水体和沉积物中毒害污染物的生态风险评价方法体系研究进展

人类活动导致大量毒害污染物进入水体和沉积物,从而对水生生物产生诸多不利影响.开展毒害污染物的生态风险评价,筛选高风险毒害污染物,是毒害污染物风险管控和生态系统保护的基础.对美国和欧盟等发达国家和地区毒害污染物的生态风险评价方法进行了综述.水体和沉积物中毒害污染物风险评价的基本方法首先是采用预测或测定环境浓度(PEC或M...     

应用物种敏感性分布法分析太湖及天目湖水体的生态风险

采用物种敏感性分布法(SSDs法),应用水生生物急性和慢性毒性数据计算了31种污染物在水中和其中疏水物质在沉积物中的预测无效应浓度(PNECwater和PNECsed),通过收集以往报道的16种污染物在太湖和天目湖的环境浓度,用商值法求得物质的风险商并进行排序.结果发现:蒽、菲、萘、荧蒽、阿特拉津和马拉硫磷在太湖的梅梁湾和五里湖具有很大的生态风险;毒死蜱、三丁基锡氧化物和环己锡虽无环境浓度报道但很有可能具有风险.     

Processes of distribution of pharmaceuticals in surface freshwaters: implications for risk assessment

The global consumption and production of pharmaceuticals is increasing concomitantly with concern regarding their environmental fate and effects. Active pharmaceutical ingredients are mainly released into the aquatic environment through wastewater effluent discharge. Once in the environment, pharmaceuticals can undergo processes of natural attenuation, i.e. dilution, sorption, transformation, depending on physico-chemical properties of the compound, such as water solubility, lipophilicity, vapour pressure, and environmental conditions, such as pH, temperature and ionic strength. A major natural attenuation process is the sorption on dissolved organic matter, colloids, suspended solids and sediments, which in turn control pharmaceuticals distribution, residence time and persistence in aquatic systems. Here we review studies of sorption capacity of natural sorbents to pharmaceuticals. These report on the importance of several environmental and sorbent-specific properties, such as the composition, quality, and amount of the sorbent, and the environmental pH, which determines the speciation of both the sorbent and compound. The importance of accounting for distribution processes on freshwater sorbents for any determination of environmental concentrations of pharmaceuticals is apparent, while the reliability of surrogate standards for measuring dissolved organic matter (DOM) distribution is evaluated in the context of the need for robust environmental risk assessment protocols.     

日本关于制浆造纸厂排水的生物影响研究现状

日本自１９９４年以来的近６年中，对全国近２０个制浆造纸厂排水进行了生物影响实验研究，研究内容主要是排水对生物急性毒性实验、亚急性毒性实验、慢性毒性实验与二恶英分析、采用食物链上不同等级的三类水生生物与发光菌等为实验生物、毒性指标主要有ＬＣ５０、ＩＣ２０、ＩＣ５０、ＥＣ１０、ＥＣ３０、ＬＯＥＣ、ＮＯＥＣ等，排水的ＣＯＤ／ＢＯＤ比值也与生物毒性具相关性。     

Pharmaceutical compounds in aquatic environment in China: locally screening and environmental risk assessment

An environmental risk assessment was performed for pharmaceutical compounds present in the aquatic environment of China. Predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of the compounds were calculated according to European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) guidelines. Available ecotoxicological data compromised by applying a very conservative assessment factor (AF) were employed to calculate the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC). The screening principle and the risk assessment were based on risk quotient (RQ), which derived from the PEC and related PNEC values. PEC results indicated that all the compounds except sulfadimethoxine and levocarnitine, should carry out phase II risk assessment in EMEA guideline. RQ values suggested that more than 36 pharmaceuticals may be imposed health threats to the aquatic environment; especially the antibiotic therapeutic class including amoxicillin, sulfasalazine, trimethoprim, oxytetracycline and erythromycin showed high RQ values. These substances with high RQ value (RQ≥1) were regarded as top-priority pharmaceuticals for control in the aquatic environment of China. However, the antibiotic substances which had low risk quotient (RQ <1), should be reassessed by its potentially induced resistance under low concentration in future.     

