对外贸易、FDI与我国工业环境效率的空间异质性——基于GTWR和面板分位回归模型的分析

基于2000—2015年的省际面板数据,运用GTWR和面板分位回归模型等方法对对外贸易、FDI与我国工业环境效率的空间异质性进行了研究。结果表明:对外贸易、FDI对我国工业环境效率的影响存在一定的空间分布梯度;对外贸易对工业环境效率具有显著的正向驱动作用,且在贸易活跃的地区,其促进作用更明显;FDI影响的梯度分布规律较对外贸易更明显,总体上FDI的技术效应和环境成本效应对工业环境效率的影响在统计意义上并不显著,中西部地区环境成本效应较大,东部地区技术效应较大。在提高我国整体工业环境效率的政策制定中,空间异质性是不容忽视的因素。     

当前我国对外贸易中的环境问题

介绍加入WTO后，我国一些出口商品在环境标准的限制下受到的影响，阐述了我国对外贸易与环境政策中的主要问题，提出了应对“绿色贸易壁垒”的政策措施。     

“入世”十年来中国对外贸易的环境影响与绿色转型

自2001年加入WTO之后,我国对外贸易飞速发展,呈现出贸易规模迅速扩大、外贸顺差大幅增加的鲜明特点。但与此同时,我国对外贸易的结构仍不尽合理,出口产品的环境效率较低,对外贸易在高速增长过程中隐含着对我国环境发展的不利因素。与此同时,中国的环境、资源与劳动力等面临较大压力,同时严峻的国际外部环境,也使我国的对外贸易面临转型的临界点,绿色贸易转型势在必行。     

发展环保产业突破绿色壁垒

文章分析了加入WTO后对我国对外贸易的影响，提出了加快发展环保产业的对策。     

建立适应外贸体制改革的环境政策

1994年我国加快外贸等五大经济体制收革步伐，促进了对外贸易的迅速发展，提高了利用国际资源能力，外贸进出口总额达2350亿美元．居全球第11位，外贸进出口总、值占国内生产总值的比重达的％左右．出口依存度超过部分发达国家．成为我国国民经济发展的新生长点。而利用深化外贸体制改革的有利时机．推进贸易政策“绿色化”，实现可持续发展，是环保领域面临的新课题。一、适应外贸体制改革的政策边界环境与贸易的可持续发展面临两难抉择：（1）国际贸易自由化发展对环境产生的正面、贝面影响。（2）日趋完善的环保法律对贸易自由化的积极、…     

发展环保产业 突破绿色壁垒

文章分析了加入WTO后对我国对外贸易的影响,提出了加快发展环保产业的对策。     

发展环保产业突破绿色壁垒

文章分析了加入WTO后对我国对外贸易的影响,提出了加快发展环保产业的对策.     

中国区域能源效率及其影响因素——基于面板随机前沿模型的分析

基于2000—2015年省级面板数据,利用面板随机前沿模型估计了我国30个省份的区域能源效率,并通过对无效率项的条件期望估计,检验了人均GDP、城镇化率、工业结构、对外贸易和能源消费结构对我国能源效率的影响。能源效率估计结果显示,我国能源效率整体上呈逐年上升趋势,但区域间的差异较明显,呈现东部高、中西部低的分布特征。无效率项的估计结果表明,人均GDP和城镇化率对我国能源效率均存在显著的积极影响,对外贸易则不利于我国能源效率的改善,工业结构和能源消费结构对我国能源效率的影响在统计上不显著,但从弹性系数的估计值看,工业比重和煤炭消费比重的增加倾向于降低我国的能源效率。     

对外经济贸易对中国碳排放的影响:基于省级面板数据的实证分析

改革开放以来,我国的对外经济贸易有了显著的发展,外商直接投资和进出口的快速增长有效地推动了经济的快速发展。然而在经济发展的同时,我国碳排放水平日益提高,已成为全球最大排放国。为了更好地管控碳排放,研究外商直接投资(FDI),对外贸易与碳排放的关系具有重要意义。本文通过对我国1995—2011年29个省(市、自治区)的FDI、对外贸易对碳排放的动态效应分析发现,FDI与进出口水平的提升均有利于降低我国碳排放的水平,“污染天堂”假说在我国并未得到证实。同时,本文验证了“环境库兹涅茨曲线”在我国的存在,证实了我国的碳排放水平与人均GDP存在倒“U”型关系。     

绿色壁垒对我国对外贸易的影响

在经济全球化的趋势下,国际贸易中关税壁垒等一些旧的贸易保护措施日益被削弱,而环境、卫生等新型绿色壁垒开始被不断强化,绿色壁垒已经对中国对外贸易发展构成了重大的影响。在此情况下,全面认识     

International trade and air pollution: estimating the economic costs of air emissions from waterborne commerce vessels in the United States

Although there is a burgeoning literature on the effects of international trade on the environment, relatively little work has been done on where trade most directly effects the environment: the transportation sector. This article shows how international trade is affecting air pollution emissions in the United States' shipping sector. Recent work has shown that cargo ships have been long overlooked regarding their contribution to air pollution. Indeed, ship emissions have recently been deemed "the last unregulated source of traditional air pollutants". Air pollution from ships has a number of significant local, national, and global environmental effects. Building on past studies, we examine the economic costs of this increasing and unregulated form of environmental damage. We find that total emissions from ships are largely increasing due to the increase in foreign commerce (or international trade). The economic costs of SO2 pollution range from dollars 697 million to dollars 3.9 billion during the period examined, or dollars 77 to dollars 435 million on an annual basis. The bulk of the cost is from foreign commerce, where the annual costs average to dollars 42 to dollars 241 million. For NOx emissions the costs are dollars 3.7 billion over the entire period or dollars 412 million per year. Because foreign trade is driving the growth in US shipping, we also estimate the effect of the Uruguay Round on emissions. Separating out the effects of global trade agreements reveals that the trade agreement-led emissions amounted to dollars 96 to dollars 542 million for SO2 between 1993 and 2001, or dollars 10 to dollars 60 million per year. For NOx they were dollars 745 million for the whole period or dollars 82 million per year. Without adequate policy responses, we predict that these trends and costs will continue into the future.     

