聚糖菌颗粒污泥的反硝化特性与微生物群落分布

为了解聚糖菌在污泥颗粒化中的脱氮能力及其微生物生态特性,采用反应器工艺、批式试验、显微技术和荧光原位杂交技术来评估其反硝化能力,揭示其微生物群落的微观结构,探索聚糖菌和聚磷菌在不同粒径污泥中的分布特征.结果表明,污泥对有机物的吸收率稳定在90%以上.颗粒污泥的沉降指数(SVI10)稳定在30-50 mL g-1,远低于接种污泥的108.2 mL g-1.聚醣菌颗粒污泥对硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的反硝化去除率分别达到了65%和70%,氮气为主要气态产物.聚糖菌颗粒污泥被大量的四联球菌结构所充斥,丝状菌在其中起到了重要的构架和搭桥的作用.荧光原位杂交结果表明聚糖菌可生存于各尺寸颗粒化污泥内;而聚磷菌受到严重抑制只能较少地分布在颗粒污泥的外围空间.上述结果表明,在SBR反应器中采用厌氧搅拌—排水—好氧曝气的处理模式成功培育出具有聚糖特性的颗粒化微生物聚集体,培育成功的颗粒污泥对硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮均具有良好的反硝化特性.在整体颗粒污泥微生物群落中聚糖菌为优势种群.图8表1参19     

三十六脚湖水库沉积物聚磷菌多样性及群落组成

采用末端限制性片段长度多态性(Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP)技术结合克隆文库构建,分析福建省平潭岛三十六角湖水库夏冬季特定样点沉积物聚磷菌(PAO)多样性及群落组成.结果显示,三十六脚湖沉积物中夏季聚磷菌的多样性明显高于冬季,夏季优势聚磷菌末端限制性片段(Terminal restriction fragment,T-RF)集中在200-300 bp,而冬季聚磷菌T-RF片段集中在150-200 bp.克隆测序和系统发育分析表明,三十六脚湖水库沉积物样品中检测到优势的聚磷菌类群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria).夏季丰度大于10%优势的菌属为厌氧粘细菌属(Anaeromyxobacter)、固氮螺菌属(Azospirillum)、聚磷小月菌(Microlunatus phosphovorus)和伯克氏菌属(Burkholderia),而冬季丰度大于14%优势的菌属主要有厌氧粘细菌属、甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium)、Solibacter属、固氮螺菌属和聚磷小月菌.上述结果表明三十六脚湖沉积物中聚磷菌多样性及群落组成均呈现出一定的季节变化特征,沉积物各形态磷对聚磷菌多样性有一定影响,且与铁铝结合态磷相关性最显著,这可为今后揭示水库沉积物磷代谢循环的微生物学机制提供科学基础.     

不同进水有机物浓度下移动床生物膜反应器(SBMBBR)脱氮除磷特性

考察了不同进水有机物浓度下厌氧/好氧序批式移动床生物膜反应器（SBMBBR）污染物去除特性,实验结果表明,SBMBBR能够实现低碳源污水中氮和磷的同步去除,在进水TN和TP浓度分别为116.7 mg.L-1和11.5 mg.L-1、COD浓度为456 mg.L-1的条件下,TN和TP去除率分别达到94.3%和92.2%以上.反应器除磷是基于常规生物除磷和反硝化除磷过程实现的,脱氮主要是基于好氧段发生的同时硝化反硝化（SND）作用而完成.由于生物膜内部存在的DO扩散梯度,在好氧阶段混合液DO浓度不断提高的条件下反应器内具有良好SND反应的发生.进水COD浓度由149 mg.L-1提高至456 mg.L-1的过程中,反应器硝化效果不变,反硝化和除磷效果改善.反应器在好氧阶段pH值基本维持在7.0—7.1之间,为各类菌群的生长创造了条件.碱度变化较pH值更能反映硝化和反硝化反应发生的程度.反应器中微生物相丰富,生物膜以丝状菌为骨架,其上附着大量的球状菌和杆状菌,而悬浮活性污泥中丝状菌较少,形成了由细菌、真菌到原生动物和后生动物的复杂的生态体系,为系统取得稳定的污水处理效果提供了有效的保证.     