污水再生处理工艺中卡马西平的去除过程模拟及其生态风险评价

卡马西平在污水和水环境中广泛存在,且对水生生态系统安全构成风险,因此成为目前研究较多的药品之一。以北京清河再生水厂为例,研究"超滤—臭氧氧化—氯消毒"处理工艺中卡马西平的去除特性,并针对臭氧氧化和氯消毒工艺建立模拟卡马西平去除过程的机理模型。同时,利用美国环境保护署ECOTOX数据库,获取卡马西平对北京市水生生物物种的毒性数据,并基于毒性数据建立物种敏感度分布(species sensitivity distribution,SSD)模型,评价再生水厂出水补给地表水体时卡马西平产生的生态风险。臭氧氧化和氯消毒模型对卡马西平、总有机碳、氨氮等指标的模拟误差总体低于20%,模型的灵敏参数均可以被较好地识别,且其不确定性显著下降。对比7种SSD模型发现,对数正态分布和对数Logistic分布模型较好地拟合了北京市6个物种的卡马西平毒性数据,二者预测得到的总体生态风险期望值分别为7.4%和8.5%。     

基于本土物种的3种典型化合物急性生态效应阈值研究

预测无效应浓度(PNEC)是进行风险污染物水生态安全管理的重要依据。本研究进行了3种典型化合物五氯酚、硝基苯和氯化镉对10种我国不同营养级水生生物的24 h、48 h和96 h的急性毒性测试,根据实验结果计算了相应的急性PNEC,同时与根据美国环境保护局毒性数据库里的毒性数据计算获得的急性PNEC值,以及综合本实验结果与毒性数据库里的数据计算得到的急性PNEC值进行对比,发现通过3种数据来源获得的急性PNEC值中,硝基苯的PNEC值差异较大,由本次实验结果获得的急性PNEC值最小;其他2种化合物差异较小。这可能是由于本次实验所选的本土生物中华田螺和麦穗鱼对硝基苯比较敏感,并且数据库中硝基苯的急性致死数据较少、毒性值较大且变化范围较窄,而其他2种化合物数据量较为丰富,变化范围较宽,包括了较敏感物种的毒性数据。这表明为给我国水生生物提供一个安全可靠的保护,对于数据量较为丰富并且毒性值变化较宽的化合物(如五氯酚和氯化镉)可以直接根据数据库里的毒性数据进行PNEC值的计算;而对于毒性数据量较少、毒性值偏大且变化较窄的化合物(如硝基苯)需要进行本土敏感物种的毒性测试。     

Stoffflussanalyse von quartären Ammoniumverbindungen für die Schweiz

Background, aim, and scope Compared to other micropollutants such as pesticides or pharmaceuticals, less attention has been paid to biocides so far. A prioritisation of the biocides currently used in Switzerland in terms of pollution of waters revealed that quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), the isothiazolinones chloromethylisothiazolinone and benzisothiazolinone as well as Irgarol exhibit the highest risk potential. The QAC benzalkoniumchloride (BAC) and didecyldimethylammoniumchloride (DDAC-C10) are used in considerable amounts and have a high biological activity. Materials and methods The emissions of selected QAC in waters and soil and the predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) were estimated by means of a substance flow analysis (SFA). The study was based on data from the Swiss products register, on literature, contacts to producers and users as well as on own assumptions. Results and discussion The consumption of BAC (four homologues) and DDAC-C10 in biocidal applications in Switzerland amounts to 90 and 30 tons annually. The most important applications are disinfectants for public health areas, food and feed areas as well as wood preservatives. The total emissions to the environment of all five substances account for approximately 11?t/a. The PECs in surface waters and sediments vary from values slightly lower than the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) to roughly three orders of magnitude below the PNEC. However, concentrations above the PNEC are possible at certain locations, particularly downstream of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) effluents and sewer overflows. Effects on aquatic organisms can therefore not be excluded. Three BAC homologues could not be assessed, as there were no PNEC values available. Conclusions The contribution of emissions from WWTP (punctual emissions) to the environment is only about one tenth and relatively low compared to diffuse emissions. This means that measures for the emission reduction focussing only on end-of-pipe solutions in WWTP will not reduce the emissions significantly. Moreover, for the evaluation of measures, attention has to be paid to the fact that biocides such as the selected QAC are often also applied in non-biocidal applications (e.?g. three times higher volumes in the case of BAC). Recommendations and perspectives SFA serves as a useful tool for early recognition of environmental problems caused by chemicals. This allows recommending appropriate risk reduction measures in the production, the use and the end-of-life phase. It is advisable to use the SFA already in the development stage of chemicals and later on as a quality control tool. The relevant sources of chemicals and sinks in the environment can thus be determined in complex systems, even in absence of extensive measurements or product registers with consumption figures by means of estimations and scenarios.     

