虎纹蛙和大树蛙肾细胞超微结构及其与环境适应性的关系

用透射电镜比较了大树蛙和虎纹蛙肾细胞的超微结构，大树蛙近曲小管上皮细胞具发达的质膜内褶迷路，虎纹蛙近曲小管上皮细胞无比结构；小树蛙远曲小管上皮细胞含丰富的质膜内褶，虎纹蛙远曲小管上皮细胞的质膜内褶较少；两种蛙的集合管上皮细胞都有质膜内褶迷路；结果表明，虎纹蛙和大树蛙之间肾细胞超微结构特征的差异是与它们不同的栖息环境和生态习性相适应的。     

江西鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区两栖动物资源现状及保护对策

近年来我国两栖动物受胁迫物种增多,并且总体数量呈下降趋势,两栖动物及其栖息地保护迫在眉睫。为阐明鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区两栖动物资源现状,于2018年4、6和8月,运用样线法调查该区域两栖动物物种组成、种群数量及栖息地利用状况,以期为鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区两栖动物保护提出针对性建议。该研究共观测到两栖动物8种,隶属于1目4科,其中包括1种国家Ⅱ级保护动物[虎纹蛙(Hoplobatrachus chinensis)]及5种国家"三有"保护动物。泽陆蛙(Fejervarya multistriata)为保护区优势种(共计3 432只,占总个体数的64.93%)。两栖动物物种数、个体数和物种多样性在调查月份间无显著差异。而栖息地类型对两栖动物数量和Pielou均匀度指数具有显著影响。两栖动物对栖息地的偏好及自身生态位宽度是影响该地区两栖动物分布的主要因素。     

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对泥鳅的急性毒性和组织损伤

将泥鳅暴露于甲维盐进行急性毒性实验，依据概率单位法计量不同暴露时间甲维盐相应的半致死浓度以及安全浓度。结果表明，甲维盐对泥鳅的 48 hLC5为 14.137 mg·L-1，96 hLC50为 6.765 mg·L-1。甲维盐浓度与泥鳅的死亡率呈现明显的剂量效应关系。随着暴露时间延长，半数致死浓度降低，安全浓度降低。采用组织学方法评估了不同浓度的甲维盐暴露下，泥鳅视网膜、皮肤、鳃的组织学结构变化。在 20 mg·L-1甲维盐急性暴露下，泥鳅皮肤出现脂褐质沉积、分泌细胞减少、神经丘细胞大量丢失。同时甲维盐能够造成视网膜变薄，视细胞的內节/外节丢失，引起视觉障碍。     

铝对豌豆根边缘细胞存活率和粘胶层厚度的影响

根边缘细胞（Root border cells）是从根冠游离并聚集在根尖周围的一群特殊细胞，铝毒的作用部位正是根尖，因此推测边缘细胞在铝毒反应中起着重要作用。作者研究了不同铝浓度（0、50、100、250、500μmol／L AlCl3（含0．1mmol／L CaCl2，pH4．5）与离体豌豆（Pisum Sativum）根边缘细胞共培养1h、2h、4h、6h、8h、24h后根边缘细胞存活率、粘胶层厚度及细胞数量的变化，以揭示铝毒胁迫边缘细胞的响应。结果为：随着处理时间的延长，边缘细胞的存活率明艰下降；在0～100μmol／L铝浓度范围，边缘细胞存活率有随铝浓度升高而降低的趋势；8h及24h边缘细胞存活率为铝浓度500μmol／L时显著高于0、50、100和250μmol／L时，6h边缘细胞存活率为250和500μmol／L铝浓度时显著高于0、50、100μmol／L AlCl3时。随处理时间延长，边缘细胞数量降低，铝浓度100，250和500μmol／L时边缘细胞数量低于0和50μmol／L时，且铝浓度越高，细胞数量越少；随处卵时间延长和铝浓度升高，粘胶层相对面积增加，铝浓度500和250μmol／L时粘胶层相对面积增加尤为明湿。通过与pH7．01水溶液及pH4．50水溶液中粘胶层变化的比较，发现粘胶层在铝处理8h后出现一个峰值，可能是粘胶物质的诱导合成和分泌。研究结果表明，铝毒对根边缘细胞具有致死效应，这种致死效应在一定浓度范围符合剂量依数性关系，高浓度时则边缘细胞存活率反而升高，这与根边缘细胞对铝毒作出的适应性响应——粘胶层的增厚和细胞降解增强有关。粘胶层起着保护和减轻边缘细胞铝毒的作用。     

