短程硝化-反硝化生物脱氮过程的影响因素研究

短程硝化-反硝化，是将硝化过程控制在亚硝化阶段，随后在缺氧条件下进行反硝化的生物脱氮过程，其关键是如何控制硝化过程中影响HNO2积累的因素。分析结果表明：影响NO2^--N积累的主要因素为温度、游离氨、pH值、溶解氧、有害物质和泥龄，并提出了实现短程硝化一反硝化的控制条件。     

低C/N比水产养殖废水生物脱氮实验研究

随着短程硝化-反硝化理论研究的发展,在低C/N比条件下,实现污水的生物脱氮处理已成为可能。为此,设计了水产养殖用水的三级生物膜短程硝化-反硝化处理工艺,并对该工艺在去除模拟水产养殖废水主要污染物的作用进行了初步研究。研究结果表明,在进水pH值7.5~8.5,温度为28~32℃,溶解氧为0.5~1 mg/L,游离氨浓度为5~10 mg/L的条件下,模拟废水的COD、NH4+-N和TN的平均去除率分别达到94.4%、91.6%和70.1%;并且低C/N比对出水氨氮NH4+-N的去除率影响不大,NO2--N的平均浓度控制在5.2 mg/L以下,低于鱼类的耐受浓度。表明该短程硝化-反硝化工艺设计,可用于低C/N比水产养殖废水主要污染物的生物处理,尤其是可消除NO2--N对水产养殖的潜在威胁,基本达到养鱼回用标准。     

短程反硝化聚磷的反硝化特征研究

研究了温度、pH值、电子供体种类及电子受体种类对反硝化的影响.试验结果表明,(1)在相同试验条件下,亚硝酸型反硝化与硝酸型反硝化的速率与硝态氮的浓度有关.在温度为25℃、pH为7的条件下,基质浓度＜300mg/L时短程反硝化速率较快;基质浓度≥300 mg/L时,以NO3-为基质的反硝化速率较大.(2)具有大量碳源储存物(PHB)的细菌可实现快速的内源性反硝化脱氮,而处于饥饿状态的细菌的内源性反硝化效率极低.     

SBR单级自养脱氮系统氮素转化途径

利用氮素计量关系和批式实验研究了SBR系统中基于短程硝化的单级自养脱氮特性和脱氮途径。结果表明,SBR系统获得良好脱氮效果,TN最高去除负荷和去除速率分别达0.49 kg N/(m3.d)和0.20 kg N/(kg VSS.d);系统中82%的氨氮转化成气体脱除,10%的氨氮转化成硝酸盐氮。批式实验结果表明,SBR系统中的污泥同时具有厌氧氨氧化、亚硝酸盐氧化和自养反硝化活性,三者的反应速率分别为0.12 kg NH4+-N/(kg VSS.d)、0.04 kg NO2--N/(kg VSS.d)和0.03 kg NO2--N/(kg VSS.d)。综上,SBR系统中氮的脱除是短程硝化、厌氧氨氧化和反硝化共同作用的结果,产生的硝酸盐是厌氧氨氧化和硝化作用所致。     

生物脱氮好氧阶段不同反应过程N_2O产量

在成功实现生活污水短程生物脱氮的基础上,采用体积为3 L的小试反应器,利用在线DO监测手段控制DO=1.0 mg·L~(-1),通过投加Na NO2的方式控制系统初始NO~(-2)-N=40 mg·L~(-1),以丙烯基硫脲(ATU)抑制NH+4-N的氧化过程,考察了生物脱氮好氧阶段不同反应过程中N_2O的产生量。结果表明,除缺氧反硝化细菌的反硝化过程外,好氧条件下,氨氧化菌(AOB)能够以NH+4-N作为电子供体,NO~(-2)-N作为电子受体,进行反硝化脱氮过程,其反硝化产物为N_2O。生物脱氮好氧阶段AOB的好氧反硝化和异养菌的缺氧反硝化反应中,N_2O的产量分别占分别占进水总氮(NH+4-N+NO~(-2)-N)的7.23%和7.80%。好氧阶段NH+4-N和NO~(-2)的氧化过程中,几乎没有N_2O的产生。     