Acute toxic effects of organic effluents on Chironomus travalensis Kieffer (Chironomidae: Diptera)

The acute toxicity of abattoir and sewage effluents on Chironomus travalensis was determined in a 96?h static bioassay. The toxicity was undertaken in replicates using effluent concentrations between 5% and 100%. Determination of the physical and chemical parameters of both effluents was carried out. The abattoir effluent was toxic to the test organisms at different concentrations while the sewage effluent did not produce lethality. The 96?h LC₅₀ value of the abattoir effluent was 23%. The acute toxicity unit at 96?h was 4.3. To avoid the adverse effect of effluent waste to aquatic life, it is recommended that effluent waste needs to be channelled through normal treatment procedures in industrial and residential areas.     

Arzneimittel in der aquatischen Umwelt

The German Environmental Advisory Council evaluated German water protection policies in its last environmental report (2004) concluded that despite some great successes in this area there is still considerable need for action. Specifically, diffuse nutrient and chemical substances inputs remain an unsolved problem. The contamination of surface and groundwater with pharmaceuticals has been identified as an environmental risk increasing in pertinence. Pharmaceuticals and their metabolites are being detected in the whole aquatic environment, which they enter through sewage, soil contamination by agriculture, and waste storage facilities. Different pharmaceuticals have been tested for acute toxicity on various aquatic organisms, but almost nothing is known about chronic toxicity of these contaminants. This knowledge, however, is essential for estimating the ecotoxicological potential of pharmaceutical residues. In the opinion of the Environmental Council different strategies are necessary, to reduce the contamination of the environment with pharmaceuticals. Farmers should refrain from using pharmaceuticals for prophylactic purposes or from using hormonally or antibiotically active substances in livestock feed additives, so as to reduce inputs of veterinary drugs. As regards human medications, packaging should better correspond to appropriate dosage amounts, and environmentally responsible disposal measures should be followed. Still under discussion are a programme for the risk evaluation of existing pharmaceuticals and a ban on the use of sewage sludge in agriculture. In the future, improvement of sewage treatment facilities, for instances through membrane technologies, will offer further potential to reduce inputs of hazardous substances.     

Ecotoxicological characterization of tannery wastewater in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Tanning industries are one of the main economic activities in Bangladesh. It has been well documented that wastewater discharged from tanneries without appropriate treatment results in detrimental effects on the ecosystem. No ecotoxicity evaluation of any aquatic environment in Bangladesh has been conducted so far. In this study a battery of toxicity bioassays and chemical analysis were carried out from water samples obtained from three sampling points: upstream from discharging site on River Buriganga (S1), raw wastewater effluent (S2), and downstream the discharging sluice gate (S3), in the Hazaribagh tannery area of Dhaka City, Bangladesh. While S1 and S3 water samples did not show significant toxicity in the bioassays tested, S2 exhibited high acute toxicity to the bacterium Vibrio fischeri (15-min Microtox test, EC50 = 9.8%), the higher plant Lactuca sativa (5-day root elongation inhibition test, EC50 = 14.2%), and the microcrustacean Daphnia magna (24-hour mobility test, EC50 = 31.5%). The results suggested that the raw wastewater effluent had detrimental effects on broad spectrum of organisms in the aquatic ecosystem and bacterium was the most sensitive. The chemical analysis revealed that sample S2 contained an extremely high concentration of chromium (47 g l(-1)). Additionally microbiological analysis indicated that the sampling area is impacted by fecal pollution, increasing the environmental health risk for its inhabitants.     

Humanarzneimittel im aquatischen Ökosystem

Goal

In the Brandenburg State Office for the Environment an approach to assess the potential risk of drug residues in aquatic ecosystems has been developed based on an investigation of the consumption amounts in 1999 to identify or to exclude a potential environmental risk of important human drugs and further to define priority substances for monitoring programs in Brandenburg in the future.

Method

This assessment approach tested with 60 drug agents is based on an exposure estimation considering the main path for the entry human—waste water—sewage plant—surface water, on a substance specific analysis of effects and on an analysis of the environmental fate as compartment distribution, bioaccumulation and persistence.

Results

In Brandenburg surface waters the drug agent concentration for eight of the considered substances is supposed to be greater than 1 μg/l and for at least 13 of the considered substanoes the PNEC in aquatic ecosystems is assumed to be lower than 1 μg/l. A potential risk for the environment can be seen for the antibiotics Ciprofloxacin-HCl and Clarithromycin, the disinfectants Benzalkonium Chloride, Cocospropylendiaminguaniacetat, Glucoprotamine, Laurylpropylenediamine and Polyvidone-iodine, the sexual hormon Ethinylestradiol, the antidiabetic Metformin-HCl, the antiepileptic Carbamazepine and the lipid regulator Clofibrinic acid on the basis of effects because their PEC:PNEC-relation is about 1 or higher. For further 19 drug agents an environmental risk is to be assumed because of their environmental behaviour without support by ecotoxicological data at present.

