著(r²=0.28；p2=0.64；p 精选自Glaberman, S., Padilla, S. and Barron, M. G. (2017), Evaluating the zebrafish embryo toxicity test for pesticide hazard screening. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 36: 1221–1226. doi: 10.1002/etc.3641
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3641/full