不同温度对SBBR同步短程硝化反硝化处理炼油催化剂废水的影响

采用SBBR在溶解氧1.0 mg/L条件下考察了不同温度对实际炼油催化剂废水脱氮系统效能的影响.结果表明,SBBR容积负荷及同步硝化反硝化(SND)三氮去除率与进水氨氮浓度正相关.不同进水浓度下,反应器SND三氮去除率最高可达40％左右.33、30及28℃条件下,反应器亚硝积累率均可稳定保持在90％以上.不同温度下短程硝化反硝化pH值及ORP变化趋势基本一致,结合在线监控pH值及ORP变化规律调控反应时间,最大限度保证短程硝化的稳定性.     

SBR用于焦化废水生物处理的试验研究

采用SBR工艺对焦化废水的有机物降解和生物脱氮进行了研究。试验结果表明,焦化废水的生物脱氮是以短程硝化/反硝化的途径存在的,而且在好氧阶段存在同时硝化/反硝化(SND)过程。好氧阶段的反硝化效率约占整个反应周期脱氮效率的37.0%。SBR反应器对NH3N的去除效率在95.8%～99.2%,COD的去除率在85.3%～92.6%。由于出水中NO2N的积累,NO2N对COD浓度贡献值得关注。     

硫化物抑制亚硝酸氧化菌推动短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮技术

利用硫化物对亚硝酸盐氧化菌的抑制作用,快速建立短程硝化。通过改变供氧条件,硫化物作为电子供体推动自养反硝化,实现同一序批反应器一体化脱氮。采用序批反应器SBR处理模拟市政污水,在DO浓度(1.5±0.5)mg·L~(-1),硫化物浓度50 mg·L~(-1),温度25℃,水力停留时间12 h的条件下,共运行90 d,控制反应器厌氧低氧时间,达到90%以上的总氮去除率。同时研究了硫化物对短程硝化的抑制作用、最适宜运行p H条件、污泥颗粒大小变化、污泥产生量等。硫化物抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌推动短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮技术有着反应条件可控性高、短程硝化建立时间短、脱氮效果好等优点,适用于低碳氮比的市政污水处理。     

同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮技术研究

讨论了影响同步硝化反硝化反应的各参数,并进行了单因素实验与正交实验,获得了同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺运行的最佳条件:DO浓度控制在0.5～2 mg/L,COD浓度为600～800mg/L,混合液悬浮固体(MLSS)为5000 mg/L,pH值在8.0左右,反应时间为6 h.在此条件下,氨氮及COD的去除率都较高,分别达85%和95%,总氮去除率为68 5%.     

常温内源反硝化脱氮过程中pH和ORP变化规律

采用SBR反应器，在25℃下，以不同比例的NO3^-N和NO2^--N作电子受体，对内源反硝化脱氮过程中的pH、ORP变化进行了研究。结果表明，ORP在内源反硝化过程中呈现逐渐减小的趋势，当反硝化结束时突然大幅度降低而出现特征点；内源反硝化过程中的pH值变化则与起始pH值和硝态氮浓度有关，当初始pH值较小、硝态氮浓度较低时，内源反硝化过程中pH极大值只出现一次，pH值呈现出先增大后减小的规律性变化，指示反硝化结束的特征点准确出现；当初始pH值较高、或者硝态氮浓度足够高时，则pH值在反应后期将维持在某个值附近并波动，指示反硝化结束的特征点不明显，此种情况下，以ORP来指示内源反硝化过程的结束较为可靠。     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen content of soybean

One-month-old soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill), cultivar 'Williams', plants were exposed to nitrogen dioxide (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 ppm) and carbon filtered air (control), 7 h per day, for 5 days, under a controlled environment. Leaf chlorophyll content (Ch a, Ch b, and total Ch content) and foliar nitrogen content (%N) were determined before and after the exposure. The influence of NO(2) treatments up to 0.3 ppm on leaf chlorophyll content was negligible although a stimulatory effect was evident in Ch a and total Ch content with 0.2 ppm NO(2). Marked decline in Ch content was observed with 0.5 ppm treatment; the reductions in Ch a and total Ch were 45% and 47%, respectively. Foliar-N contents of plants treated with 0.2 and 0.3 ppm NO(2) were higher than the control; plants exposed to 0.5 ppm NO(2) showed a 41% reduction in foliar-N compared to pre-exposure values.     