海水养虾池细菌数量动态及细菌生产力的研究

对5个海水养虾池细菌数量动态及细菌生产力的研究结果表明：水层细菌数在不同试验池及同一池塘不同采样时间均呈现较大波动．细菌密度在底水层明显高于表水层，且同一虾池细菌密度在水平分布上极具不均匀性．底泥中细菌数在采样期稳定增加并与底泥中有机物含量呈现显著正相关,随着泥层加厚，细菌密度呈V型分布，最大密度出现在表层1cm之内，2cm以下泥层，细菌密度明显减小原位（in－situ）实验测定所得虾池细菌生产力ρ4（C）·t－1＝86．10～343．25mg·m－2·d－1，是浮游植物初级生产力的10％～19％     

亚硒酸盐对蚕豆根尖细胞的遗传损伤效应

采用蚕豆根尖微核实验和姊妹染色单体交换实验，研究亚硒酸盐的遗传损伤效应．结果表明：0．1～50．0μg／g的亚硒酸氢钠(NaHSeO3)处理12h可诱发蚕豆根尖细胞遗传损伤，导致根尖细胞有丝分裂指数下降，间期具有微核的细胞数显著增多，姐妹染色单体交换(SCE)频率明显增高；且根尖微核细胞率与处理浓度间具有正相关，分裂指数与处理浓度间呈负线性相关，分裂指数与微核率之间表现负相关．研究结果提示：硒能破坏生物的遗传稳定性，职业接触或饮食补硒时应避免其毒害作用．图1表4参17     

杉木人工林林下植物物种多样性的动态特征

研究不同生长发育阶段杉木林林下植物演替过程的动态特征，结果表明：偶然种伴生阶段（幼龄林阶段），林下植物种类组成和数量第一次繁荣，结构比较简单；林下植物贫乏阶段（郁闭阶段），种类和数量较少，结构简单；林下植物相对稳定阶段（近成熟林和成熟林阶段），种类组成和数量不断增加，群落呈现稳定的杉木层、灌木层和草本层的三层结构；入侵性演替阶段（老龄林阶段），种类组成和数量再度繁盛，一些阔叶树种生长进和乔木层，形成具有多物种和多层次的群落结构。不同生长发育阶段的杉木林林下植物α多样性存在明显差异和波动性。幼林阶段林下植物总体和灌木层的丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数均较高；林分郁闭阶段各指数有明显下降；随后又有所增加，至老龄杉木林阶段达到量大值；在3a、9a和31a杉木林中，物种多样性垂直结构表现出灌木层＞草本层＞藤本植物的格局；在20a杉木林中，物种多样性垂直结构则表现出草本层＞灌木层＞藤本植物的格局；在56a老龄林中，物种多样性垂直结构表现出灌木层＞乔木层＞藤本植物＞草本层的格局。表3参6     

五氯酚对鱼鳃丝组织结构及电解质元素的影响

利用场发射扫描电镜观察了罗非鱼在0．05mg L^-1和0．10mg L^-1五氯酚(PCP)中暴露3d，7d和10d后鳃丝上皮组织结构的变化，以及扫描电镜／X-射线能谱联用仪定量分析鳃丝中主要电解质元素Na，Ca和Cl的变化．与CK比较，随着暴露时问的延长和暴露浓度的增加，泌氯细胞出现的密度增加，部分泌氯细胞个体的面积也增大，扁平上皮细胞的微脊碎片数量增加，排列散乱，细胞受损现象明显；鳃丝中Na，Ca和Cl元素的含量总体上呈下降的趋势，在一定程度上说明与Ca^2 、Na^ 和Cl^-运转有关的酶的活性受到抑制．图2参14     

中亚热带丝栗栲次生林群落高度级结构分析

以高度级为参考坐标，应用衡量优势种群及群落结构动态的失稳率、群落垂直空间的分享度、α—多样性及群落高度级梯度β—多样性等指标对中亚热带丝栗栲次生林群落高度级结构特征及其动态进行分析评价。结果表明：丝栗栲群落及其优势种群个体数、群落物种数和种对级的分享度随高度级增加都呈下降趋势；各高度级物种数和个体数呈明显的正相关关系；级间失稳率显示，群落在第2、3、6、7高度级呈增长趋势，第4、5高度级呈衰退趋势，群落整体具有增长性结构；群落随高度级形成丰富度指数(dMa)、Shannon—Wiener指数(H)逐渐降低，均匀度指数(J)先增后减的变化趋势；随高度级梯度的增加，群落相邻高度级间Whittaker指数(βw)呈上升趋势，而Mofisita—Horn指数(CMH)呈不规则地跳跃式变化，表现了共有种在群落不同高度级的数量差异。图3表2参15。     

