电化学消毒法处理回用水的可行性研究

研究电化学方法对城市污水处理厂二沉池出水进行消毒的可行性，采用人工配水，在近似城市污水厂二沉池出水含菌量与含盐量的水质下，研究不同的运行条件下的杀菌效果。为电化学方法应用于中水回用消毒环节提供了试验依据。     

二沉池出水的电化学消毒试验研究

对德国威斯巴登城市污水处理厂和上海石化股份公司水质净化厂二沉池出水分别进行了电化学消毒试验。试验结果表明，用电化学方法对威斯巴登城市污水处理厂和上海石化股份公司水质净化厂二沉池出水进行消毒是可行的，消毒效果好，耗电少，杀菌率随电流、处理时间的增加而提高。     

用凝聚法处理城市污水厂二沉池出水

本研究采用硫酸铝和聚合铝对城市污水厂二沉池出水进行凝聚处理。探讨了用凝聚法处理二沉池出水的特点和基本机理，提出了用二段法进行处理的方法，且比较了二段法与普通凝聚法的优劣。     

对电化学消毒影响因素的研究

利用电化学方法对某污水处理厂二级处理后的絮凝池出水进行消毒,利用自行研制的新型电解消毒器,固定极板间距为5mm,分别研究了电流、消毒期内的停留时间、消毒后存放时间和水流方向等结构参数对消毒效果的影响。用实验室自配水研究了水质(SS、COD、TN、TP和NH3-N等)因素与消毒效果的关系,并优化工艺条件参数,使出水基本满足城市污水处理厂的污水排放标准。     

沸石吸附去除城市污水厂初沉池出水中氨氮的研究

直接向城市污水初沉池出水中投加沸石 ,利用沸石对氨氮的选择性交换去除其中的氨氮 ,并辅以实验室配制液作为对比。研究结果表明 :( 1)沸石对初沉池出水中的氨氮具有很强的选择性 ;( 2 )与实验室配制液相比 ,在城市污水初沉池出水中沸石的交换容量受其他离子和有机物的影响而有所下降 ,但下降并不明显 ;( 3 )沸石对初沉池出水中的COD也有一定的去除效果     

沸石吸附去除城市污水厂初沉池出水中氨氮的研究

直接向城市污水初沉池出水中投加沸石，利用沸石对氨氮的选择性交换去除其中的氨氮，并辅以实验室配制液作为对比，研究结果表明：（1）沸石对初沉池出水中的氨氮具有很强的选择性；（2）与实验室配制液相比，在城市污水初沉池出水中沸石的交换容量受其他离子和有机物的影响而有所下降，但下降并不明显；（3）沸石对初沉池出水中的COD也有一定的去除效果。     

超声波对城市污水处理厂出水消毒的研究

对于城市污水处理厂出水，传统消毒方法存在很多的弊端，实验对超声波消毒进行研究，探索城市污水处理厂出水消毒的新工艺。采用21.51 kHz与32.36 kHz 2个频率的超声波,通过改变超声波的频率、强度、辐照时间等因子，考察总大肠菌群的灭活情况。对超声波消毒效果、消毒机理及超声波与紫外线协同消毒效果进行了研究探讨。结果表明，超声消毒效果随超声时间及声密度的增大而增大；时间和声密度相同情况下，32.36 kHz超声的消毒效果强于21.51 kHz；对水体进行少量曝气时，消毒效果明显增强。超声波消毒技术与紫外消毒技术联用，10 s超声波预处理加20 s紫外消毒，总大肠菌群灭活率可达到4.5个对数单位，要优于1 min紫外消毒达到的3.7个对数单位，且能耗更低。     

一维分层弥散模型在二沉池模拟中的应用

通过在二沉池一维分层模型中加入弥散作用建立了二沉池一维分层弥散模型,并采用数值求解的方法开发了二沉池模拟程序.利用竖流式沉淀池中试试验实测数据验证了模型的可靠性,以COST(欧洲科技领域研究合作组织)624/682文件中基准污水处理厂二沉池晴天时的稳态和动态进水数据为模型输入值,分析比较了一维分层弥散模型模拟程序与国外成熟软件的模拟结果.结果表明,纳入了弥散作用的一维分层模型能较好地描述实际二沉池中的悬浮固体浓度分布,模拟结果具有较好的精度,有待于在二沉池模拟和控制领域进一步深入研究.     

