不同雨强及坡度下坡面流的水动力特性

土壤侵蚀是中国南方多雨区面临的一个重大环境问题,研究不同降雨条件下红壤坡面的水动力特性,对于认识红壤侵蚀过程具有重要的意义。采用室内人工模拟降雨试验,研究了不同雨强(60、90、120、180、270 mm·h-1)和不同坡度(5°、10°、15°、20°、25°)条件下红壤坡面的侵蚀特征,分析测定了侵蚀过程中的流速、水深及单宽流量,探讨它们随雨强及坡度的变化规律。结果表明,相同雨强下沿程流速随着坡度增大而呈增大的趋势,坡度为20°的流速大于另外3种坡度(10°、15°和25°)的流速;随着雨强的增加,坡面流平均水深不断增大。不同雨强条件下,坡度为10°的坡面径流平均水深相对较大,而在中大雨强下,当坡度为20°和25°时平均水深均处于较低水平;在同一坡度下,坡面单宽流量随着雨强增大而增大,两者呈现较好的线性关系,决定系数均大于0.91;随着坡度的增加,单宽流量在10°和20°附近分别出现先增加后减少的变化趋势,坡度对单宽流量影响存在临界坡度,其变化值在10°附近。试验结果揭示了试验槽内红壤坡面侵蚀过程中雨强、坡度与水动力特性的关系。     

红壤坡地降雨产流产沙动态过程模拟试验研究

研究以浙江省兰溪水土保持综合试验站为研究基地,通过设定特定植被覆盖度（15%）不同坡度（8°、15°、20°）的径流试验小区,小区面积为2m2,采用野外人工模拟降雨试验方法,对降雨强度（0.8～2.9mm·min-1）范围内,红壤坡地产流和产沙随雨强和坡度的变化特性进行了模拟试验。通过32场模拟降雨试验数据的分析,得出结论如下：①产沙量与雨强呈指数函数关系,产流量与雨强呈幂函数关系,径流量与产沙量的相关性大于雨强与径流、雨强与产沙;②随坡度的增大,产流时刻提前,泥沙起动和产沙突增的雨强临界减小;③随坡度增大,累积产沙量的递增速率比累积径流量的递增速率要快;④场降雨侵蚀模数与雨强的相关性随着坡度的增大而增强。     

白三叶不同部位减沙效应及其对径流水动力学参数的影响

植被是控制土壤侵蚀的关键因子,研究植被不同部位的减沙效益及机理对于水土保持、植物保护和恢复具有指导意义。以白三叶(Trifolium repens L.)和红壤为实验对象,采用人工模拟降雨的方式,在坡度15°和雨强60、120、180 mm·h~(-1)条件下,测定完整植株坡面、根系坡面和裸坡的产流产沙过程和流速,研究草本植物完整植株、冠层、根系在红壤坡面的减沙效应及其对坡面径流水动力学参数的影响。研究结果表明,盖度为85%的白三叶平均减沙效益为97.3%,根系、冠层的平均减沙效益分别为66.3%、31.0%,根系的减沙效益显著高于冠层。植被能够降低径流含沙量,尤其是降雨初期的径流含沙量。植被能够降低38.6%的坡面径流流速,其中冠层的平均减速效益为31.2%,根系的平均减速效益为7.3%,冠层的减速效益远大于根系。植被对坡面径流雷诺数影响较小,能够降低径流的弗劳德数,缓解径流流态,但坡面径流都为层流-缓流形态。植被能够显著增加坡面径流的达西-韦斯巴赫阻力系数,冠层的平均增阻效益为402.4%,根系的增阻效益为33.0%。随着雨强的增大,植被的增阻效益降低。白三叶具有良好的调控坡面侵蚀的能力,其中冠层主要通过对坡面径流的流速和阻力的影响来减少坡面侵蚀,而根系的减沙效益要大于其减速和增阻效益。植被调控坡面侵蚀的机理十分复杂,其中根系的减蚀机理需要进一步深入研究。     