Conclusion

Although there is only a small base of valid ecotoxicological data, this risk assessment shows that adverse effects in the aquatic environment by some drug agents cannot be excluded. However, it should be noted that this first assessment gives only a crude orientation. Appropriate test data are necessary to refine the assessment in future.     

多效唑对水生生物的急性毒性评价研究

本文以斜生栅藻、大型水蚤和草鱼为试验生物,研究植物生长调节剂多效唑对水生生物的急性毒性效应。多效唑对斜生栅藻EC_(50)-96h为20.62mg/l;对大型水蚤LC_(50)-48h为21.86mg/h;对草鱼苗静态生物检测结果为LC_(50)—120h 16.33mg/l,流水生物检测结果为LC_(50)-96h 14.36mg/l,LC_(50)-120h 9.13mg/l。经多效唑处理后,藻的细胞形态也发生明显改变。根据农药的实验室毒性评价划分标准,多效唑对三种生物的毒性均属低毒;田间安全性预评价的结果也表明其毒性为低毒,故认为多效唑是一种对水生生物危害较小的农药。但其慢性毒性及长期积累效应,尚有待进一步研究。     

环草隆与重金属复合污染对黄瓜及小麦的毒性效应评估

为探究草坪除草剂与重金属复合污染对高等植物的生态毒性效应,以小麦与黄瓜为敏感受试植物,采用滤纸发芽试验法,研究了典型草坪除草剂环草隆与4种重金属(Cu/Zn/Pb/Cd)单一及复合污染条件下,对2种植物种子萌发与幼苗生长的毒性效应并进行评估。在此基础上采用评估因子法外推环草隆在土壤中的预测无效应浓度(PNECsoil)。结果表明,2种植物的根长及小麦的芽长对环草隆与重金属非常敏感(P<0.01),且存在明显的剂量-效应关系。黄瓜根长对环草隆最敏感,根长半抑制浓度(RI50)为0.281 mg·L-1。小麦根长对Cu、Pb、Cd比黄瓜根长更敏感。环草隆与重金属复合污染时,黄瓜根长表现得最为敏感,可作为敏感生物标记物。环草隆与重金属复合污染对小麦及黄瓜根长抑制具有协同作用,并且随着重金属浓度的增大,黄瓜和小麦根生长对环草隆的敏感性增加。环草隆与重金属复合污染对小麦芽长的联合效应主要与重金属种类及其暴露浓度有关。以黄瓜的根伸长抑制率为急性毒性终点,利用外推法计算得环草隆在土壤中的PNECsoil为1.90μg·kg~(-1),远远低于环草隆田间推荐使用量1.5~9 mg·kg~(-1)。与重金属复合污染时,环草隆的PNECsoil明显降低,导致其生态风险提高。上述研究结果能够为草坪除草剂环草隆与重金属复合污染的生态风险评价提供数据支持。     

欧盟针对农药对水生生物的初级风险评价——标准物种不确定因子法

建立适宜的农药环境风险评价体系,有利于评价农药对环境的影响,控制农药带来的环境污染.欧盟具有丰富的农药风险评价经验和完善的评价体系,论文针对欧盟的初级风险评价工作中水生生物风险评价的标准物种不确定因子法进行了综述,阐述了其评价原则与方法,总结了预测环境浓度(predicted environmental concent...     

防污漆中活性物质海洋环境风险评估关键技术探讨

防污漆中的活性物质对海洋生态环境和人类健康造成的潜在风险受到日益广泛的关注,一些发达国家已建立了针对活性物质海洋环境风险评估的技术体系,但我国相关研究目前尚属空白。综述了防污漆活性物质海洋环境风险评估的研究背景、相关法规、技术标准和发展现状,针对环境风险评估的2个重要组成部分(危害性评估和暴露评估)中的关键技术进行了探讨。在危害性评估中,重点分析和比较了受试生物物种的选择原则、生态毒理数据的要求以及预测无效应浓度的推导方法和应用范围;在暴露评估中,系统阐述了活性物质在水环境中释放速率的计算及修正方法、环境浓度的预测模型、现有的暴露场景及其局限性等。本文以期为我国开展防污漆活性物质海洋环境风险评估提供研究基础和科学依据,并提出了今后的研究重点和方向。     

