单兵用主动式听力保护技术研究现状分析

战场噪声是造成单兵听力损伤的重要原因,通常要求单兵处于大于85dBA的噪声环境中需佩戴听力保护装置。听力保护装置通常包括耳罩式和耳塞式。新型单兵用耳塞式听力保护装置具有听力保护、环境声音的监听、持续及脉冲噪声抑制、通信接入等多种功能。     

如何预防噪声性耳聋？

噪声是由许多不同频率和不同强度的杂乱声音组合而成。噪声危害已成为当今世界各国主要的职业公害之一,噪声对人类的危害是多方面的,对听觉器官的损害最为明显。无论暴露在一次短暂的强脉冲噪声或长期反复的噪声暴露所致的听力下降,统称为噪声性听力损伤,亦称噪声性聋。     

我国纺织噪声暴露现状及听力损失情况预测

通过对国内纺织业从业人员数量、工龄的统计和企业实地噪声情况的调查，借鉴ISO1999—1975（E）和其它相关方法预测我国纺织行业噪声暴露情况和从业人员的听力损失情况。经过预测，结果显示纺织从业人员暴露于85dB以下噪声的约有289．3万人，85～95dB约有381．2万人，高于95dB约有329．5万人；对于听力损失的预测，采用悲观和乐观法分别进行预测，结果表明约有100．57万人和21．61万人患有听力损失；结合实际调研情况对预测数据进行修正，结果表明目前我国纺织行业约有70．96万人患有听力损失。     

职业性噪声聋成因及防护对策

噪声是一种重要的职业安全和卫生危害因素,最早引起人们注意的职业危害就是听力危害。噪声引起的听觉敏感度下降、听阈升高、听觉功能障碍甚至听力丧失,总称为听力损失。听力损失分为两类:暂时性听力损失在强噪声环境中短时间引起的耳鸣和听力下降,听     

听力保护计划：—造福工人的一项综合工程

众所周知,噪声对人的危害是多方面的。职业性噪声对工人的危害更大。研究人员发现,在低于120分贝的情况下,噪声对人听力以外的危害主要是通过听力而起作用的。人们把对听力的危害叫做直接性危害;而把通过听力而作用的对人的其他危害(如对心血管、脑血管等)则称为间接性危害。因此,如果保护了听力,也就间接地保护了人的其他器官。 听力保护计划就是在这个基础上应运而生的。它是科技工作者为保护工人免受职业性噪声危害而实施的一项综合工程。自八十年代以来,已在美国和西欧等国实行,取得了明显效果。目前在我国属试行阶段,已在部分地区实施…     

纺织噪声治理措施的探讨

纺织噪声治理措施的探讨张倩，张德恩，王龙义（淄博市卫生防疫站，山东２５５０２６）在纺织工业生产过程中遇到的职业危害，有高温、高湿、粉尘、噪声和不良照明等，其中最主要的是噪声。它严重地影响了纺织女工听力系统，听力损伤可由听力下降逐渐发展为噪声性耳聋。此...     

如何正确选用听力防护用品

前几期中我们向您介绍了有关呼吸系统防护用品的知识，本期中我们将向您介绍个体防护用品的另一大类：听力保护用品的有关知识。当我们暴露于噪声中时，就要对听力进行保护。什么是噪声呢？应当说一切惹人讨厌，令人烦噪，人们不愿意听的声音都是噪声。噪声是声音的一种，...     