华南红壤坡面产流产沙过程模拟降雨试验研究

暴雨扰动和径流冲刷是华南红壤坡地土壤侵蚀的主要动因,分析模拟降雨条件下华南红壤坡面的水流动力学特征对于揭示其内在机制以及构建物理模型具有重要的意义。通过室内35场不同雨强(30、60、90、120、180、210、270 mm.h-1)、不同坡度(5°、10°、15°、20°、25°)的人工模拟降雨试验,研究了华南红壤侵蚀的产流产沙过程、红壤侵蚀的水动力机制。试验结果表明:红壤坡面模拟降雨条件下,次降雨过程中,坡面产流过程同时受降雨及下垫面状况变化的共同影响作用,产流产沙均表现为波动变化过程。径流过程表现为初期0～10 min为波动增加过程,10 min以后径流量的波动逐渐趋于平稳;径流量与降雨强度间呈线性正相关关系,雨强越大侵蚀产流的径流量也越大;产沙过程表现为侵蚀发生的前期波动过程比较剧烈,随着侵蚀过程逐渐趋于稳定,侵蚀产沙量值逐渐趋于一个稳定值,总的来说大雨强下侵蚀产沙量趋于的稳定值也较大;对于不同坡度(5°、10°、15°、20°、25°)、30 mm.h-1的模拟降雨条件下,红壤坡面仅产生径流,而无侵蚀产沙。     

华南红壤坡面侵蚀水动力学机制试验研究

华南红壤区是我国发生潜在水土流失危害的重点区域之一,红壤坡地的水土流失现象较为严重。华南红壤地区气候温暖,雨量丰沛,降雨特点通常表现为强度大、历时长,暴雨或大暴雨事件频发,因此暴雨驱动因子影响作用更为显著,研究探讨华南红壤坡面侵蚀过程及动力特征有着重要的现实意义。通过室内35场不同雨强（30、60、90、120、180、210、270 mm·h-1）、不同坡度（5°、10°、15°、20°、25°）的人工模拟降雨试验,研究了华南红壤侵蚀的水动力学机制。主要取得以下研究结果：（1）红壤坡面侵蚀水流的流态大部分均处于＂层流—缓流区＂,除平均流速随着模拟雨强的增加而增加外,其他水动力参数（坡面侵蚀水流的阻力、曼宁糙率、径流剪切力、以及水流功）均会受到雨强和坡度改变的影响,但是不呈现特定的函数关系,规律不明显;（2）从水动力学角度解析了红壤坡面水蚀过程,得出了相对水深和曼宁糙率系数两种水动力因子共同组成的复合水动力特征参数,可作为表征不同雨强及坡度下的坡面水蚀侵蚀产沙的特征水动力参数指标。     

华南湿润区坡地氮素流失规律比较试验研究

通过两个径流场的对比试验,研究了华南湿润地区针叶林坡面氮素随降雨径流的流失规律,结果表明,氮素流失量均与坡面径流量和降雨强度具有极显著的线性相关关系,在没有施肥的情况下,氮流失形态以氨氮、硝氮为主,总氮产出浓度随降雨径流的增大,逐步下降,最后趋于稳定。在施放尿素的情况下,氮素随径流的流失形态以氨氮、硝氮和溶解态的尿素为主,总氮的产出浓度呈先升高而后随降雨径流的增大逐渐减少最后趋于稳定的特性。     