天童森林生态系统凋落物层跳虫群落的生态学研究

为了解浙江天童森林生态系统凋落物层跳虫群落的生态特征,于2009年12月至2010年9月对天童常绿阔叶林演替系列固定样地灌丛、马尾松林、木荷林、栲树林凋落物层的跳虫群落,按新鲜凋落物层、腐叶层和腐殖土层进行了详细的四季调查研究。共获跳虫标本15 108个,分别隶属于4目,14科其中优势类群为等节虫兆科Isotomidae、棘虫兆科Onychiuridae和长角虫兆科Entomobryidae,三者共占总数的78.35%。对调查结果的分析表明：（1）4种林型凋落物层跳虫群落随植物群落的演替而发生明显的变化,个体总数和多样性指数均在演替初期较低,中后期较高;（2）跳虫的类群数和个体数量在凋落物中呈现垂直分布现象,总体表现为向下递增的趋势,大量的跳虫个体集中分布在中间腐叶层和底部腐殖土层,分别占总数的33.94%和55.99%;（3）跳虫数量的季节变化为：秋季〉夏季〉春季〉冬季。     

Vision in the lanternfish Stenobrachius leucopsarus (Myctophidae)

The visual system of the midwater fish Stenobrachius leucopsarus (Myctophidae) has been studied by biochemical, anatomical, and electrophysiological methods. Partial bleaching analysis in the presence of hydroxylamine showed that the eye contains a single extractable photopigment, based on retinal and absorbing maximally at 492 nm. The photoreceptor population consists entirely of rods, approximately 5.0×10⁵ rods per mm² and 1.8×10⁷ per retina. Visual sensitivity is enhanced by the lack of pigment granules in the pigment epithelium and the presence of a choroidal tapetum lucidum. Influenced by the high concentration of visual pigment, the spectral sensitivity has a broad plateau between 460 and 540 nm, which suggests that the eye retains high sensitivity to a diversity of bioluminescent stimuli and depth-attenuated solar light.     

Vision in the rufus snake eel,<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Ophichthus rufus</Emphasis>: adaptive mechanisms for a burrowing life-style

A unique retinal topography was found in the rufus snake eel, Ophichthus rufus, a burrowing fish that shows a preference for nocturnal habits. The cells in the ganglion-cell layer formed a high-density semicircular band that covered the dorso-rostral, temporal and ventro-rostral areas of the retina. Three regions of high acuity were identified in the ventro-temporal, ventro-rostral and dorsal regions of the retina. This is the first time that multiple specialisations have been found in a benthic deep-water fish. The ventro-temporal and ventro-rostral visual axes were found at 48° and 54° from the retinal centre, subtending the dorsal field of view, while the dorsal axis was at 66°, subtending the ventral field of view. These characteristics may represent an adaptation to identify the mouth of the muddy burrows in which this species hides or where it looks for food. O. rufus has a duplex retina with numerous slender rod photoreceptors arranged in banks of four layers. This morphology is typical of deep-sea teleosts with a high visual sensitivity, which is useful in a dim-light environment. A few tiny cones were also present, probably enhancing acuity during the eel's daily activity. The retina of O. rufus also possessed a well developed vascularisation, possibly to overcome the hypoxic conditions that may be found in the burrow. The characteristics of the retina of the rufus snake eel indicate singular visual capabilities that are discussed in relation to the burrowing life-style and to what is known of feeding habits of this fish.     

Eye development in southern calamary, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sepioteuthis australis</Emphasis>, embryos and hatchlings

Eye development, optical properties and photomechanical responses were examined in embryos and hatchlings of the southern calamary, Sepioteuthis australis. This species occurs in shallow coastal waters in Australia and New Zealand, and the egg masses were collected in October and December 2004 from Great Oyster Bay, Tasmania. At the earliest developmental stage the eye of the squid was comprised of a hemispherical cup of undifferentiated neural retina, while presumptive iris cell layers and lentigenic precursor cells enclosed a posterior eye chamber. Differentiation of the proximal and distal processes was observed in correspondence with the cornea development and lens crystallization, and occurred before differentiation of the neural retina, which was complete prior to hatching. Longer photoreceptor distal processes were first observed just prior to hatching in the dorsal-posterior retina. After hatching, this difference was much more evident and higher photoreceptor density was found in the central retina. This indicates that the eye of S. australis at this age uses different retina areas for different visual tasks. Optical sensitivity and resolution suggest that juvenile S. australis are diurnal. This study also found functional photomechanical responses of visual screening pigment migration and pupil constriction in S. australis embryos, although complete functionality of the pupil at this stage was uncertain. However, the pupils of squid aged 2 days closed almost completely under bright conditions, showing that photomechanical responses were highly developed in the juvenile squid. These findings indicate that squid embryos are able to perceive visual stimulation, suggesting an early reliance on vision for survival after hatching.     

