我国10万t/d以下城市污水处理工艺

我国城市污水处理厂的规模绝大多数在10万t/d以下(含10万t/d),由于10万t/d以下的城市污水处理的工艺繁多,且各有利弊,选择何种工艺对城市污水进行处理,是建设项目的业主、设计单位和主管政府部门较难解决但又必须解决的问题.本文从城市污水处理厂的处理工艺入手,根据国家的城市污水处理及污染防治技术政策,对10万t/d以下城市污水处理工艺进行排序和优选,并给出城市污水处理厂建设及运营的主要技术经济指标,供城市污水处理厂建设的相关方参考.     

广西城镇污水处理厂建设和运行的现状分析

全区108座污水处理厂建设规模、工艺、投资和运行成本统计表明,广西城镇污水处理厂以小型污水处理厂为主,处理工艺多采用氧化沟、A2/O、SBR及其变种工艺;5～10万m3/d规模污水处理单位建设投资以氧化沟、A2/O、SBR及其变种工艺较省,2～5万m3/d规模以氧化沟、MSBR工艺较省,2 m3/d以下规模以硅藻土、人工湿地和人工快渗工艺较为经济;2～10万m3/d规模污水处理厂各工艺运行成本多介于0.3～0.4元/m3,2万m3/d以下规模人工快渗和人工湿地工艺的运行费用介于0.2～0.3元/m3。不同规模、不同工艺、不同排放标准污水处理厂的投资建设、运行成本和出水水质各异,因此,污水处理厂应因地制宜选择适宜工艺技术、规模及排放标准,有效提高设施运行负荷率和污染物的去除率。     

污水处理工程——两段式活性污泥工艺

我国中小城市的污水处理通常有如下特点：（1）工业废水所占比重较大，甚至超过50％，致使要处理的城市污水的污染物浓度较高，污染负荷变化较大；（2）城市财政状况比较紧张，可用于建设污水处理厂的资金有限，两段式活性污泥工艺是对传统活性污泥工艺的改进，在好氧处理之前采用一个缺氧或厌氧段，用于有机物的水解酸化或生物除磷。两段式工艺有以下优点：处理效率高、工程投资和日常运行费用低，更适合我国国情。本文以两个工程项目为例，论述了两段式活性污泥工艺的工程设计与实际应用。山东省招远市污水处理厂于1999年7月投入运行，处理后排放水中的污染物指标低于设计值。蓬莱市污水处理厂工程即将竣工，设计处理能力20000m^3/d，工程总投资约1200万元，远远低于目前国内的平均水平。     

三峡库区城市污水处理厂工艺特征分析

为了分析三峡库区(重庆)城市污水处理厂的工艺特性,对库区现有45座城市污水处理厂进行了调研。发现库区以5万m3/d以下规模的污水处理厂为主,占总数的89%。A/A/O系列工艺、氧化沟系列工艺和SBR及其变型工艺为主流主体工艺,其中占总数64%的污水处理厂选用了氧化沟系列工艺。水质参数的设置与工艺密切相关。污水中无机物含量较高,59%的污水处理厂的MLSS在4~6 g/L之间,71%的污水处理厂的MLVSS/MLSS在0.7以下。三峡库区城市污水处理厂进水水质波动大,碳源较充足,可生化性较好。另外,总结了污水处理厂运行中易出现的问题及建议措施。     

"十二五"城镇污水处理厂环保投资效益分析

根据2011—2015年环境统计数据,分析了"十二五"期间城镇污水处理厂固定资产投资、环保投资效益等相关情况。研究发现,中国城镇污水处理厂在"十二五"期间固定资产投资和运行费用不断增加,污水处理能力不断提升,到2015年底,城镇污水处理厂共计5 390座,污水处理能力达17 169万t/d,实际污水处理量达到498.7亿t/a,COD和氨氮的去除量分别达到1 136.8万t和115.8万t。通过分析目前城镇污水处理厂在投资建设、运行维护等方面存在的问题,提出了相关建议,对今后城镇污水处理厂建设及运行起到指导作用。     

发展我国城市污水处理厂的技术经济政策研究

前言 由城乡建设和环境保护部下达的“发展我国城市污水处理厂技术经济政策研究”,是国家“六五计划”重点科研项目.该项目分设下列内容的分课题:我国城市污水处理技术经济政策现状和问题调查分析;2000年水量增长及污水处理厂发展趋势预测;处理厂规划建设方针和决策原则探讨;处理厂决策实例研究;处理厂建设、运行中几个问题     

污水处理工程--两段式活性污泥工艺

我国中小城市的污水处理通常有如下特点(1 )工业废水所占比重较大,甚至超过50 %,致使要处理的城市污水的污染物浓度较高,污染物负荷变化较大 ;(2)城市财政状况比较紧张,可用于建设污水处理厂的资金有限.两段式活性污泥工艺是对传统活性污泥工艺的改进,在好氧处理之前采用一个缺氧或厌氧段,用于有机物的水解酸化或生物除磷.两段式工艺有以下优点处理效率高、工程投资和日常运行费用低,更适合我国国情.本文以两个工程项目为例,论述了两段式活性污泥工艺的工程设计与实际应用.山东省招远市污水处理厂于1999年7月投入运行,处理后排放水中的污染物指标低于设计值.蓬莱市污水处理厂工程即将竣工,设计处理能力20000m3 /d,工程总投资约1200万元,远远低于目前国内的平均水平.     