华南典型侵蚀区土壤有机碳流失机制模拟研究

土壤侵蚀条件下的碳流失问题是目前全球碳循环研究中的新点,也是土壤侵蚀基础性研究中的弱点。目前对于土壤侵蚀的研究多侧重于侵蚀造成养分流失及土地退化方面,关于土壤侵蚀对碳循环的影响研究较少。针对华南红壤侵蚀区的碳流失问题,采用室内人工模拟降雨的方法,探讨了华南典型侵蚀区两种土壤类型(林地、弃耕荒地)的有机碳流失过程,主要取得以下一些成果,(1)土壤有机碳的流失主要以侵蚀泥沙为载体,两种土壤(林地、弃耕荒地)坡面的泥沙有机碳含量均表现出随降雨历时逐渐减小的趋势,但雨强和坡度对侵蚀泥沙中有机碳含量的影响没有明显规律;林地土壤坡面的侵蚀泥沙中有机碳含量明显高于弃耕荒地土壤坡面的侵蚀泥沙中有机碳含量。(2)林地土壤的泥沙有机碳富集比大于弃耕荒地的泥沙有机碳富集比,林地土壤有机碳富集比变化范围为0.99~1.65,而弃耕荒地土壤有机碳富集比变化范围为0.86~1.07;林地土壤的有机碳流失率大于弃耕荒地的有机碳流失率。林地土壤的有机碳流失率变化范围为1.6%~18.9%,弃耕荒地土壤的为2.2%~10.4%。土壤有机碳流失率随降雨雨强的增加而增大,坡度对土壤有机碳流失率的影响不显著。(3)土壤有机碳流失强度与侵蚀强度呈明显的线性正相关关系,试验条件下(不同地类土壤、雨强、坡度)土壤有机碳流失强度与侵蚀强度间的函数关系可表达为:y(SOC)=5.104x(Erosion)+0.036(r2=0.984)。     

基于SWAT模型的涪江流域下垫面对面源污染负荷的影响分析

为探讨流域下垫面污染物排放量、径流条件和本底条件对氨氮(NH_3)、总磷(TP)和高锰酸盐指数(I_(Mn))3种面源负荷的影响机制,以涪江流域为对象,构建了分布式水文和面源污染负荷模拟SWAT模型,并采用SWAT-Cup进行了参数率定,在此基础上采用Sobol方法进行了全局性敏感性分析。采用Nash-Sutcliffe系数、相对均方根误差、相对偏差和相对总误差4个指标进行检验,结果表明模拟径流过程和污染负荷与实测值基本相符。各种下垫面条件下,NH_3、TP和I_(Mn)负荷变化幅度均随着负荷均值的增加而增大,当下垫面为山丘区或自然林草为主的汇流区时,径流条件因子中的坡度和坡长对于面源污染负荷的影响最大。由于农田对径流过程具有显著的调节能力,面源污染负荷随汇流区内农田面积比例增加而降低。土壤本底、面源污染物排放量和径流条件3类因子中,径流条件因子对于面源污染负荷的影响最为敏感,而面源污染物排放量的影响不显著。下垫面对TP负荷的敏感性最弱,对IMn负荷的敏感性最强。因此,加强径流过程调控能力对涪江流域面源污染控制最为有效。     

黄土高原吕二沟流域不同植被下的坡面径流特征

为研究不同植被下的坡面径流及其组分特征,选择黄土高原丘陵沟壑区第三副区典型小流域不同植被为研究对象,采用野外定位观测与室内试验相结合的方法,分析坡面上不同植被下的径流特征,以期为该区域的森林植被恢复与经营提供理论依据和技术支撑。结果表明:不同的林分由于其植被情况、土壤状况、根系等其他条件的不同,其对地表径流、壤中流等径流组分的影响有所差异,在相同的降雨条件下,4个不同植被类型的径流小区其产流量表现为灌木混交刺槐油松,地表径流量也表现出相同的规律,表现为灌木刺槐油松混交,而壤中流量则不同于上述两者,表现为混交油松灌木刺槐。刺槐和灌木径流小区的坡面径流主要形式为地表径流,分别占总径流的95.61%和91.62%;混交径流小区的坡面径流主要形式为壤中流,占总径流的90.86%;而油松径流小区的坡面径流各组分所占比例较平均,地表径流和壤中流所占比例分别为61.99%和38.01%。降水是径流产流的最主要的来源,尤其是对于季节性降水明显的黄土高原地区,降雨量达到一定的阈值才会产生径流过程;降雨强度对地表径流和壤中流的影响有所差异;前期土壤含水量是影响坡面产流的一个非常重要的因素。     