海南东寨港红树林聚磷菌的筛选及其特性

海南东寨港红树林自然保护区生态环境与聚磷菌的聚磷过程好氧-厌氧交替环境高度一致.为获得高效聚磷菌,本研究随机采集该区域134份淤泥样品,通过BCIP蓝白斑筛选法、异染颗粒和PHB颗粒染色以及测定聚磷能力相结合的方法进行筛选.总共获得185株初筛菌株,其中42株菌的聚磷能力达20%以上,最高可达69.5%,有效聚磷菌株分离率为22.7%.利用Biolog微生物鉴定系统和16S r RNA基因序列分析鉴定菌株,发现所筛聚磷菌多为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter),也有芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)和假单孢菌属(Pseudomonas),并且表现出一定的差异性.本研究表明东寨港红树林具有丰富的聚磷微生物资源,可为修复磷富营养化水体恢复生态平衡提供有效的候选菌种.(图3表3参28)     

纤毛状生物膜脱氮除磷工艺调试研究

纤毛状生物膜脱氮除磷工艺(CNR)是一种高效的生物脱氮除磷工艺.好氧池中纤毛状生物膜填料的添加,固化了大量世代时间长的硝化菌,提高了硝化反应速度,而且成功地解决了好氧段硝化菌与聚磷菌的泥龄矛盾.通过对天津某污水处理厂进行CNR工艺中试,得出结论如下:填料比表面积大,微生物附着量高达1 350～1 500g·m~(-2);填料容易挂膜、脱膜,无堵塞现象,更不需要反冲洗,维护管理简单;填料上形成的生物膜中,微生物体系稳定,种群丰富,微生物相包括钟虫(vorticella)、轮虫(rotaria)、表壳虫(arcella)、吸管虫(tokophrya)等;采用CNR工艺对污水处理,常规项目的去除率均达到80%以上,出水水质除总氮达到一级B标准,其他均达到<城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准>(GB 18918-2002)的一级A排放标准.     

新型废水生物脱氮的微生物学研究进展

生物脱氮是含氮废水处理公认的最佳处理方式,随着对生物脱氮微生物学原理研究的不断深入,许多新的生物脱氮特殊菌株或菌群及微生物转化机制不断被发现.本文在传统生物脱氮过程机理上,结合最近国内外生物脱氮的新发现,就短程硝化反硝化、同时硝化反硝化、厌氧氨氧化的微生物学原理进行了阐述.图1表2参23     

硫自养高氯酸盐还原菌和反硝化菌的培养和驯化

为了提高硫自养高氯酸盐和硝酸盐的还原效率,进行了以单质硫(S0)和好氧污泥分别作为电子供体和接种污泥培养驯化硫自养高氯酸盐还原菌和反硝化菌的过程研究.结果显示,在厌氧条件下采用间歇周期运行的培养方式,高氯酸盐和硝酸盐的初始浓度分别从80 mg/L和40 mg/L逐渐增加到240 mg/L和120 mg/L时,去除率达到99%以上的周期随培养驯化时间的增加而逐渐缩短,从最初的7 d稳定在4 d,高氯酸盐和硝酸盐最终分别被还原为Cl-和N2.由于S0的歧化反应,SO42-的实际产生量高于理论产生量.培养驯化过程中pH在6.5-7.3范围内变化,适合硫自养高氯酸盐还原菌和反硝化菌生长、发育和繁殖的条件.PCR-DGGE图谱分析表明随着培养和驯化时间的增加微生物种群数量逐渐减少,污泥微生物群落能够迅速进行优胜劣汰,达到适应环境的目的.培养驯化末期的污泥中β变形杆菌纲处于优势地位,是硫自养高氯酸盐还原菌和反硝化菌的主要组成部分.因此,经培养驯化的微生物菌群具有较高的高氯酸盐和硝酸盐还原能力,本研究可为水中高氯酸盐和硝酸盐净化技术提供一定的理论依据和技术支持.     