Boreal bog plants: nitrogen sources and uptake of recently deposited nitrogen

The main goals of this study were to determine the delta15N signature of quantitatively important boreal bog plants as basis for discussing their N sources, and to assess the effects of five different 3 year N treatments (i.e. 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 kg N ha(-1) year(-1)) on the bog plants and surface peat at different depths (i.e. 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 cm) by using 15N as tracer. Plants and peat were analyzed for N concentration, 15N natural abundance and 15N at.%. From the results we draw three main conclusions: First, the relative importance of different N sources is species-specific among bog plants. Second, an annual addition of 5 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) was sufficient to significantly increase the N concentration in Sphagnum mosses, liverworts and shallow rooted vascular plants, and an annual addition of 40 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) during 3 years was not sufficient to increase the N concentration in deep rooted plants, although the 15N content increased continuously, indicating a possible longer term effect. Third, an annual addition of 40 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) during 3 years increased the N content in surface peat at depths of 5 and 10 cm, but not at depths of 20 and 40 cm, indicating the capacity of the living Sphagnum mosses and the surface peat to take up deposited N, and thereby function as a filter.     

Soil-plant nitrogen isotope composition and nitrogen cycling after biochar applications

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Biochar has strong potential to improve nitrogen (N) use efficiency in both agricultural and horticultural systems. Biochar is usually co-applied with...     

Bioindicators of enhanced nitrogen deposition

Increased deposition of atmospheric N largely from intensive agriculture is affecting biodiversity and the composition of natural and semi-natural vegetation in Europe. The value of species based bioindicators such as the Ellenberg N index and measurements of total tissue N and free amino acids in key plant species, is described with reference to a mixed woodland downwind of a livestock farm in the Scottish Borders, operated for over 20 years with a measured spatial gradient of ammonia concentration (29-1.5 microg m(-3)). All the indicators examined showed a relationship with N deposition and provided some indication of vegetation change. Total tissue N and arginine concentrations were most closely linked with ammonia concentrations and N deposition, with r(2) values of >0.97 and >0.78 respectively.     

厌氧氨氧化ASBR中亚硝氮和氨氮降解规律研究

采用生物膜ASBR反应器,研究了厌氧氨氧化反应过程中亚硝氮与氨氮降解速度的变化规律。结果表明,降解过程主要分为2个阶段:速度上升期(0~30 min)和速度下降期(30~150 min)。一阶指数衰减模型的模拟结果表明,20 min以后亚硝氮、氨氮降解速度逐渐减少,亚硝氮降解速度始终高于氨氮降解速度,但是两者差值随时间逐渐减少。     

Sensitivity of nitrogen dioxide concentrations to oxides of nitrogen controls in the United Kingdom

There is a possibility of further controls on emissions to the atmosphere of nitrogen oxides to meet air quality objectives in the UK. Data in the National Air Quality Archive were used to calculate the likely sensitivity of hourly concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in ambient urban air to changes in the total oxides of nitrogen. Since the role of atmospheric chemical reactions is to make the response non-linearly dependent on the emissions control, we seek to establish the magnitude and sign of the effects that this non-linearity might cause. We develop a quantitative approach to analysing the non-linearity in the data. Polynomial curve fits have been developed for the empirical ratio NO₂ : NO_x (the ‘yield’). They describe nitrogen dioxide concentrations using total oxides of nitrogen. The new functions have the important feature of increased yield in winter episodes. Simpler functions tend to omit this feature of the yields at the highest hourly concentrations. Based on this study, the hourly nitrogen dioxide objective in the UK may require emissions control of no more than ≈50% on total oxides of nitrogen at the most polluted sites: other sites require less or even no control.     