青海省黄土丘陵沟壑区沟蚀影响因子的贡献率

以青海乐都县峰堆乡小流域6条侵蚀沟为研究对象,用钢钎法测定了年侵蚀模数,根据土壤砂粒、粉粒、粘粒和有机质的质量分数求算可蚀性K值,进行年侵蚀模数与植被盖度、坡度、K值之间的多元回归分析,采用标准化处理,来确定相对贡献率,探讨了3个指标对侵蚀沟的影响.结果表明:随着盖度增加侵蚀沟年侵蚀模数明显降低,沟蚀量对植被盖度的敏感度有随盖度升高而降低的趋势,沟蚀量有随坡度和可蚀性K值增加而上升的趋势.植被盖度、坡度和K值变化对峰堆小流域沟蚀量变化的贡献率分别为66.97%、7.12%和25.91%,可见沟蚀量受植被盖度的影响要大于坡度和K值的影响.     

坡面尺度上地貌对α生物多样性的影响

为了解地貌在坡面尺度上对α生物多样性的影响,采用主观采样法在陕北吴起县合家沟流域不同地貌部位进行了样地调查.利用SPSS16.0统计软件先后对各地貌部位物种组成及各物种的重要值、地形因子要素间、地形因子和群落α多样性之间分别做了聚类分析、相关分析和多元回归分析.结果表明:(1)地貌部位相似的群落聚类在一起,说明地形因子是影响物种组成、群落结构、生态系统等的重要因素.(2)海拔和坡位,坡向和坡度,地形指数和海拔、坡位、坡形之间的Pearson 相关系数均大于0.8,双尾显著性检验概率小于0.05.(3)影响α生物多样性指标香农-维纳指数的地形因子按重要性从大到小依次是:坡位、坡向、海拔、坡形、坡度、地形指数,进一步分析得出在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区,沟沿线、光照、土壤水分和养分在影响α生物多样性指标上依次递减.(4)通过多元线形回归检验,得出坡位、坡向、坡形、海拔这四个地形因子与群落α生物多样性关系密切,建立的回归模型显著性检验可信度大,与样本数据的拟合度高.各地形因子数据归一处理后的回归方程为:香农-维纳指数=2.417-0.581×坡形-1.333×坡位+1.449×海拔+0.631×坡向.地形地貌特征在黄土丘陵区表现明显,研究它对生物多样性的影响可为该区植被恢复提供参考,但由于调查样地尺度较小,在应用推广上尚待进一步研究.     

Benthic foraminiferal distribution on the southeastern Brazilian shelf and upper slope

Foraminiferal data were obtained from 66 samples of box cores on the southeastern Brazilian upper margin (between 23.8°–25.9°S and 42.8°–46.13°W) to evaluate the benthic foraminiferal fauna distribution and its relation to some selected abiotic parameters. We focused on areas with different primary production regimes on the southern Brazilian margin, which is generally considered as an oligotrophic region. The total density (D), richness (R), mean diversity ([`(H^￠ )] \overline{{H^{\prime } }} ), average living depth (ALD _X ) and percentages of specimens of different microhabitats (epifauna, shallow infauna, intermediate infauna and deep infauna) were analyzed. The dominant species identified were Uvigerina spp., Globocassidulina subglobosa, Bulimina marginata, Adercotryma wrighti, Islandiella norcrossi, Rhizammina spp. and Brizalina sp.. We also established a set of mathematical functions for analyzing the vertical foraminiferal distribution patterns, providing a quantitative tool that allows correlating the microfaunal density distributions with abiotic factors. In general, the cores that fit with pure exponential decaying functions were related to the oligotrophic conditions prevalent on the Brazilian margin and to the flow of the Brazilian Current (BC). Different foraminiferal responses were identified in cores located in higher productivity zones, such as the northern and the southern region of the study area, where high percentages of infauna were encountered in these cores, and the functions used to fit these profiles differ appreciably from a pure exponential function, as a response of the significant living fauna in deeper layers of the sediment. One of the main factors supporting the different foraminiferal assemblage responses may be related to the differences in primary productivity of the water column and, consequently, in the estimated carbon flux to the sea floor. Nevertheless, also bottom water velocities, substrate type and water depth need to be considered.     