厌氧-好氧生物除磷影响因素的控制

采用厌氧-好氧生物除磷工艺,研究了两个关键因子--化学需氧量与磷的比值和污泥负荷对系统除磷效果的影响及其控制.结果表明,原污水中化学需氧量与磷的比值越高,厌氧放磷越多,越有利于除磷;厌氧放磷与厌氧吸收碳源呈正相关;并且,进水化学需氧量与磷的比值的变化对整个系统碳源污染物的去除效果不会产生明显的影响.试验发现,厌氧条件下聚磷菌贮存碳源的多寡并不完全依赖于高能磷酸键水解提供的能量,原污水中化学需氧量越多,越有利于厌氧碳源的贮存.若要达到好的除磷效果,系统的污泥负荷必须控制在0.21～0.5 kg/(kg·d)之间,且污泥负荷越高,除磷效果越佳.     

序批式活性污泥(SBR)转移工艺的除磷机制

以城市污水为水源,进行了污泥转移SBR工艺的除磷机制研究.实验结果表明,通过污泥转移方式实现在生物选择器中强化对聚磷菌的筛选,从而显著提升了传统SBR工艺的除磷性能.污泥转移量对系统释磷性能影响显著,污泥转移量为30%条件下活性污泥PHB(poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid)含量达到细胞干重的24.3%,生物选择器中厌氧释磷与污泥中PHB合成呈现良好的正相关性.污泥转移量分别为15%、30%和40%下生物选择器中的平均释磷速率分别为7.00、11.17、8.83 mg TP·(g MLSS·h)-1.通过物料衡算表明,系统中传统PAO除磷机制起主要作用,并存在较弱的反硝化除磷过程.在污泥转移量30%、泥龄10 d条件下,传统PAO(Phosphorus accumulating organisms)代谢模式除磷量占76.81%,同化除磷量占15.43%,反硝化除磷量占7.76%.     

单级好氧和限氧污水处理系统中总氮损失的微生物学机理

近年来,单级好氧和限氧污水处理系统中总氮损失的现象引起了人们的普遍关注,本文对这种现象的微生物学机理及研究现状进行了阐述,主要是儿类细菌的单独脱氮或者它们之间的协同脱氮,包括自养(亚)硝化菌单独脱氮、好氧反硝化菌单独脱氮、(亚)硝化菌和好氧反硝化菌的协同脱氮以及(亚)硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌的协同脱氮.与传统的硝化-反硝化脱氮工艺相比,这些脱氮新途径具有不可比拟的优越性,对于强化污水生物脱氮具有重要意义.图8参53     

Short-term effect of temperature variation on the competition between PAOs and GAOs during acclimation period of an EBPR system

Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) processes was used to investigate the impact of the temperature shock on the competition between phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) in start-up stage. During the 34 days operation, SBR was set with temperature variation(0–5 d, 22±1°C; 6–13 d, 29±1°C; 14–34 d, 14±1°C). PAOs and GAOs were analyzed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and intracellular polyphosphate granules were stained by Neisser-stain. The results showed that the influence of temperature shock on PAOs’ abundance was more serious than that on GAOs in the enriching process. Under sudden and substantially temperature variation, from 22±1°C to 29±1°C and then to 14±1°C, the domination of PAOs was deteriorated. After temperature shock, PAOs’ competitive advantages at low temperature that concluded in other study did not appear in our study. As mesophilic, GAOs (indicated by Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria) were more temperature adaptive and better grew and took the domination at 14±1°C in the end. In the competition process, organisms of tetrad forming organisms (TFOs)-like shape which were considered as typical GAOs, were observed. With the evidence of poly-P granules containing by Neisser-straining and result of FISH, these organisms of TFOs-like shape were better to be assumed as adaption state or a special self-protecting shape of PAOs.     