Ontogenetic changes in the retinal topography of the European hake, Merluccius merluccius: implications for feeding and depth distribution

Changes in the distribution pattern of cells in the ganglion cell layer were studied in the retina of the European hake, Merluccius merluccius (L.), to identify the possible adaptations of visual capabilities to different bathymetric distributions and feeding habits. From early juveniles to adults, the eye diameter increased eightfold; thus, retinal surface increased dramatically with size also. In early juveniles the retinal topography of the cells in the ganglion cell layer showed a concentric arrangement with respect to the centre of the retina. Two specialised areas were found, located at the ventral and dorso-rostral periphery, where the cell density reached 47,900 cells mm^-2, which corresponds to a theoretical visual acuity of 21' (minutes of arc). The visual axes were located upwards and downwards at around 80° from the geometric centre of the retina. In juveniles, the retina underwent important changes as the concentric topographic pattern transformed: the ventral specialised area progressively disappeared, the dorso-rostral area relocated to a rostral position and a new specialised area formed in the temporal retinal region. The visual axes were directed forward and backward. For fish with a total length of 12 cm or more, a horizontal visual streak formed along the rostro-temporal axis of the retina and a new specialised area was formed in the temporo-central region of the visual streak. In adults, acute vision could be identified with the two specialised areas at the temporal and rostral periphery, where the ganglion cell density peak decreased to 3,200-3,600 cells mm^-2 and the resolving power increased to 10'. As visual acuity is partially dependent on the cell types in the ganglion cell layer, cell populations in this layer were distinguished into either ganglion cells or displaced amacrine cells, using morphometric and histological criteria. The proportion of displaced amacrine cells was fairly uniform throughout the retinal surface, always representing between 32% and 39% of all cells in early and advanced juveniles. Only in adults did their density increase to 50%, probably as an adaptation to low light levels, which fish encounter as their distribution increases in depth. A small population of giant ganglion cells was also present in the retina. In the young and adult retinae, they represented 1.2% and 2.7% of the total cell population, respectively. Therefore, it has been shown how in M. merluccius the retinal topography undergoes important changes in relation to varying environmental demands.     

The functional response of a hoarding seed predator to mast seeding

Mast seeding involves the episodic and synchronous production of large seed crops by perennial plants. The predator satiation hypothesis proposes that mast seeding maximizes seed escape because seed predators consume a decreasing proportion of available seeds with increasing seed production. However, the seed escape benefits of masting depend not only on whether predators are satiated at high levels of seed production, but also on the shape of their functional response (type II vs. type III), and the actual proportion of available seeds that they consume at different levels of seed production. North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) are the primary vertebrate predator of white spruce (Picea glauca) mast seed crops in many boreal regions because they hoard unopened cones in underground locations, preempting the normal sequence of cone opening, seed dispersal, and seed germination. We document the functional response of cone-hoarding by red squirrels across three non-mast years and one mast year by estimating the number of cones present in the territories of individual red squirrels and the proportion of these cones that they hoarded each autumn. Even though red squirrels are not constrained by the ingestive and on-body (fat reserves) energy reserve limitations experienced by animals that consume seeds directly, most squirrels hoarded < 10% of the cones present on their territories under mast conditions. Cone availability during non-mast years also reached levels that satiated the hoarding activity of red squirrels; however, this occurred only on the highest-quality territories. Squirrels switched to mushroom-hoarding when cone production was low and mushrooms were abundant. This resulted in type III functional response whereby the proportional harvest of cones was highest at levels of cone availability that were intermediate within non-mast years. Overall, more cones escaped squirrel cone-hoarding during a mast event than when cone production was low in non-mast years, which supports the predator satiation hypothesis. However, the highly variable seed escape in non-mast years may help to explain why all spruce cone production is not concentrated into fewer, larger, mast years.     