我国地表水中药物与个人护理品污染现状及其繁殖毒性筛查

根据文献报道,我国地表水中已检出至少144种药物及个人护理用品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs),包括抗生素、激素、其他药物、个人护理品(personal care products,PCPs)4大类,其中检出浓度最高的达到了μg·L~(-1)量级,在长期的污染下有可能对水生生物产生内分泌干扰效应或繁殖毒性,进而影响到整个水生生物种群的繁衍变化。因此,有必要根据我国地表水中PPCPs的污染水平,筛查出具有潜在生态风险的PPCPs。由于目前缺乏针对PPCPs类污染物的筛选体系,以国内外优先控制污染物筛选体系为基础,借鉴基于风险的欧洲兽药分级方法,利用风险指数(risk index,RI),筛选得出目前我国的地表水中有16种具有繁殖毒性的PPCPs的RI1,包括1种抗生素,5种激素类药物,3种其他药物和7种PCPs,其中乙炔雌二醇(ethinylestradiol,EE2)的RI最高(115 730),其次是壬基酚(nonylphenol,NP)(1 796)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(dibutyl phthalate,DBP)(255.31),对水生态环境有较高的风险的PPCPs需进一步进行较高层次的风险评价。     

2种典型家用消毒剂对水生生物的急性毒性影响及生态效应阈值研究

家用消毒剂大量用于日常生活中,进入水体环境后对水生生物产生潜在危害效应,目前尚缺乏保护水生生物安全的生态效应阈值。本研究以2种典型家用消毒剂(有效成分分别为对氯间二甲苯酚和次氯酸钠,前者命名为消毒剂A、后者为消毒剂B)为研究对象,开展其对8种不同营养级淡水水生生物的急性毒性效应研究。结果表明,除底栖动物外,消毒剂B对藻类、溞类和鱼类的急性毒性均高于消毒剂A;我国本土种稀有鮈鲫对2种消毒剂的敏感性高于其他2种鱼类;2种消毒剂对藻类的毒性高低均为近头状伪蹄形藻斜生栅藻蛋白核小球藻;近头状伪蹄形藻对2种消毒剂最敏感。基于上述毒性数据构建了物种敏感分布(SSD)曲线,计算对保护95%的物种不受影响时所对应的污染物浓度(HC5),并结合评估因子法推导出2种消毒剂预测无效应浓度(PNEC)值作为急性生态效应阈值,消毒剂A和消毒剂B的PNEC值分别为13.16 mg·L~(-1)(有效成分对氯间二甲苯酚PNEC值为0.33 mg·L~(-1))和0.71 mg·L~(-1)(有效成分次氯酸钠PNEC值为0.01 mg·L~(-1)),消毒剂A对淡水生物的PNEC比消毒剂B大了一个数量级,表明相较于消毒剂B,消毒剂A对水生态环境更为友好。本研究结果可为制订典型家用消毒剂的水质基准提供科学依据。     

氯霉素对大型溞的急性和慢性毒性效应研究

氯霉素是一种具有广谱杀菌作用的抗生素,曾在水产养殖中广泛使用,虽然目前已被列入我国渔药禁用清单,但在水环境中仍被大量检出。为探究氯霉素对水生生物的毒性作用,选择大型溞(Daphnia magna)作为受试生物,研究氯霉素对其急性毒性和慢性毒性效应,同时建立了氯霉素的高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析方法,通过实测浓度分析确保实验过程中氯霉素浓度保持在可接受范围内。结果表明:氯霉素对大型溞的48 h半数抑制浓度(EC50)为129.5 mg·L~(-1),95%置信区间为124.4!150.9mg·L~(-1),对溞类的急性毒性为低毒;长期暴露能抑制大型溞的产溞数量,以繁殖量为毒性指标,21 d无可观察效应浓度(NOEC)为1.25 mg·L~(-1),最低可观测效应浓度(LOEC)为2.50 mg·L~(-1);各暴露组实测浓度范围在配制浓度的80%～110%,保证了实验的有效性。同时,利用实验获得的急慢性毒性数据,计算氯霉素对大型溞的急慢性毒性比(ACR),发现利用慢性毒性求得的ACR值比利用急性毒性EC10求得的ACR值更接近推荐值。研究表明氯霉素对大型溞的急性毒性低,但具有慢性毒性效应,其环境风险不容忽视。