Diversity and community composition of phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs) in the sediments of the Sanshiliujiao Lake reservoir北大核心CSCD

The diversity and community composition of phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs) in the sediments of the Sanshiliujiao Lake reservoir in Pingtan island, Fujian Province, were investigated by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) methods combined with the construction of clone libraries. The diversity of PAOs in summer samples was significantly higher than that in winter. The dominant terminal restriction fragments (T-RFs) of PAOs were in the range of 200 to 300 bp in summer, while they were in the range of 150 to 200 bp in winter. Cloning sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that the main phyla of PAOs in the sediment of the Sanshiliujiao Lake reservoir were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria. Anaeromyxobacter, Azospirillum, Microlunatus phosphovorus, and Burkholderia were the dominant genera in the summer samples. Anaeromyxobacter, Methylobacterium, Solibacter, Azospirillum, and Microlunatus phosphovorus were the dominant genera in sediment samples in winter. The results of this study demonstrated that the diversity and community composition of PAOs in the sediments of the Sanshiliujiao Lake reservoir had specific seasonal characteristics. Various forms of phosphorus also showed their influence on the diversity of PAOs, especially Fe/Al-P. Our findings lays a scientific foundation for the future disclosure of microbial mechanisms involved in the phosphorus metabolic cycle in the sediments of reservoirs. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Advanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal in A2O-BAF system treating low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio domestic wastewater

A laboratory-scale anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic process (A²O) with a small aerobic zone and a bigger anoxic zone and biologic aerated filter (A²O-BAF) system was operated to treat low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio domestic wastewater. The A²O process was employed mainly for organic matter and phosphorus removal, and for denitrification. The BAF was only used for nitrification which coupled with a settling tank Compared with a conventional A²O process, the suspended activated sludge in this A²O-BAF process contained small quantities of nitrifier, but nitrification overwhelmingly conducted in BAF. So the system successfully avoided the contradiction in sludge retention time (SRT) between nitrifying bacteria and phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs). Denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organisms (DPAOs) played an important role in removing up to 91% of phosphorus along with nitrogen, which indicated that the suspended activated sludge process presented a good denitrifying phosphorus removal performance. The average removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and NH ₄ ⁺ -N were 85.56%, 92.07%, 81.24% and 98.7% respectively. The effluent quality consistently satisfied the national first level A effluent discharge standard of China. The average sludge volume index (SVI) was 85.4 mL·g^?1 additionally, the volume ratio of anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic zone in A²O process was also investigated, and the results demonstrated that the optimum value was 1:6:2.     

Simulation of long-term nutrient removal in a full-scale closed-loop bioreactor for sewage treatment: an example of Bayesian inference

In this study, the performance of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in a full-scale closed-loop bioreactor (oxidation ditch) system was simulated using the ASM2d model. Routine data describing the process for two years were compiled for calibration and validation. To overcome the identifiability problem, the classic Bayesian inference approach was utilized for parameter estimation. The calibrated model could describe the long-term trend of nutrient removal and short-term variations of the process performance, showing that the Bayesian method was a reliable and useful tool for the parameter estimation of the activated sludge models. The anoxic phosphate uptake by polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAO) contributed 71.2% of the total Poly-P storage, which reveals the dominance of denitrifying phosphorus removal process under the oxygen limiting conditions. It was found that 58.7% of the anoxic Poly-P storage and denitrification by PAO in the reactor was achieved in the aerated compartment, implying that the PAO’s anoxic activity was significantly stimulated by the low dissolved oxygen (DO) level in this compartment due to the oxygen gradient caused by brush aerator.     

Practical consideration for design and optimization of the step feed process

Based on the anoxic/oxic (A/O) step feed process, a modified University of Cape Town (UCT) step feed process was developed by adding an anaerobic zone and adjusting sludge return pipeline. Performance evaluation of these two types of processes was investigated by optimizing operational parameters, such as the anaerobic/anoxic/oxic volumes, internal recycle ratios, and sludge retention times, for removal of chemical oxygen demanding (COD), nitrogen, and phosphorus. Results showed high removal efficiencies of COD of (85.0±1.7)%, ammonium of (99.7±0.2)%, total nitrogen (TN) of (85.5±1.7)%, phosphorus of (95.1±3.3)%, as well as excellent sludge settleability with average sludge volume index of (83.7±9.5) L·mg^-1 in the modified UCT process. Moreover, (61.5±6.0)% of influent COD was efficiently involved in denitrification or phosphorus release process. As much as 35.3% of TN was eliminated through simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process in aerobic zones. In addition, the presence of denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organisms (DNPAOs), accounting for approximately 39.2% of PAOs, was also greatly beneficial to the nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Consequently, the modified UCT step feed process was more attractive for the wastewater treatment plant, because it had extremely competitive advantages such as higher nutrient removal efficiencies, lower energy and dosages consumption, excellent settling sludge and operational assurance.     