Tracing the influence of sewage nitrogen in a coastal ecosystem using stable nitrogen isotopes

This paper reviews the use of stable nitrogen isotopes (delta15N) to delineate the influence of sewage nitrogen (N) in coastal ecosystems, drawing extensively on the case of Himmerfj?rden, a Baltic Sea bay that receives 15N-enriched tertiary treated sewage that is discharged mainly as dissolved inorganic N (DIN). Gradients of delta15N in macroalgae (Fucus vesiculosus) and surface sediments traced sewage-derived N to 24 km from the outfall but elevated delta15N values (> 7 per thousand) indicated that the sewage influence was most pronounced within 10 km. Comparison of macroalgal delta15N values before and after enhanced tertiary treatment showed a decrease in the spatial impact of sewage N from about 24 km to 12 km from the outfall and a decrease to more marine delta15N values in more recent growth tissues. Sedimentary delta15N records showed that sewage has had a dominant influence on organic matter production in the bay with dramatic increases in sedimentary delta15N during the years of maximum sewage N loads. In cases where sewage N introduces a distinct isotopic signature into a system and where it has had a dominant influence on organic matter production, delta15N values in biota and sediments can be used to trace the spatial and temporal influence of sewage N in aquatic ecosystems.     

Effect of influent nitrogen speciation on organic nitrogen occurrence in activated sludge process effluents

The effect of influent nitrogen composition on organic nitrogen production in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) activated sludge process was investigated. A laboratory-scale SBR was fed with three different type synthetic wastewaters with varying nitrogen compositions (phase I = nitriloacetic acid + ammonium [NH4-N], phase II = NH(4-)N, and phase III = amino acid mixture + NH(4-)N) was operated. The effluent contained approximately 1 to 2 mg N/L organic nitrogen, even though there was no organic nitrogen in influent. The effluent organic nitrogen increased to approximately 4 mg N/L when the influent composition was changed and then stabilized at <2 mg N/L. The maximum nitrifier growth rate constants (microN) were calculated as 0.91+/-0.10 to 1.14+/-0.08 day-1, 0.82 +/-0.13 day-1, and 0.89+/-0.08 day-1 at 20 degrees C for the three different influent compositions. The effluent colloidal organic nitrogen (CON) was negligible, suggesting that the effluent CON found in full-scale plants may be the result of influent-derived suspended matter.     

Energy,industry and nitrogen: strategies for decreasing reactive nitrogen emissions

Nitrogen oxides are released during atmospheric combustion of fossil fuels and biomass, and during the production of certain chemicals and products. They can react with natural or man-made volatile organic compounds to produce smog, or else can be further oxidized to produce particulate haze, or acid rain that can eutrophy land and water. The reactive nitrogen that begins in the energy sector thus cascades through the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and soils before being eventually partially denitrifed to the global warming and stratospheric ozone-depleting gas nitrous oxide or molecular nitrogen. This paper will suggest how an economic analysis of the nitrogen cycle can identify the most cost-effective places to intervene. Nitrogen oxides released during fossil-fuel combustion in vehicles, power plants and heating boilers can either be controlled by add-on emission control technology, or can be eliminated by many of the same technical options that lead to carbon dioxide reduction. These integrated strategies also address sustainability, economic development and national security issues. Similarly in industrial production, it is more effective to focus on redesigning industrial processes rather than on nitrogen oxide pollution elimination from the current system. This paper will suggest which strategies might be utilized to address multiple benefits rather than focusing on single pollutants.     

The European nitrogen case

The N budget for Europe (excluding the former Soviet Union) indicates that the 3 principal driving forces of the acceleration of the European N cycle are fertilizer production (14 Mt (mill. tonnes) N yr-1), fossil fuel combustion and other industry (3.3 Mt N yr-1) and import of N in various products (7.6 Mt N yr-1). The various leaks of reactive N species from European food, energy and industrial production systems are estimated and their effects on human health and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are assessed. Future European environmental policy measures to close the N cycle and to reduce leaks of reactive N can best focus on the three major driving forces, taking into consideration the possible consequences in the N cascade. Critical loads may be useful tools in determining N-emission ceilings and developing integrated policies for regulating N flows such as fertilizer use and imports and N levels.