黄土高原道路边坡绿化土壤基质筛选

目前边坡绿化中,喷播绿化基质通常使用木纤维和稻纤维,在北方地区由于其成本过高等原因,限制了该地区边坡绿化的进程.以本地所产的小麦及玉米秸秆加工成的基质纤维对原本木纤维及稻纤维进行对比试验,利用面积为60 cm×60 cm的土胚培养供试草种,用不同纤维种类和含有不同纤维质量分数的土壤基质对禾本科、豆科的种子发芽率和苗生长状况进行差异性分析,结果表明,纤维种类对于供试种子的发芽率和苗生长均无显著影响,只是表现在木纤维的起初发芽率较高上,而不同纤维质量分数的土壤基质的变化对发芽率和苗生长也均无显著影响,但根据该试验和前人的研究结果,最终得出本地所产的植物纤维可以替代稻纤维及木纤维,且纤维质量分数建议选用3%.     

降雨作用下坡面侵蚀的水动力机理

降雨作用下的坡面侵蚀不仅导致严重的水土流失,同时也可能诱发严重的重力地质灾害如滑坡、泥石流等.研究其发生发展的机理以及内部理论规律对减灾防灾具有至关重要的作用.文章以水动力学公式为基础,从坡面颗粒侵蚀的水分环境角度入手,分析了浸泡状态下松散颗粒和固定颗粒的侵蚀机理,揭示降雨作用下坡面水流与坡面颗粒间的相互作用关系,并给出各类型侵蚀发生所对应的临界降雨强度.最后,通过实例计算验证了理论的合理性.     

Effect of initial excess density and discharge on constant flux gravity currents propagating on a slope

The effect of the upstream conditions on propagation of gravity current over a slope is investigated using three-dimensional numerical simulations. The current produced by constant buoyancy flux, is simulated using a large eddy simulation solver. The dense saline solution used at the inlet is the driving force of the flow. Higher replenishment of the current is possible either by a high inflow discharge or high initial fractional density excess. In the simulations, it is observed that these two parameters affect the flow in different ways. Results show that the front speed of the descending current is proportional to the cube root of buoyancy flux, $(g_o^{\prime } Q)^{1/3}$ , which agrees with the previous experimental and numerical observations. The height of the tail of the current grows linearly in the streamwise direction. Formation of a strong shear layer at the boundary of mixed upper layer and dense lower layer is observed within the body and the tail of the current. Over the tail of the current far enough from the inlet, the vertical velocity and density profiles are compared to the ones from an experimental study. Distance from the bed to the point of maximum velocity increases with an increase in inflow discharge, while it remains practically unchanged with increasing initial fractional excess density in the simulations. Even though the velocity profiles are in good agreement, some discrepancies are observed in fractional excess density profiles among experimental and numerical results. Possible reasons for these discrepancies are discussed. Generally, gravity current type of flows could be expressed in layer-integrated formulation of governing equations. However, layer integration introduces several constants, commonly known as shape factors, to the equations of motion. The values of these shape factors are calculated based on simulation results and compared to the values from experiments and to the favorably used ‘top hat’ assumption.     

Feeding habits of pasiphaeid shrimps close to the bottom on the Western Mediterranean slope