活性污泥处理系统的计算机模拟

介绍了以活性污泥1号模型(ASMI)和固体通量沉淀模型为基础．结合反应器原理．用VB6．0计算机语言建立城市污水活性污泥模拟器的方法,探讨了生物反应器和二沉池的模拟工艺流程、各组分的物料平衡关系和欧拉法数值积分的步长选取等问题。模拟器的校准结果表明,该模拟器建立的思路和方法是可靠的．可以用于城市污水生物处理系统的模拟和预测。     

倒置AAO工艺中物料及能量流向的研究

通过对北京某城市污水厂的曝气池各单元及二沉池营养物质变化进行跟踪试验,分析该污水厂的活性污泥单元倒置AAO工艺部分碳、氮、磷的物料流向,并且基于物料平衡分析了工艺中的能量流向.     

电絮凝处理煤层气产出水

采用电絮凝法处理煤层气产出水,通过铁和铝2种电极材料的处理效果的比较,选择铝电极进行实验,研究了电极间距、原水pH值以及电流密度等因素对电絮凝处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,电絮凝法对煤层气产出水的化学需氧量(COD)和固体悬浮物(SS)具有良好的去除效果,原水pH接近中性时处理效果较好,电絮凝处理过程中不需添加可溶性盐和改变pH值。实验中确定的电絮凝处理条件为:电极间距1 cm,电流密度30 A/m2,反应10 min后,出水的COD、SS分别为9.6 mg/L和8.5 mg/L,去除率分别达到75.1%和88.8%,出水pH为7.8,电能消耗为1.75 kWh/m3。     

膜电解工艺处理碱性含铜蚀刻废液

实验对碱性含铜蚀刻废液膜电解工艺处理的可行性开展相关研究,考察了槽电压、电解时间和阳极液pH值等因素对膜电解电流效率的影响,并确定了最佳工艺条件:槽电压3.10 V、电解时间2 h、阳极液初始pH值9.20。在上述最优工艺条件下,膜电解电流效率达91.5%。实验结果表明,该工艺操作方便、简单可行,是处理蚀刻废液、回收铜的有效方法,具有一定的应用价值。     

Electrochemical treatment of domestic wastewater using boron-doped diamond and nanostructured amorphous carbon electrodes

The performance of the electrochemical oxidation process for efficient treatment of domestic wastewater loaded with organic matter was studied. The process was firstly evaluated in terms of its capability of producing an oxidant agent (H₂O₂) using amorphous carbon (or carbon felt) as cathode, whereas Ti/BDD electrode was used as anode. Relatively high concentrations of H₂O₂ (0.064 mM) was produced after 90 min of electrolysis time, at 4.0 A of current intensity and using amorphous carbon at the cathode. Factorial design and central composite design methodologies were successively used to define the optimal operating conditions to reach maximum removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color. Current intensity and electrolysis time were found to influence the removal of COD and color. The contribution of current intensity on the removal of COD and color was around 59.1 and 58.8 %, respectively, whereas the contribution of treatment time on the removal of COD and color was around 23.2 and 22.9 %, respectively. The electrochemical treatment applied under 3.0 A of current intensity, during 120 min of electrolysis time and using Ti/BDD as anode, was found to be the optimal operating condition in terms of cost/effectiveness. Under these optimal conditions, the average removal rates of COD and color were 78.9?±?2 and 85.5?±?2 %, whereas 70 % of total organic carbon removal was achieved.     