近年来中国边境贸易研究的问题与发展趋势

自古以来,边境贸易是我国对外经济交流的主要方式.近年来对我国边境研究较多,主要集中在我国边境贸易发展的历史总结、政策规范、边境贸易与区域经发展等方面,但对边境贸易与边境安全、边境贸易过程中跨境民族问题和我国边境贸易的优势等方面的研究较少.随着研究的不断深入,针对边境贸易出现了边境地区当地居民参与边境贸易过程、边境贸易与大尺度区域经济发展、"区位论"视角下的边境贸易等新动向.     

Does foreign direct investment impede forest area in Sub‐Saharan Africa?

Foreign direct investment is an engine of economic growth. However, it may affect environmental quality (improve or deteriorate it), depending on the context. Under a multivariate framework, this paper aims to investigate the relationship between foreign direct investment and deforestation for Sub‐Sahara African countries with economic growth, trade openness and urbanization as additional determinants of deforestation. The analyses reveal that all variables are non‐stationary and cointegrated based on recent panel data techniques. On applying dynamic ordinary least squares, the long‐run results suggest the validity of the pollution haven hypothesis for some countries, and that of the pollution halo hypothesis for other countries. The findings are also mixed across Sub‐Sahara African countries for trade openness and urbanization. The results from this study suggest that Sub‐Sahara African countries should continue attracting foreign direct investment, while a certain number of them should put more emphasis on controlling deforestation associated with foreign direct investment inflows to limit greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere.     

中国加入WTO所面临的机遇与挑战2001年10月在伦敦"中英论坛"上就"经济全球化中的环境与贸易"议题的发言

论述了环境与贸易的关系、中国加入WTO的环境影响,指出中国在处理环境与贸易问题上应遵循国际上公认的基本原则.     

贸易与环境问题

本文在阐述了贸易与环境关系的基础上,对我国如何正确处理贸易与环境问题提出了建议。     

Environmental regulatory measures and their economic impact on the Indian leather industry

The leather industry plays a significant role as a foreign exchange earning sector in India. Because of easy availability of raw materials and cheap traditional labour in the country, leather and its products produced in India are priced very affordably. Emerging environmental issues at the local and international levels may have an impact on the economic sustainability of the industry, however. These issues could substantially affect the price of leather and its products in domestic and global markets, and could also result in a reduction in India's ambitious export targets. The linkages between environment and trade are discussed in this article. An attempt has been made to assess the economic impact of major environmental issues on the Indian leather industry .     

加强环境保护打破绿色贸易壁垒

本文通过分析绿色壁垒对我国外贸的影响，从政府和企业的角度提出了相关的政策建议。     

Human Freshwater Demand for Economic Activity and Ecosystems in Taiwan

Freshwater is necessary to economic activity, and humans depend on goods and services generated by water-dependent ecosystems. However, national freshwater management usually focuses on direct use of domestic freshwater. With an increasing scarcity of freshwater, attention has turned to two indirect uses of freshwater by humans. The first indirect use is freshwater used by foreign countries when producing products for export. The second use is freshwater required by local ecosystems: human survival and development depend on goods and services generated in these ecosystems. This work adopted Taiwan as a case study. In addition to two widely recognized ecosystem freshwater demands, evapotranspiration and reversed river flow, this study suggests that freshwater is a constituent of some abiotic components, such as groundwater in aquifers, because excessive withdrawal has already caused significant land subsidence in Taiwan. Moreover, the estimated results show that Taiwan’s net imports of freshwater through trade amounts to approximately 25% of its total freshwater use for economic production. Integrating industrial policy, trade policy, and national freshwater management is a useful approach for developing strategies to limit the growing use of freshwater in Taiwan. Policy implications are then developed by further analyzing withdrawal sources of freshwater (domestic and foreign) for supporting economic production in Taiwan and identifying the factors (domestic final demand and export) driving freshwater-intensive products.     

上海文化产业及贸易发展影响因素的灰色关联度分析

在经济全球化浪潮的推动下，文化影响力日益加大，文化产业成为各国竞相争抢的战略高地。文化贸易作为一种新的贸易形态实现了迅猛增长，而国与国竞争的焦点在于主要节点城市实力的较量。采用灰色关联方法，从经济发展、产业规模、市场需求和科研创新四个方面选取14个指标，对上海文化产业及贸易发展的影响因素进行了实证分析。结果表明，城乡居民家庭人均可支配收入等因素对上海文化产业发展有着重要的关联影响，而人均生产总值和互联网用户普及率等因素对上海文化贸易有着重要的影响，但科技成果与文化产业及贸易的关联度均较小，尤其是外贸依存度的关联影响不显著。