企业噪声危害等级划分初探

以接触噪声人数，人均等效Ａ声级，噪声暴露听力损伤率为评价量，采用加权许法对福州市部分企业噪声危害等级划分进行尝试，有助于综合评价企业噪声危害的程度。     

企业职工听力保护有规定

目前，我国第一个（工业企业职工听力保护规定）在京经过专家技术审定，并有望在年内实施。噪声危害是影响面最广的职业有害因素之一。长期处于高噪声环境中，不仅可造成人的听力下降乃至致聋，还可诱发其他心理与躯体的疾患，因而为高噪声环境中的职工提供安全卫生保障是保护劳动者健康的重要措施。此次制定的（工业企业职工听力保护规定），从我国国情出发，在强调了工程设施等的环境降噪的同时，更注重对职工个人的防护。审定专家认为，（规定）所提出的把8小时噪声暴露等效声级85分贝定为听力保护启动级，符合国际公认的噪声限值。（规…     

噪声对视力也有危害

噪声亦称“噪音”，指不同频率和不同强度，无规律地组合在一起的声音，一般以90dB（A）作为工作点的听力保护极大值。如果噪声超过这个极大值，就会严重影响人们的休息，降低工作效率，损伤听觉，甚至引起耳聋，诱发疾病。现代医学研究还发现，噪声不仅损害人的听力，同时，也能损害人的视力。了解这一点，对现场安全管理也是非常必要的。有资料表明，噪声能使人眼对光亮度的敏感性降低。当作业场所的噪声强度达到90dB（A）时，有2／5的人瞳孔扩大，视物模糊；当噪声达到115dB（A）时，几乎所有人的眼球对光亮度的适应性都有不同程度的…     

Self-assessment of hearing status and risk of noise-induced hearing loss in workers in a rolling stock plant

Noise measurements and questionnaire inquiries were carried out for 124 workers of a rolling stock plant to develop a hearing conservation program. On the basis of that data, the risk of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) was evaluated. Additionally, the workers' hearing ability was assessed with the (modified) Amsterdam inventory for auditory disability and handicap, (m)AIADH. The workers had been exposed to noise at A-weighted daily noise exposure levels of 74-110 dB for 1-40 years. Almost one third of the workers complained of hearing impairment and the (m)AIADH results showed some hearing difficulties in over half of them. The estimated risk of hearing loss over 25 dB in the frequency range of 3-6 kHz was 41-50% when the standard method of predicting NIHL specified in Standard No. ISO 1999:1990 was used. This risk increased to 50-67% when noise impulsiveness, coexposure to organic solvents, elevated blood pressure and smoking were included in calculations.     

Theoretical predictions and actual hearing threshold levels in workers exposed to ultrasonic noise of impulsive character--a pilot study.

Results of standard pure-tone audiometry (PTA) were collected from 25 workers, mainly females, aged 23-58 years, exposed for 2-13 years to ultrasonic noise emitted by ultrasonic welders. Hearing tests were completed by evaluation of exposure to ultrasonic noise. The subjects' actual audiometric hearing threshold levels (HTLs) were compared with theoretical predictions calculated according to ISO 1999:1990. In 60% of cases sound pressure levels in the 10-40 kHz 1/3-octave bands at workstands exceeded Polish exposure limits for ultrasonic noise. Our comparison of predicted and measured HTLs suggests that the ISO 1999:1990 method, intended for audible noise, might also make it possible to predict reliably permanent hearing loss (in the 2000-6000 Hz frequency range) after exposure to ultrasonic noise. No significant progress of hearing impairment (assessed using PTA) in the operators of ultrasonic welders was noted. Nevertheless, further studies on the hearing status of workers exposed to ultrasonic noise are needed.     

铅与噪声对蓄电池制造作业工人健康影响的联合作用

探讨铅与噪声对蓄电池制造作业工人的联合作用,为职业危害联合作用健康管理提供科学依据。依据蓄电池厂作业工人的职业史调查、环境检测和生物检测资料,将研究对象分为铅与噪声联合暴露组、单纯铅暴露组、正常组,分析比较3组作业工人的听力损伤、神经系统和消化系统症状、贫血结果。结果显示在4 000 Hz和6 000 Hz频率段,联合组听力异常率及听阈均值高于单纯铅暴露组和正常组(P0.05),与单纯铅暴露组和正常组比较,联合组的神经系统和消化系统症状率明显增多(P0.05)。表明铅和噪声联合作用可增加作业者的听觉系统、神经系统和消化系统症状患病,并提出相应管理对策。     