Use of electrochemical technology to increase the quality of the effluents of bio-oxidation processes. A case studied

In this work, it has been studied the use of conductive-diamond electrochemical oxidation (CDEO) as a refining technology to assure the quality of the effluents of door manufacturing processes (DMP). To do this, the raw effluents of these factories have been treated by a combination of physicochemical, biological and CDEO treatments. CDEO was found to be a feasible alternative to the refinement of a wooden DMP waste. It can successfully decrease the organic load of the effluents of the biological oxidation with low energy requirements. In addition, in case of incidents in the biological process, CDEO can treat successfully the effluents of the coagulation process. The effluents of the biological treatment have also been treated by CDEO in order to check the possible use of electrochemical technology to increase the biodegradability of the effluents and their possible recycle to the biological treatment. Unfortunately, electrochemical technology was found to be not adequate to increase the biodegradability of the effluents of a biological treatment. The hard oxidation conditions generated during CDEO do not lead to the accumulation of intermediates but to the almost direct formation of carbon dioxide. Lowering the current density or changing the electrodes can not enhance the biodegradability of the effluents of an electrochemical cell.     

A study on influential factors of high-phosphorus wastewater treated by electrocoagulation–ultrasound

A combined treatment of electrocoagulation and ultrasound was proposed to solve some problems which exist in the phosphorus removal processes in fine chemical industry. The intermittently discharged wastewater has the features of high initial phosphorus concentration and wide initial pH variation. The electrocoagulation–ultrasound effective performance for the removal of phosphorus was investigated. The results obtained from synthetic wastewater showed that the total phosphorus (TP) decreased from 86 to about 0.4 mg/L, and the removal efficiency reached about 99.6 %, when ultrasound was applied to the electrocoagulation cell under the optimum working conditions in 10 min. Comparatively, the TP removal efficiency of electrocoagulation group was 81.3 % and the ultrasound group has almost no change. Therefore, we can conclude that the electrocoagulation and ultrasound synergistic effect can effectively degrade high-phosphorus wastewater. We have discussed the impact of various parameters on the electrocoagulation–ultrasound based on the phosphorus removal efficiency. The results obtained from synthetic wastewater showed that the optimum working pH was found to be 6, allowing the effluent to be met the emission standards without pH adjustment. An increased current enhanced the speed of treatment significance, but higher current (>40 mA/cm²) enhanced ultrasonic cavitation effect causing flocculation ineffective. In addition, it was found that the optimum ultrasonic power was 4 W/cm² and the frequency was 20 kHz. The best ultrasound intervention and ultrasonic irradiation time were processed with electrocoagulation simultaneously. The results indicated that the electrocoagulation–ultrasound could be utilized as an attractive technique for removal of phosphate in the real wastewater.     

Effects of acid mist on mature grafts of Sitka spruce. Part I. Frost hardiness and foliar nutrient concentrations

Mature grafts of five clones of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis Bong. Sarg.) were exposed to simulated acid mist composed of an equimolar mixture of sulphuric acid and ammonium nitrate at pH 2.5 and pH 5.0 in open-top chambers from May to November 1991. Treatments were applied on consecutive days, four times a week. The pH 2.5 treatment provided an overall dose three times higher than that received by forests in upland areas of Britain. Frost hardiness was assessed in November by freezing detached current year shoots at a range of temperatures and assessing the rate of electrolyte leakage Foliar nutrient concentrations were determined on the same shoots. Acid mist at pH 2.5 significantly reduced frost hardiness in four of the five clones; the temperature causing 50% shoot death (LT50) was increased by 0 to 7 degrees C. The clones varied in their level of hardiness, one clone being exceptionally frost sensitive. The frost hardiness of the frost sensitive clone was found to be less perturbed by acid mist than the hardiness of the more frost resistant clones. Mature grafts showed a smaller reduction in hardiness at an equivalent dose than that found previously with Sitka spruce seedlings. Compared with seedlings, grafts had lower absolute concentrations of foliar sulphur. Exposure to acid mist at pH 2.5 increased %S in current year foliage by <0.05% compared with absolute increases of more than 0.10% in current year foliage of seedlings. We conclude that the effect of acid mist on frost hardiness is likely to be less on mature trees than on seedlings and that the increased frost risk to mature trees of Sitka spruce from occult deposition alone is small.     