马尾松种实病虫害防治研究

湖南马尾松种实害虫有七种,松梢小巷蛾和微红班螟是主要害虫。主要危害二年生球果,被害率高达46.49-47.76％。害虫天敌有三种。种实病害主要表现在一年生幼果大量脱落,落果率达33.35-36.12％。发病原因经室内病原茵诱发试验和分离培养,尚未获得致病茵,初步诊断为一种生理病害。病虫发生高峰期均在4-6月份,此时为防治关健时期。氧化乐果等防治马尾松种实害虫效果可达70％以上。无性乐间搞虫性略有差异。九二0生长激素和钼酸钠微肥防治生理落果有较明显防治效果。     

Beziehungen zwischen Körperbau und Lebensweise bei Blenniidae (Pisces) aus dem Roten Meer. III. Morphologie des Auges

The morphology of the eyes of 3 salariin Blenniidae have been investigated and compared: Salarias fasciatus (inhabiting the sublittoral), Istiblennius edentulus (eulittoral), and Alticus kirkii (supralittoral). An effective protection against desiccation in A. kirkii is offered by the very thick cornea conjunctiva. Extension of the visual field in this species is achieved by protrusion of the eyes from the head, by recession of the dermal pigment, and by a relatively large lense which allows better perception of marginal rays. The retina of I. edentulus is adapted for amphibious vision by the existence of many prominent swellings and folds, and of a central depression into which the lens can be with-drawn. Thereby, the stronger rays of light retraction present on land are focussed on the swellings, since the retina of the depression is under-developed. The cornea conjunctiva and propria of A. kirkii are separated, and thereby constitute an additional eye chamber. Presumably this cavity possesses a lower refractive index than the cornea or water, and thereby enables sharp vision in air, since the light-concentrating effect of the curved cornea is thus diminished. Additionally, the shape of the cornea propria can be varied, since it is centrally connected with the lens; by this means the eye chamber can be extended, enabling displacement of the tocal point of the light rays to correspond with the momentary residence. The adaptations described here for I. edentulus and for A. kirkii have so far not been reported in other amphibious vertebrates.

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Hit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft     

Carbon-nitrogen relations at whole-cell and free-amino-acid levels during batch growth of Isochrysis galbana (Prymnesiophyceae) under conditions of alternating light and dark

Isochrysis galbana Parke, Strain CCAP 927/1, was grown in ammonium-limited batch culture under a 12 h light: 12 h dark illumination cycle. Samples were taken every 12 h over the 26 d period from lag phase through exponential into stationary phase (no net carbon fixation), with more frequent sampling at points of interest. Exponential cell-specific growth rate was 0.3 to 0.4d^-1. Cell division occurred during the dark phase, while cell volume increase, ammonium uptake, and pigment synthesis occurred during the light. Stationary phase cells were small, and the lag phase was long (5 d) even though the C:N ratio had returned from 18 to 6.5 within 2 d, followed by synthesis of chlorophyll a. Net chlorophyll synthesis ceased within 4 d of exhaustion of the nitrogen source. The chlorophyll c: chlorophyll a ratio remained constant during increasing nitrogen deprivation. Biovolume and carotenoids correlated with carbon biomass. Levels of chlorophyll a correlated poorly with carbon fixation and carbon biomass once the nitrogen source had been exhausted. Except after the addition of ammonium to nitrogen-deprived cells (refeeding), the content of intracellular glutamine and the glutamine: glutamate ratio were low during the dark phase, rising to a plateau within the first 1 h of illumination. Refeeding of cells which had only just exhausted the extracellular nitrogen source resulted in a much smaller increase in glutamine than refeeding of nitrogen-starved (stationary-phase) cells. Nitrogen biomass correlated with the presence of an unidentified intracellular amine.     

Changes in photosynthetic pigment concentration in seaweeds as a function of water depth

We conducted a study of the relationship between changes in photosynthetic pigment content and water depth in Great Harbor near Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, on the green algae Ulva lactuca and Codium fragile and the red algae Porphyra umbilicalis and Chondrus crispus. A calibrated underwater photometer equipped with spectral band filters measured light attenuation by the water column. The depth required for a 10-fold diminution of photon flux was 3.6, 5.3, 6.0 and 6.0 m for red, blue, yellow and green light, respectively. Seaweeds were attached to vertically buoyed lines and left to adapt for 7 days; then, with their positions reversed, they were allowed to readapt for 7 days. All species showed greater photosynthetic pigment content with increased depth. Further, the ratio of phycobiliproteins and chlorophyll b to chlorophyll a increased with depth. Changes in pigment content were reversible and occurred in the absence of cell division. There was a net loss of pigments near the surface (high irradiance), and subsequent synthesis when seaweeds were transferred to a position deep in the water column (low irradiance). In contrast, seaweeds which were found in intertidal habitats changed only their pigment concentration, and not pigment ratio, a phenomena analogous to higher plant sun and shade adaptation. Therefore, seaweeds modify their photon-gathering photosynthetic antennae to ambient light fields in the water column by both intensity adaptation and complementary chromatic adaptation.