The composition of the diet and daily cicle of predatory activity of pasiphaeid shrimps in the Northwestern Mediterranean were established; special attention was focussed on nocturnal feeding habits close to the bottom. Daily activity in both species was studied in two continuous 24-h sampling periods. Samples were obtained using bottom trawls between 1988 and 1990. Both species fed on benthic prey items at night. The nocturnal diet of Pasiphaea multidentata consisted of gammarid amphipods, isopods (Cirolana borealis) and macruran decapods (Calocaris macandreae). Nocturnal feeding activity was carried out only by large specimens (cephalothorax length >28 mm), which stayed close to the bottom during the nighttime. In contrast, the specimens collected during the daytime exhibited highly digested remains of pelagic prey (hyperiids, fishes, euphausiids, chaetognaths) ingested as a result of predatory higher activity in the water column the night before. The feeding strategy of P. sivado was parallel to that of P. multidentata. At night large specimens were located near the bottom and fed on suprabenthic gammarid amphipods. This nocturnal feeding activity by both these mesopelagic pasiphaeid species furnishes evidence of energy transfer from the benthos to the planktonic system in bathyal communities. Changes were observed in the diet of P. multidentata with depth. Crustaceans made up a larger share of the diet of P. multidentata on the lower slope than on the upper middle slope, probably because of changes undergone by bathyal communities with increasing depth. The feeding rate was higher in the submarine canyons, where the diet is also more specialised. Dietary overlap between the two pasiphaeids was very low, due to the different size range of prey exploited.     

Effects of alfalfa coverage on runoff, erosion and hydraulic characteristics of overland flow on loess slope plots

An evaluation of the interactions between vegetation, overland and soil erosion can provide valuable insight for the conservation of soil and water. An experiment was conducted to study water infiltration, runoff generation process, rate of sediment erosion, and hydrodynamic characteristics of overland flow from a sloping hillside with different draw-off discharges from alfalfa and control plots with 20° slope. The effect of alfalfa on runoff and sediment transport reduction was quantitatively analyzed. Alfalfa was discussed for its ability to reduce the overland flow scouring force or change the runoff movement. Compared to the bare-soil plots, alfalfa plots generated a 1.77 times increase in infiltration rate. Furthermore, the down-slope water infiltration rate for the bare soil plots was higher than in the up-slope, while the opposite was found in the alfalfa plots. In addition, alfalfa had a significant effect on runoff and sediment yield. In comparison to the control, the runoff coefficient and sediment transportation rate decreased by 28.3% and 78.4% in the grass slope, respectively. The runoff generated from the alfalfa and bare-soil plots had similar trends with an initial increase and subsequent leveling to a steady-state rate. The transport of sediment reduced with time as a consequence of the depletion of loose surface materials. The maximum sediment concentration was recorded within the first few minutes of each event. The alfalfa plots had subcritical flow while the bare-soil plots had supercritical flow, which indicate that the capability of the alfalfa slope for resisting soil erosion and sediment movement was greater than for bare soil plots. Moreover, the flow resistance coefficient and roughness coefficient for the alfalfa plots were both higher than for the bare-soil plots, which indicate that overland flow in alfalfa plots had retarded and was blocked, and the flow energy along the runoff path had gradually dissipated. Finally, the ability to erode and transport sediment had decreased.     

The influence of slope collapse on water exchange between a pit lake and a heterogeneous aquifer

Slope collapse will reduce the water exchange. Slope collapse will affect the spatial distribution of the water exchange. Precipitation have the most impact on the dynamics of the water exchange. Due to the increase in open pit mining, pit lakes have become common surface water features, posing a potential risk to subsurface aquifer. In this study, a pit lake–groundwater interaction model is built based on the general program MODFLOW with the LAK3 package. For the first time, the effects of lake-slope collapse and aquifer heterogeneity on pit lake–groundwater interactions are analyzed by dividing the lake into six water exchange zones based on the aquifer lithology and groundwater level. Our investigation and simulations reveal a total water exchange from groundwater to the lake of 349000 m³/a without collapse of the pit lake slope, while the total net water exchange under slope collapse conditions is 248000 m³/a (i.e., a reduction of 1.40-fold). The monthly net water exchange per unit width from groundwater to the lake reaches the largest in April, shifting to negative values in zone IV from June to August and in zone V in June and July. Moreover, the monthly net water exchange per unit width decreases from north to south, and the direction and magnitude of water exchange are found to depend on the hydraulic gradients between the lake and groundwater and the hydraulic conductivity of the slope collapse.