Effect of cold-temperature shock on nitrification.

Nitrification is known as the most temperature-sensitive step among the biological processes in wastewater treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature on nitrification, in the case of a sharp decrease of temperature, and to compare this effect with that of a gradual temperature decrease. It was found that a sudden temperature decrease affected nitrification much more than predicted. The immediate decrease of temperature by 10 degrees C led to a 20% larger decrease of specific nitrification rate than predicted by the temperature correction factor of 1.072. The change of nitrification rate resulting from a gradual temperature decrease was modeled correctly with the current default temperature correction factor of 1.072. It was concluded that the correction factor actually can be applied to a gradual temperature-change situation; however, in the case of a sudden temperature decrease, measures need to be taken to avoid nitrifier washout.     

Effects of forest management on soil carbon: results of some long-term resampling studies

The effects of harvest intensity (sawlog, SAW; whole tree, WTH; and complete tree, CTH) on biomass and soil C were studied in four forested sites in the southeastern US (mixed deciduous forests at Oak Ridge, TN and Coweeta, NC; Pinus taeda at Clemson, SC: and P. eliottii at Bradford, FL). In general, harvesting had no lasting effects on soil C. However, intensive temporal sampling at the NC and SC sites revealed short-term changes in soil C during the first few years after harvesting, and large, long-term increases in soil C were noted at the TN site in all treatments. Thus, changes in soil C were found even though lasting effects of harvest treatment were not. There were substantial differences in growth and biomass C responses to harvest treatments among sites. At the TN site, there were no differences in biomass at 15 years after harvest. At the SC site, greater biomass was found in the SAW than in the WTH treatment 16 years after harvest, and this effect is attributed to be due to both the N left on site in foliar residues and to the enhancement of soil physical and chemical properties by residues. At the FL site, greater biomass was found in the CTH than in the WTH treatment 15 years after harvest, and this effect is attributed to be due to differences in understory competition. Biomass data were not reported for NC. The effects of harvest treatment on ecosystem C are expected to magnify over time at the SC and FL sites as live biomass increases, whereas the current differences in ecosystem C at the TN site (which are due to the presence of undecomposed residues) are expected to lessen with time.     

Effect of halides in the electrochemical treatment of distillery effluent

Electrochemical treatment can solve the problems arising due to effluents and offer an effective alternative to the existing methods. An undivided static electrolyser was charged with distillery effluent and the organics were oxidized electrochemically. Anodized graphite plate anodes and graphite cathodes were used for the treatment of distillery effluent. The effect of pH and current density on the treatment was studied. Sodium fluoride, sodium chloride and sodium bromide were chosen as electrolyte and their influence was found out. Complete decolorization has been observed in all cases. A maximum of 93.5% of biological oxygen demand reduction, 85.2% of chemical oxygen demand reduction and 98.0% absorbance reduction were obtained in the presence of sodium chloride as supporting electrolyte. Probable mechanism was also proposed for the oxidation of organics present in the effluent.     

隔膜电解法回收利用电厂锅炉EDTA清洗废水研究

以涂Ir/Sn钛网板作阳极,以不锈钢网板作阴极,采用隔膜电解法处理电厂锅炉EDTA清洗废水.实验结果表明,电流、阴极电解液初始pH值和Fe/EDTA摩尔比对粉末铁析出速率影响较大,粉末铁电解析出的适宜条件是电解电流为1.0 A、阴极电解液初始pH值为5.6、阴极电解液Fe/EDTA摩尔比足够高.采用隔膜电解结合反渗透膜系统处理电厂锅炉EDTA清洗废水,可同时高效回收纳米级粉末铁和EDTA.