湖州市埭溪镇污水处理厂的工程设计

湖州市埭溪镇污水处理厂的设计规模,近期为2万m^2／d,远期为3万m^2／d,其污水处理工艺采用改良式A^2／O工艺,污泥处理工艺采用带式浓缩脱水一体机。文中着重介绍了工程设计参数、处理工艺流程及其设计特点。     

城市污水处理及污染防治技术政策

1　总　则1 1　为控制城市水污染 ,促进城市污水处理设施建设及相关产业的发展 ,根据《中华人民共和国水污染防治法》、《中华人民共和国城市规划法》和《国务院关于环境保护若干问题的决定》 ,制定本技术政策。1 2　本技术政策所称“城市污水” ,系指纳入和尚未纳入城市污水收集系统的生活污水和工业废水之混合污水。1 3　本技术政策适用于城市污水处理设施工程建设 ,指导污水处理工艺及相关技术的选择和发展 ,并作为水环境管理的技术依据。1 4　城市污水处理设施建设 ,应依据城市总体规划和水环境规划、水资源综合利用规划以及城市排…     

论我国城市污水厂建设和处理技术的发展方向

在分析我国城市污水处理厂建设和发展现状的基础上，结合目前城市建设和经济发展的现状及趋势，提出了我国今后城市污水处理厂建设和处理技术的几点主要发展方向：一是合理规划、分期建设以二级处理为目标的集中型城市污水处理厂；二是因地制宜推广应用低投资、低能耗、与生态处理相结合的具有深度处理功能的半自然化及新型处理工艺；三是积极或水道技术的研究和应用。     

Distribution and levels of brominated flame retardants in sewage sludge

One hundred and sixteen sewage sludge samples from 22 municipal wastewater treatment plants in Sweden were analysed for brominated flame retardants. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were in the range n.d.-450 ng/g wet weight, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) varied between n.d. and 220 ng/g wet weight, 2,4,6-tribromophenol was in the range n.d.-0.9 ng/g wet weight and polybrominated biphenyls were not detected (except for a possible analytical interference). There was a significant variation in the samples among plants. Influence from industries and other local sources can therefore be assumed. The correlation pattern indicated contribution from three different types of technical products; composed of either low-brominated PBDEs, decaBDE or TBBPA.     

城市生活污水处理后回用作热电厂循环冷却水的可行性研究

选用适合热电厂特点的水处理剂,利用静态试验,动态模拟试验手段,对城市生活污水回用于热电厂循环冷却水系统中的复配药剂的阻垢缓蚀性能进行了研究.通过试验表明,污水回用是可行的,为城市生活污水回用于热电厂循环冷却水系统工程提供了可靠的参数.     

城市生活污水处理后回用作热电厂循环冷却水的可行性研究

选用适合热电厂特点的水处理剂，利用静态试验。动态模拟试验手段，对城市生活污水回用于热电厂循环冷却水系统中的复配药剂的阻垢缓蚀性能进行了研究。通过试验表明。污水回用是可行的，为城市生活污水回用于热电厂循环冷却水系统工程提供了可靠的参数。     

Anaerobic inhibition and biodegradation of antibiotics in ISO test schemes

Municipal sewage is the main exposure route for antibiotics that are used in human medical care. Antibiotics that adsorb to the primary sludge and/or sur-plus activated sludge will enter the anaerobic digesters of municipal sewage treatment plants. Here anaerobic biodegradation or inhibition of anaerobic bacteria resulting in a disturbance of the process might occur. ISO standards 13641 (2003) and 11734 (1999) were used for assessing the anaerobic inhibition of 16 and the anaerobic biodegradability of 9 antibiotics respectively. Digestion sludge from a municipal sewage treatment plant (1g/l d.s.) was used as inoculum in both tests. In ISO 13641 (2003) most antibiotics showed only moderate inhibition effects after a 7 day incubation period, with EC50 values between 24 mg/l and more than 1000 mg/l (equal to mg/g d.s.). In contrast, metronidazol was decisively toxic to anaerobic bacteria with an EC50 of 0.7 mg/l. In the anaerobic degradation tests according to ISO standard 11734 (1995), only benzylpenicillin showed certain ultimate biodegradation after 60 days and most antibiotics inhibited the digesting sludge in the respective parallel tested inhibition controls. Thus the inhibition of anaerobic bacteria by antibiotics observed in the degradation tests was higher than expected from the results of the inhibition tests. The possible explanations are that distinct substrates are used (yeast extract versus sodium benzoate), that the digestion sludge loses activity during the washing steps performed for the degradation tests and that the exposure time in the degradation tests was 8 times longer than in the inhibition test.     