生物除磷活性污泥系统微生物学研究进展

强化生物除磷工艺（enhanced biological phospho rusremoval，简称EBPR）是引起世界各国广泛关注并投入巨资研究的一种污水处理新型技术，但关于EBPR过程的微生物学知识却知之甚少，还存在一些模糊甚至错误的认识．近年来，以rRNA为基础的分子生物学技术的应用极大改变了以前对EBPR微生物群落的认识，但对其种群动态和作用机制方面的了解还远远不够．本文总结了近年来在EBPR系统微生物学研究方面的进展，并对EBPR技术的未来发展做一展望，以期推动此技术在污水处理业的应用．参40     

中国化学品环境管理对本土模式生物的需求和应用

适合的实验生物和大量的生态毒理学数据是化学品环境管理的重要基础。应用本土模式生物对我国化学品环境管理十分重要。稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)逐步成为我国化学品环境管理的首选推荐本土模式生物。建议从国际合作交流、遗传学、标准化、敏感性和比对研究等方面促进稀有鮈鲫的国际化。坚持管理与科研相结合,推动本土模式生物的研发和应用。     

Role of peat organic matter on isotopic composition of most abundant benthic organisms in intertidal habitats of SW Iceland

The transfer of peat organic matter (OM) from tidal pools of upper littoral to downstream rocky shores and its potential incorporation into marine biota were investigated using the stable isotope approach. Samplings were carried out in September 2004 in two SW Icelandic sites (Osar and Hvassahraun), where we selected (1) areas with shores where grass gently declined towards rocks and, on reaching the sea line, formed small tidal peat pools and (2) areas where grass and rocky shores were not contiguous, rather the grass lower limits were several hundreds of meters back from the shore. In both grass and no grass areas, in the intertidal zone, all benthic organisms and all potential OM sources were sampled. Dominant macroalgae were Ascophyllum nodosum ([Linnaeus] Le Jolis) and Fucus vesiculosus Linnaeus. In grass sites, organisms partially reflected the isotopic composition of peat OM, while in no grass sites, peat represented only a negligible amount of available OM, or its signal was totally absent from the environment. Intertidal organisms could rely on peat both directly by suspension feeding, grazing or scavenging and indirectly by predation (crabs) on low level consumers (barnacles).     

环丙沙星在模拟水生态系统中的动态研究

利用高效液相色谱法对环丙沙星(CPFX)在微宇宙模拟水生态系统中的归趋,包括CPFX在水体、沉积物、生物体[皇冠草(Echinodorus amazonicus)、河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)、异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)]等不同分配相及生物体不同组织中的动态变化过程进行了研究.结果表明:在模拟水生态系统中加入500.00 μg·L-1 CPFX后,药物部分被水生生物所吸收,部分沉降进入底泥中.在各相中的CPFX残留量随时间不断变化,1 d内水体中药物含量降至15.30 μg·L-1,而底泥中药物含量升至385.57 μg·kg-1.CPFX不同程度地富集和残留于水生生物体中,皇冠草对CPFX的吸收量大,尤其是叶片部分1 d内含量高达795.43 μg·kg-1,随后逐步降低;河蚬、异育银鲫对CPFX有明显的吸收积累,并且在体内的残留时间可长达45 d,不同组织对CPFX的吸收积累存在明显差异,在内脏中的积累量比肌肉组织高.不同生物体中CPFX的分布和富集存在着较大差异,其趋势为皇冠草＞河蚬＞异育银鲫.