石油钻井工人护耳器防护效果的评价

从实验室筛选出的７种护耳器，经９９名钻井工人现场使用作了主观评价。通过现场工人噪声防护效果的评价，推选出４种护耳器作为石油勘探工人首先使用的个人防护用品。     

Noise and neurotoxic chemical exposure relationship to workplace traumatic injuries: A review

IntroductionMore than 5,000 fatalities and eight million injuries occurred in the workplace in 2007 at a cost of $6 billion and $186 billion, respectively. Neurotoxic chemicals are known to affect central nervous system functions among workers, which include balance and hearing disorders. However, it is not known if there is an association between exposure to noise and solvents and acute injuries. Method: A thorough review was conducted of the literature on the relationship between noise or solvent exposures and hearing loss with various health outcomes. Results: The search resulted in 41 studies. Health outcomes included: hearing loss, workplace injuries, absence from work due to sickness, fatalities, hospital admissions due to workplace accidents, traffic accidents, hypertension, balance, slip, trips, or falls, cognitive measures, or disability retirement. Important covariates in these studies were age of employee, type of industry or occupation, or length of employment. Discussion: Most authors that evaluated noise exposure concluded that higher exposure to noise resulted in more of the chosen health effect but the relationship is not well understood. Studies that evaluated hearing loss found that hearing loss was related to occupational injury, disability retirement, or traffic accidents. Studies that assessed both noise exposure and hearing loss as risk factors for occupational injuries reported that hearing loss was related to occupational injuries as much or more than noise exposure. Evidence suggests that solvent exposure is likely to be related to accidents or other health consequences such balance disorders. Conclusions: Many authors reported that noise exposures and hearing loss, respectively, are likely to be related to occupational accidents. Practical applications: The potential significance of the study is that findings could be used by managers to reduce injuries and the costs associated with those injures.     

化肥行业噪声危害调查及治理评价

通过对７家大中型化肥厂的噪声调查，分析了化肥行业中的噪声源特性和岗位噪声暴露状况。对１６０１名作业工人进行了体检并得出了噪声危害和岗位噪声的剂量──反应关系。还对各厂已采取的噪声治理措施进行了技术评价。最后，根据化肥行业的特点，提出了降低噪声和加强听力保护的几点建议。     

Occupational noise exposure and hearing defects among sawmill workers in the south of Thailand

The aim of this study was to investigate occupational noise exposure and hearing defects among sawmill workers in the south of Thailand. Seven hundred sawmill workers participated, of which 335 (47.9%) were male. The mean age of the sawmill workers was 33.5 years (SD 10.2), and more than 60% were <35 years old; 75.1% of the workers had less than 5 years of work experience. Only about one in four workers (25%) had been trained in use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and half of the participants never or rarely wore PPE while working. The prevalence rate of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) was 22.8% (N?=?42). Male workers had significantly higher risk than female workers (odds ratio [OR]?=?2.21). Workers aged older than 25 years had significantly higher risks for NIHL (OR?=?3.51–12.42) than workers younger than 25 years. Sawing workers had higher risk for NIHL than office workers (OR?=?3.07).     

某飞机维修公司个人听力防护用品使用情况调查分析

为了解听力防护用品使用过程中的问题,提高我国噪声暴露工人听力防护用品的使用率和有效率,选择噪声危害较大的某飞机维修公司的员工,进行听力防护用品使用情况的问卷调查。结果显示:该公司为员工提供耳塞和耳罩两种听力防护用品;员工的听力保护意识、使用情况较好,使用率达95%,但对听力防护用品相关知识的了解不够全面;能够在工作中一直坚持使用的工人较少,仅占11%,影响工人工作时间使用听力防护用品时间长短的因素主要是其舒适性。调查分析提示:在未来听力防护用品的生产过程中,需要进一步加强和改善舒适性的技术;政府、企业和个人3方面共同参与,降低职业性噪声暴露对工人听力的损伤。