Concentrations and specific loads of polycyclic musks in sewage sludge originating from a monitoring network in Switzerland

Polycyclic musks (HHCB, AHTN, ADBI, AHDI, ATII) and a metabolite of HHCB (HHCB-lactone) were analyzed in sewage sludge samples within the framework of a monitoring network in Switzerland. Mean values in stabilised sludge from 16 wastewater treatment plants were 20.3 mg/kg d.m. for HHCB, 7.3 mg/kg d.m. for AHTN and 1.8 mg/kg d.m. for HHCB-lactone, respectively. Contents of ADBI, AHDI and ATII were between 0.1 and 1.8 g/kg d.m. The results show that polycyclic musks origin mainly from private households and that loads from craft industry, industry and atmospheric deposition are negligible. The technology of wastewater treatment and sludge processing seems to be of minor importance for degradation processes of polycyclic musks. The calculated input in wastewater of polycyclic musks is lower by a factor of 5-7 than the estimates based on use volumes. This discrepancy might be explained by degradation processes, other emission pathways than wastewater or inappropriate estimation of production volumes.     

Occurrence, fate and antibiotic resistance of fluoroquinolone antibacterials in hospital wastewaters in Hanoi, Vietnam

Occurrence and behavior of fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents (FQs) were investigated in hospital wastewaters in Hanoi, Vietnam. Hospital wastewater in Hanoi is usually not treated and this untreated wastewater is directly discharged into one of the wastewater channels of the city and eventually reaches the ambient aquatic environment. The concentrations of the FQs, ciprofloxacin (CIP) and norfloxacin (NOR) in six hospital wastewaters ranged from 1.1 to 44 and from 0.9 to 17 micrgl(-1), respectively. Total FQ loads to the city sewage system varied from 0.3 to 14 g d(-1). Additionally, the mass flows of CIP and NOR were investigated in the aqueous compartment in a small wastewater treatment facility of one hospital. The results showed that the FQ removal from the wastewater stream was between 80 and 85%, probably due to sorption on sewage sludge. Simultaneously, the numbers of Escherichia coli (E. coli) were measured and their resistance against CIP and NOR was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration. Biological treatment lead to a 100-fold reduction in the number of E. coli but still more than a thousand E. coli colonies per 100ml of wastewater effluent reached the receiving water. The highest resistance was found in E. coli strains of raw wastewater and the lowest in isolates of treated wastewater effluent. Thus, wastewater treatment is an efficient barrier to decrease the residual FQ levels and the number of resistant bacteria entering ambient waters. Due to the lack of municipal wastewater treatment plants, the onsite treatment of hospital wastewater before discharging into municipal sewers should be considered as a viable option and consequently implemented.     

3AMBR工艺在昆明第四污水处理厂的应用

昆明第四污水处理厂3AMBR工艺于2010年投入使用,排放标准为国家一级A标,运行状况良好,目前是国内最大的处理生活污水的MBR工艺污水处理厂,设计日处理量为6万m3生活污水,2012年年实际处理量2 071万m3污水,吨水耗电量约0.61度/吨,吨水耗絮凝剂量约0.51 g,深度处理部分吨水耗硫酸亚铁量约19 g。通过对工艺沿程参数数据的分析（DO,ORP,TN,TP,NH3-N,NO3-N,MLSS,COD）,深入探讨了3AMBR工艺运行的原理、现状及存在的问题,研究发现,该工艺存在出水水质好,运行稳定,产泥量少等优点,同时系统也存在过量曝气、污泥龄过长和进水碳源严重不足等现象。     

城市污水污泥固结体重金属浸出毒性及路用性能研究

城市污水污泥的重金属离子Pb、Zn超过国家固体废弃物排放最高允许值,属于危险废物。污水污泥的最佳出路是无害化处理,资源化利用,产业化发展。研究了以上海市污水污泥为原料,加入一定比例的固化剂和矿物掺合料使之固结,经养护满足路用强度性能,测试其固结体重金属离子浸出质量浓度亦满足国家固体废弃物排放标准,即污泥中的重金属离子得到有效的束缚和稳定固化,既解决了环境问题,又为污泥产业化发展开辟了新的途径。